Don haka fanko ya daina zama fanko
Matsala wuri ne da ke faruwa da yawa, ko da ba ka gani ba. Koyaya, yana ɗaukar ƙarfi sosai don gano menene ainihin abin har zuwa kwanan nan da alama ba zai yiwu ba ga masana kimiyya su kalli duniyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiya. Lokacin da wasu suka tsaya a cikin irin wannan yanayin, ba zai yiwu ba wasu su ƙarfafa su su gwada.
Bisa ga ka'idar kididdigar, sarari mara komai yana cike da ɓangarorin kama-da-wane waɗanda ke jujjuyawa tsakanin kasancewa da rashin zama. Hakanan ba a iya gano su gaba ɗaya - sai dai idan muna da wani abu mai ƙarfi don gano su.
"Yawanci, idan mutane suna magana game da vacuum, suna nufin wani abu ne gaba ɗaya," in ji masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi Mattias Marklund na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Chalmers da ke Gothenburg, Sweden, a cikin fitowar NewScientist ta Janairu.
Ya bayyana cewa Laser na iya nuna cewa ba komai bane.
Electron a cikin ma'anar ƙididdiga
Barbashi na zahiri ra'ayi ne na lissafi a cikin ka'idodin filin ƙididdigewa. Su barbashi ne na jiki wanda ke nuna kasancewar su ta hanyar hulɗar juna, amma sun saba wa ka'idar harsashi na taro.
Barbashi na zahiri sun bayyana a cikin ayyukan Richard Feynman. A cewar ka'idarsa, kowace kwayar halitta a haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa ce ta haɗa nau'ikan ɓangarorin kama-da-wane. Electron na zahiri shine ainihin lantarki na zahiri da ke fitar da kwatancen hoto, wanda ke rubewa zuwa nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na electron-positron, wanda hakanan yana mu'amala da kama-da-wane-da sauransu. Electron na “jiki” wani tsari ne mai gudana na mu’amala tsakanin kwamfyuta na lantarki, positrons, photons, da yuwuwar wasu barbashi. "Gaskiyar" na lantarki ra'ayi ne na ƙididdiga. Ba shi yiwuwa a faɗi wane ɓangaren wannan saitin na gaske ne. Abin sani kawai cewa jimlar cajin duk waɗannan ɓangarori suna haifar da cajin wutar lantarki (wato, a sauƙaƙe, dole ne a sami mafi kyawun lantarki guda ɗaya fiye da na positrons), kuma jimlar talakawan. na dukkan barbashi yana haifar da yawan adadin lantarki.
Ana yin nau'i-nau'i na lantarki-positron a cikin injin. Duk wani ɓangarorin da aka caje tabbatacce, misali proton, zai jawo hankalin waɗannan na'urorin lantarki na kama-da-wane kuma ya kori positrons (tare da taimakon photons na kama-da-wane). Wannan al'amari shi ake kira vacuum polarization. Nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i suna juyawa ta hanyar proton
suna samar da ƙananan dipoles waɗanda ke canza filin proton da wutar lantarki. Sakamakon wutar lantarki na proton da muke aunawa ba shine na proton ɗin kansa ba, amma na tsarin gabaɗayan, gami da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in tsarin ne.
Laser a cikin vacuum
Dalilin da ya sa muka yi imanin cewa ɓangarorin kama-da-wane suna wanzuwa suna komawa ga tushen ƙayyadaddun electrodynamics (QED), reshe na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana hulɗar photons tare da electrons. Tun lokacin da aka samar da wannan ka'idar a cikin shekarun 30, masana kimiyyar lissafi suka fara tunanin yadda za a magance matsalar barbashi da suke da muhimmanci a ilmin lissafi amma ba a iya gani, ko ji, ko ji.
QED ya nuna cewa a ka'ida, idan muka ƙirƙiri isassun filin lantarki mai ƙarfi, to, na'urorin lantarki masu rakiyar kama-da-wane (ko yin haɗin gwiwar ƙididdiga da ake kira electron) zai bayyana kasancewarsu kuma za'a iya gano su. Ƙarfin da ake buƙata don wannan dole ne ya kai kuma ya wuce iyakar da aka sani da iyakar Schwinger, bayan haka, kamar yadda aka bayyana a alamance, injin ya rasa kayan aikinsa na yau da kullum kuma ya daina zama "ba komai". Me yasa ba haka ba ne mai sauki? A cewar zato, adadin makamashin da ake bukata dole ne ya kai adadin makamashin da dukkan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki ke samarwa a duniya - wani sau biliyan.
Abu kamar ya wuce karfinmu. Kamar yadda ya bayyana, duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne idan mutum ya yi amfani da fasahar Laser na ultra-short, high-intensity Optical pulses, wanda aka kirkira a shekarun 80 ta wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel na bara, Gérard Mourou da Donna Strickland. Mourou da kansa ya bayyana a fili cewa giga-, tera-, har ma da ikon petawatt da aka samu a cikin waɗannan manyan hotuna na Laser suna haifar da damar da za ta iya karya sararin samaniya. Ma'anarsa sun kasance a cikin aikin Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), wanda aka tallafa wa kudaden Turai kuma ya ci gaba a Romania. Akwai lasers guda 10-petawatt a kusa da Bucharest waɗanda masana kimiyya ke son amfani da su don shawo kan iyakar Schwinger.
Duk da haka, ko da mun sami nasarar karya iyakokin makamashi, sakamakon - da abin da zai bayyana a idanun masana kimiyya - ya kasance mara tabbas sosai. Game da ɓangarorin kama-da-wane, hanyar bincike ta fara faɗuwa, kuma lissafin ba ya da ma'ana. Ƙididdiga mai sauƙi kuma yana nuna cewa lasers ELI guda biyu suna samar da makamashi kaɗan. Ko da daure guda huɗu har yanzu sun yi ƙasa da sau 10 fiye da yadda ake buƙata. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya ba su karaya da wannan ba, saboda sun yi la'akari da wannan iyakar sihiri ba iyaka mai kaifi ɗaya ba, amma a hankali yanki na canji. Don haka suna fatan samun wasu tasirin kama-da-wane ko da tare da ƙaramin adadin kuzari.
Masu bincike suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yadda za a ƙarfafa katako na Laser. Ɗayan su shine ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi na tunani da ƙara girman madubai waɗanda ke tafiya cikin saurin haske. Sauran ra'ayoyin sun hada da kara girman katako ta hanyar karo na'urorin photon da na'urorin lantarki ko kuma karo na'urar Laser, wanda masana kimiya a cibiyar bincike ta tashar samar da haske ta kasar Sin da ke birnin Shanghai suka ce suna son aiwatarwa. Babban karo na photons ko electrons sabon ra'ayi ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ya cancanci dubawa.
