Kayan shaye shaye da yawa na mota

Ingancin kowane injin konewa na ciki ya dogara ne kawai da nau'in tsarin mai da kuma tsarin silinda tare da piston. Tsarin hayakin motar yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. An bayyana shi dalla-dalla game da ita a cikin wani bita... Yanzu bari mu duba ɗayan abubuwanta - yawancin shaye shaye.

Menene yawan shaye-shaye

Mashin din injiniya jerin bututu ne wadanda suke hade da bututu daya a gefe daya, kuma a daya bangaren, an tsayar dasu akan mashaya ta musamman (flange) kuma an daidaita su akan kan silinda. A gefen kan silinda, yawan bututun daidai yake da yawan injunan injina. A gefe kishiyar, ƙaramin almara (resonator) ko mai kara kuzariidan yana cikin motar.

Na'urar tattara abubuwa tayi kama ci da yawa... A cikin sauye-sauyen injina da yawa, an saka injin turbin a cikin tsarin shaye shaye, iska mai gudana daga iska mai gudana. Suna juya sandar, a wani gefen kuma an sanya impeller din. Wannan na'urar tana sanya iska mai kyau a cikin kayan mashin din don kara karfi.

Yawancin lokaci ana yin wannan ɓangaren da baƙin ƙarfe. Dalilin shi ne cewa wannan nau'in yana cikin yanayi mai tsananin zafi. Shaye-shayen iskar gas suna wahalar da sharar iska da yawa zuwa digiri 900 ko fiye. Kari akan haka, lokacin da aka fara injin mai sanyi, sandaro yakan samar a bangon ciki na dukkan tsarin shaye shayen. Irin wannan tsari yana faruwa yayin da injin yake a rufe (musamman idan yanayi ya kasance da ruwa da sanyi).

Kusan kusa da motar, da sauri ruwan zai ƙafe yayin da motar ke gudana, amma saduwa da ƙarfe da iska koyaushe yana hanzarta aikin magudi. A saboda wannan dalili, idan ana amfani da analogue na ƙarfe a cikin mota, zai yi tsatsa da sauri kuma ya ƙone. Ba zai yuwu a zana wannan bangaren ba, saboda lokacin da aka zafafa shi zuwa digiri 1000, Launin zanen zai yi saurin konewa.

A cikin motocin zamani, an sanya firikwensin oxygen (lambda probe) a cikin shagon da yawa (yawanci kusa da mai haɓaka). Cikakkun bayanai game da wannan firikwensin an bayyana su a wani labarin... A taƙaice, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyar sarrafa lantarki don sarrafa abun da ke cikin cakuda-mai mai.

Yawanci, wannan ɓangaren tsarin shaye-shayen yana daɗewa kamar duk abin hawa. Tunda wannan bututu ne kawai, babu wani abin fasawa a ciki. Abinda kawai ya gaza shine na'urar firikwensin oxygen, injin turbin da sauran sassan da suka danganci aikin shaye shayen. Idan muka yi magana game da gizo-gizo kanta, to, a tsawon lokaci, saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin aiki, zai iya ƙonewa. Amma wannan ba safai yake faruwa ba. A saboda wannan dalili, masu motoci ba safai za su yi ma'amala da gyara ko maye gurbin yawan sharar ba.

Ka'idar yawan shaye shaye

Aikin kayan shaye shaye na mota mai sauki ne. Lokacin da direba ya kunna injiniya (ba tare da la'akari da ko ya kasance ba fetur ko dizal raka'a), konewa daga cakuda mai-mai yana faruwa a cikin silinda. A kan sake zagayowar sakewa tsarin rarraba gas yana buɗe bawul ɗin shaye sharar (ana iya samun bawul ɗaya ko biyu a kowace silinda, kuma a cikin wasu gyare-gyare na ICE ma akwai uku daga cikinsu don samun iska mai kyau ta rami).

Lokacin da fiston ya hau zuwa tsakiyar matacce, sai ya tura duk kayayyakin konewa ta hanyar tashar shaye shayen da aka samu. Sannan kwararar ta shiga bututun gaba. Don hana shaye-shaye mai zafi daga shiga ramin da ke sama da gefen bawul, an girka bututu daban don kowane silinda.

Dogaro da ƙirar, an haɗa wannan bututun a ɗan nesa da wanda yake kusa da shi, sa'annan a haɗa su zuwa wata hanyar gama gari a gaban mai kara kuzarin. Ta hanyar mai canzawa (a ciki, abubuwan da suke cutar da muhalli sun lalace), shaye shaye yana bi ta cikin kananan da manyan masu shiru zuwa ga bututun shaye shayen.

Tunda wannan sinadarin na iya canza fasalin ikon injin har zuwa wani lokaci, masana'antun suna haɓaka nau'ikan gizo-gizo na injina.

Lokacin da aka cire iskar gas, ana haifar da bugun jini a cikin hanyar shaye shaye. Yayin da ake kera wannan bangare, masana'antun suna kokarin tsara shi ta yadda wadannan ka'idojin zasuyi aiki daidai gwargwado tare da tsarin igiyar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin kayan masarufi da yawa (a wasu motocin, a wani yanayi na aiki na naúrar, duka cin abinci da kuma shafufffun shaye na buɗe na ɗan gajeren lokaci don samun iska mai kyau). Lokacin da aka tura wani ɓangare na iskar gas a cikin fili baƙar fata, yana haifar da kalaman da ke tashi daga mai haɓaka kuma yana haifar da wuri.

Wannan tasirin ya isa ga bawul din shaye shaye kusan a lokaci guda da fiston da yake daidai yayi sake shaye shayen. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar cire iskar gas, wanda ke nufin cewa motar dole ta rage ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfin don shawo kan juriya. Wannan ƙirar hanyar tana ba da damar sauƙaƙa cire kayan ƙone mai. Thearin juyin juya halin motar, da ƙwarewar wannan aikin zai gudana.

Koyaya, dangane da tsarin shaye shaye na gargajiya, akwai karamar matsala. Haƙiƙar ita ce lokacin da iskar gas ɗin da ke sharar ta haifar da kalaman, saboda gajerun bututu, ana nuna ta cikin hanyoyin da ke kusa da su (suna cikin kwanciyar hankali). A saboda wannan dalili, lokacin da aka buɗe bawul ɗin sharar wani silinda, wannan kalaman yana haifar da cikas ga fitowar sharar. Saboda wannan, motar tana amfani da wasu nau'ikan juzu'i don shawo kan wannan juriya, kuma ƙarfin motar yana raguwa.

Menene yawan shaye-shaye?

Don haka, kamar yadda kuke gani, shagunan shaye shaye da ke cikin motar kai tsaye yana cikin cire iska mai shaye shaye. Tsarin wannan sinadarin ya dogara da nau'in mota da kuma tsarin masana'antar, wanda yake aiwatarwa a cikin kera abubuwa da yawa.

Ko da kuwa gyare-gyare, wannan ɓangaren zai ƙunshi:

• Karɓar bututu. An tsara kowannensu don daidaitawa akan takamaiman silinda. Sau da yawa, don sauƙin shigarwa, dukkansu suna kan madaidaiciyar tsiri ko flange. Girman wannan rukunin dole ne ya dace da girman ramuka daidai da raɗaɗɗa a cikin kan silinda don ƙarancin shaye-shaye ba ya zuba ta wannan ɓatancin.
• Shaye bututu. Wannan shine karshen mai tarawa. A cikin mafi yawan motoci, duk bututun suna haɗuwa a ɗaya, wanda daga nan aka haɗa shi da resonator ko mai kara kuzari. Koyaya, akwai gyare-gyare na tsarin shaye-shaye wanda a ciki akwai bututun wutsiya daban daban tare da masu murfin mutum. A wannan yanayin, ana haɗa bututu biyu a cikin rukuni ɗaya, wanda ke cikin layi daban.
• Alamar gasket. An shigar da wannan ɓangaren tsakanin maɓallin silinda da kuma layin gizo-gizo (da kuma kan flange tsakanin ƙwanƙwasa da gizo-gizo). Tunda wannan abun yana fuskantar yanayi mai ɗumi da rawar jiki koyaushe, dole ne ayi shi ta hanyar abubuwa masu ɗorewa. Wannan gasket din yana hana iskar gas mai fita daga cikin injin. Tunda iska mai kyau don cikin motar ya fito daga wannan ɓangaren, yana da mahimmanci don amincin direba da fasinjoji cewa wannan abun yana da inganci. Tabbas, idan gasket ya ɓata, nan da nan za ku ji shi - popps masu ƙarfi za su bayyana saboda matsin lamba a cikin fili.

Nau'i da nau'ikan shaye shaye da yawa

Anan akwai manyan nau'ikan shaye shaye da yawa:

1. Duka. A wannan yanayin, ɓangaren zai zama mai ƙarfi, kuma ana yin tashoshi a ciki, haɗuwa zuwa ɗaki ɗaya. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyare an yi su ne da ƙarfe mai zazzabi mai ƙarfi. Dangane da juriya ga canje-canje masu zafi sosai (musamman a lokacin hunturu, idan yanayin sanyi ya ɗumi daga -10 ko ƙasa da haka, ya danganta da yankin, har zuwa +1000 digiri Celsius a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci), wannan ƙarfe ba shi da alamun analog. Wannan ƙirar tana da sauƙin ƙerawa, amma baya tafiyar da shaye shaye kamar yadda ya dace. Wannan mummunan tasirin yana shafar tsarkakewar ɗakunan silinda, saboda abin da ake amfani da wasu daga cikin ƙarfin don shawo kan juriya (ana cire iskar gas ta cikin ƙaramin rami, sabili da haka yanayin da ke cikin shaye shaye yana da mahimmanci).
2. Tubular. Ana amfani da wannan gyare-gyaren akan motocin zamani. Yawancin lokaci ana yin su ne daga baƙin ƙarfe, kuma ba sau da yawa sau da yawa daga tukwane. Wannan gyaran yana da fa'idarsa. Sun ba da damar haɓaka halaye na busa silinda saboda yanayin da aka samar a cikin hanyar saboda ayyukan motsi. Tunda a wannan yanayin piston ba dole bane ya shawo kan juriya a shaye shaye, crankshaft ya tashi da sauri. A cikin wasu injuna, saboda wannan haɓaka, yana yiwuwa a ƙara ƙarfin naúrar da 10%. A kan motoci na al'ada, wannan ƙaruwa da ƙarfi ba koyaushe ake lura da shi ba, don haka ana amfani da wannan kunna kan motocin wasanni.

A diamita na bututu taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shaye da yawa. Idan an saka gizo-gizo tare da ƙaramin diamita a kan inji, to nasarar da aka ƙimanta ya koma zuwa ƙaramin matsakaici da matsakaici. A gefe guda, shigar da mai tarawa tare da bututu na babban diamita yana ba ka damar cire matsakaicin ƙarfin injin konewa na ciki cikin babban gudu, amma a ƙananan saurin, ƙarfin naúrar ya faɗi.

Baya ga diamita na bututu, tsayinsu da tsarin haɗi da silinda suna da mahimmancin gaske. Sabili da haka, daga cikin abubuwan don kunna tsarin shaye-shaye, zaku iya samun samfuran da aka karkatar da bututun, kamar suna haɗe da gani. Kowace mota tana buƙatar nata gyare-gyare da yawa.

Ana amfani da gizo-gizo 4-4 don kunna madaidaicin injin 1-silinda. A wannan yanayin, ana haɗa nozzles huɗu nan da nan a cikin bututu ɗaya, kawai a iyakar iyakar nesa. Ana kiran wannan gyare-gyare gajere. Isara ƙarfin injin ana lura da shi idan an tilasta shi, sannan a cikin sauri sama da 6000 a minti ɗaya.

Hakanan daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan don kunna motocin wasanni sune waɗanda ake kira dogon gizo-gizo. Yawancin lokaci suna da tsarin haɗin 4-2-1. A wannan yanayin, ana haɗa dukkan bututun guda huɗu cikin biyu. Wadannan nau'i-nau'i na bututu an haɗa su zuwa ɗaya a nesa mafi nisa daga motar. Yawancin lokaci, ana ɗaukar bututu a cikin nau'i biyu, waɗanda aka haɗa da silinda, waɗanda suke da matsakaicin matsakaiciyar mashiga (misali, na farko da na huɗu, da na biyu da na uku). Wannan gyare-gyaren yana ba da ƙaruwa cikin ƙarfi a kewayon rpm da yawa, amma wannan adadi ba abin lura bane. A kan samfuran motar gida, ana lura da wannan haɓaka kawai a cikin kewayon daga 5 zuwa 7 bisa ɗari.

Idan an shigar da tsarin shaye-shaye kai tsaye a cikin motar, to ana iya amfani da tsaka-tsakin bututu tare da ƙarin ɓangaren giciye don sauƙaƙe samun iska na silinda da kuma ji ƙarar. Sau da yawa, a cikin gyare-gyare na dogon gizo-gizo, ana iya amfani da ƙaramin muffler mai ƙananan juriya. Wasu samfuran masu tarawa a wasu yankuna suna yanke bels (ƙarfe corrugations) a cikin bututu. Suna dakatar da raƙuman raƙuman raƙumi wanda ke hana fitowar iska ta kyauta. A gefe guda kuma, kwalliyar ba ta daɗe.

Hakanan, a tsakanin dogon gizo-gizo, akwai canje-canje tare da nau'in haɗin 4-2-2. Ka'idar daidai take da wacce ta gabata. Kafin yanke shawara kan irin wannan zamani na tsarin shaye-shaye, kana buƙatar la'akari da cewa ƙaruwar ƙarfi ne kawai saboda cire mai kara kuzari (don bututun sun fi tsayi) yana ba da matsakaicin 5%. Shigar gizo-gizo zai kara kusan kashi biyu cikin dari ga aikin motar.

Don haɓaka rukunin wutar don ya zama mafi ƙwarewa, ban da waɗannan ayyukan, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ake buƙata har yanzu ana aiwatarwa, gami da kunna guntu (don cikakkun bayanai kan abin da yake, karanta daban).

Abin da ke shafar yanayin mai tarawa

Kodayake yawan shaye-shaye yana da aiki iri ɗaya da duka abin hawa, amma yana iya kasawa. Anan akwai raunin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan shaye shaye:

• Bututun ya kone;
• Lalata ya samo asali (ya shafi gyare-gyaren karfe);
• Saboda tsananin zafin jiki da lahani na masana'antu, dross na iya samuwa a saman samfurin;
• An sami fashewa a cikin ƙarfe (lokacin da motar ke aiki da sauri a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma ruwan sanyi ya hau saman dutsen mai tarawa, misali, lokacin tuƙi cikin kududdufi cikin sauri);
• Metalarfen ya yi rauni saboda sauye-sauye sau da yawa a cikin zafin jikin bangon ɓangaren (lokacin da ya yi zafi, ƙarfen yana faɗaɗa, kuma idan ya huce, sai ya yi kwangila);
• Hanyoyin gurɓataccen yanayi a bangon bututun (musamman idan motar da ƙyar ta tashi, misali, a cikin hunturu), saboda hakan ne ake saurin aiwatar da aikin sarrafa odar karfe;
• Adadin kuɗi ya bayyana a farfajiyar ciki;
• Gwanin da yawa ya ƙone.

Wadannan kuskuren za a iya nuna su ta dalilai masu zuwa:

• Siginar injin da ke kan dashboard ta kunna;
• Smellanshi mai ƙarfi na iskar gas ya bayyana a cikin gidan ko a ƙarƙashin murfin;
• Motar ba ta da ƙarfi (rpm floats);
• Lokacin da aka fara injin, ana jin sautuka na waje (karfinsu ya dogara da nau'in lalacewa, misali, idan bututun ya kone, zai yi karfi sosai);
• Idan injin yana da injin turbin (mai motsawa yana juyawa saboda matsin lamba na iskar gas), to ƙarfinsa yana raguwa, wanda ke shafar tasirin ƙungiyar.

Wasu raunin abubuwan tarawa suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da mai motar ba zai iya tasiri ba, amma akwai ƙananan abubuwa waɗanda mai motar zai iya yi don hana lalacewar ɓangaren.

A cikin saurin gudu mai yawa, kayayyakin konewa basa iya dumama har zuwa digiri 600, kamar yadda yake a yanayin yau da kullun, amma ninki biyu ya fi karfi. Idan a yanayi na yau da kullun ana shan bututun abinci zuwa kusan digiri 300, to a cikin mafi girman yanayin wannan mai nuna alama ma ya ninka. Daga irin wannan tsananin zafin, mai tarawar ma zai iya canza launinsa zuwa kalar ja.

Don kaucewa zafi fiye da kima na sashi, direba baya yawanci kawo naúrar zuwa mafi girman gudu. Hakanan, saitin tsarin ƙonewa yana shafar tsarin zazzabi (UOZ mara kyau zai iya haifar da sakin VTS mai ƙonewa bayan wuta a cikin shagon sharar, wanda kuma zai haifar da ƙonewar bawul).

Dearancin ragi ko wadatar cakuda wani dalili ne da yasa bututun abincin zasu yi zafi sosai. Binciken lokaci-lokaci na rashin aiki a cikin waɗannan tsarin zai sa mai tara a cikin yanayi mai kyau na tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu.

Shaye da yawa gyara

Yawancin lokaci, ba a gyara mahaɗan sharar da yawa, amma ana maye gurbinsu da sabo. Idan wannan gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare ne kuma ya ƙone, wasu za su gyara yankin da aka lalata. Koyaya, saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙarfen yana fuskantar aikin zafin jiki mai zafi yayin walda, kabu ɗin na iya saurin tsatsa ko ƙonewa da sauri. Ari da, farashin wannan aikin ya fi girma fiye da girka sabon ɓangare.

Idan kana buƙatar maye gurbin wani sashi, to wannan aikin dole ne a yi shi a cikin madaidaicin tsari.

Sauya tsarin shaye shaye da yawa

Don maye gurbin mai tarawa da hannuwanku, kuna buƙatar:

1. De-kuzarin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar cire haɗin batir (yadda za a yi hakan lami lafiya an bayyana shi a nan);
2. Lambatu da daskarewa
3. Rarraba garkuwan zafin (wanda aka sanya shi akan motoci da yawa na zamani), mai karɓar tsarin allura (matatun carburetor ba su da wannan sinadarin) da matatar iska;
4. Cire nau'ikan kayan aikin flange da yawa daga bututun cin abinci;
5. Baje kolin abubuwa da yawa daga kan silinda. Wannan aikin zai bambanta dangane da gyare-gyaren sashin wutar. Misali, a kan bawul-bawul 8, da farko an cire kayan shigar, sannan shaye shaye;
6. Cire gasket ɗin ka tsaftace saman silinda daga ragowar sa;
7. Idan yayin aiwatar da kwance fil ko zaren a cikin ramuka na hawa, sun lalace, to yana da mahimmanci a maido da waɗannan abubuwan;
8. Sanya sabon gasket;
9. Haɗa sabon abu da yawa zuwa kan silinda (idan injin konewa na ciki na 4 yana da bawul 8, to sai taron ya gudana a cikin tsarin baya na wargajewa, ma'ana, da farko yawan shaye-shaye sannan kuma kayan masarufi);
10. Arfafa, amma kar a cika ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa da kwayoyi akan haɗin haɗi tare da kan silinda;
11. Haɗa abubuwa da yawa tare da bututun gaba ko mai haɓaka, bayan shigar da bututun mai buƙata kafin hakan;
12. Tarfafa dutsen a kan kan silinda (ana yin wannan tare da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, kuma ana nuna ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa a cikin littattafan fasaha na motar);
13. Enarfafa maɓuɓɓugan bututun da ke saukowa daga ƙasa;
14. Zuba sabuwa ko matattarar daskarewa;
15. Haɗa baturin.

Kamar yadda kake gani, hanyar maye gizo-gizo kanta kanta abune mai sauki, amma yayin aikin, yakamata ayi taka tsantsan don kar a cire zaren da ke cikin silinda (ingarman kanta yana da sauki maye gurbin, kuma yankan sabon zaren a cikin silinda yana da wahala sosai). A saboda wannan dalili, idan babu ƙwarewa wajen aiki tare da maɓallin kunu ko kuma babu irin wannan kayan aikin kwata-kwata, to dole ne a ba da aikin ga gwani.

A ƙarshe, muna ba da shawarar kallon ƙaramin misalin yadda za a maye gurbin kayan maye tare da Renault Logan:

MAYARWA (CIN-SHIYARWA) NA MANIFOFIN EXHAUST AKAN ENGINE RENAULT 1,4 da 1,6 8-VALVE K7J K7M

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Ta yaya babban abin sha ke aiki? Ana tsotse iska saboda bututun da aka yi a kowace Silinda. Magudanar ruwa ta farko ta shiga cikin matatar iska, sannan ta cikin bututu zuwa kowane Silinda.

Ta yaya yawan shaye-shaye ke shafar aikin injin? Yana haifar da resonance. Bawul ɗin yana rufe ba zato ba tsammani kuma ana ajiye wasu iskar gas a cikin ma'auni. Lokacin da aka sake buɗe bawul ɗin, sauran iskar gas na iya hana cirewar gaba mai gudana.

Yadda za a gane bambanci tsakanin yawan sha da shaye-shaye? An haɗa nau'in abin sha zuwa bututu da ke fitowa daga matatar iska. An haɗa maɓalli na shaye-shaye da na'urar fitar da abin hawa.