Sauri, Shuru, Mai Tsaftace - Sabon Injin Jirgin Sama

Sai dai itace cewa domin canza da yawa a cikin jirgin sama, ba ka bukatar ka nemi sabon propellers, futuristic kayayyaki ko sarari kayan. Ya isa ya yi amfani da in mun gwada da sauki inji watsa ...

Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan ƙirƙira na 'yan shekarun nan. Geared turbofan Motors (GTF) yana ba da damar kwampreso da fan don juyawa cikin sauri daban-daban. Kayan tuƙi na fan yana jujjuyawa tare da ramin fan amma yana raba injin fan daga ƙaramin matsa lamba da injin turbine. Mai fan yana jujjuyawa a hankali a hankali, yayin da kwampreso da ƙananan injin turbine ke aiki a mafi girman gudu. Kowane injin injin yana iya aiki a mafi kyawun inganci. Bayan shekaru 20 na kashe R&D da R&D na kusan dala biliyan 1000, dangin Pratt & Whitney PurePower PW2016G turbofan sun fara aiki a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kuma an gabatar da su sosai cikin jirgin sama na kasuwanci tun XNUMX.

Injin turbofan na zamani suna haifar da tuƙi ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, compressors da ɗakin konewa suna cikin ainihin sa. A gaba akwai wani fanko wanda, ta hanyar cibiya, ke tafiyar da iska ta cikin dakunan da ke kewayen mashin ɗin. Matsakaicin kewayawa shine rabon adadin iskar da ke wucewa ta tsakiya zuwa adadin iskar da ke wucewa ta cikinsa. Gabaɗaya, ma'aunin kewayawa mafi girma yana nufin mafi shuru, inganci kuma mafi ƙarfi. Injunan turbofan na al'ada suna da ma'aunin kewayawa na 9 zuwa 1. Injin Pratt PurePower GTF suna da ma'aunin kewayawa na 12 zuwa 1.

Don haɓaka ƙimar kewayawa, masu kera motoci dole ne su ƙara tsayin ruwan fanfo. Koyaya, lokacin da aka haɓaka, saurin jujjuyawar da aka samu a ƙarshen ruwan za su yi girma sosai har girgizar da ba a so ba zata faru. Kuna buƙatar ruwan fanfo don rage gudu, kuma abin da akwatin gear ke yi ke nan. Irin wannan injin zai iya kaiwa kashi 16 cikin dari, a cewar Pratt & Whitney. babban tattalin arzikin mai da kashi 50 cikin dari. ƙarancin fitar da hayaki kuma shine kashi 75 cikin ɗari. shiru. Kwanan nan, SWISS da Air Baltic sun ba da sanarwar cewa injunan jet ɗin su na GTF C-jet suna cin ko da ƙasa da mai fiye da alƙawarin masana'anta.

Injin PW1100G-JM akan layin samarwa

Mujallar TIME ta sanyawa injin PW1000G daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan kirkire-kirkire guda 50 na shekarar 2011 kuma daya daga cikin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire guda shida da suka fi dacewa da muhalli, kamar yadda Pratt & Whitney PurePower aka tsara domin ya zama mai tsafta, da natsuwa, ya fi karfi da amfani da karancin man fetur fiye da injunan jet. A cikin 2016, Richard Anderson, a lokacin shugaban Delta Air Lines, ya kira injin "bidi'a ta gaskiya ta farko" tun lokacin da Dreamliner na Boeing ya canza fasalin gine-gine.

Adana da rage fitar da hayaki

Bangaren sufurin jiragen sama na kasuwanci yana fitar da fiye da tan miliyan 700 na carbon dioxide a kowace shekara. Kodayake kusan kashi 2 ne kawai. fitar da iskar carbon dioxide na duniya, akwai shaidar cewa iskar gas a cikin man jet yana da tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi yayin da ake fitar da su a sama.

Manyan masana'antun injuna suna neman ceton mai da rage hayaki. Mai gasa Pratt CFM International kwanan nan ya gabatar da injinsa na ci gaba da ake kira LEAP, wanda jami'an kamfanin suka ce yana ba da irin wannan sakamako ga turbofan da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin magance su. CFM ta yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin tsarin gine-ginen turbofan na gargajiya, ana iya samun fa'idodi iri ɗaya ba tare da ƙarin nauyi da ja na wutar lantarki ba. LEAP tana amfani da kayan haɗaɗɗen nauyi masu nauyi da ruwan fanfo na fiber carbon don cimma ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari wanda kamfanin ya ce yana kama da waɗanda aka samu tare da injin Pratt & Whitney.

Ya zuwa yau, oda don injunan Airbus na A320neo an raba su kusan ko'ina tsakanin CFM da Pratt & Whitney. Abin baƙin ciki ga kamfanin na ƙarshe, Motocin PurePower suna haifar da matsala ga masu amfani. Na farko ya bayyana a wannan shekara, lokacin da aka yi rikodin rashin daidaituwa na injunan GTF a cikin Qatar Airways Airbus A320neo. Rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da lalacewa da juzu'i na sassa, kuma a lokaci guda yana ƙara lokaci tsakanin jiragen sama. Sakamakon haka, kamfanin jirgin ya yanke shawarar cewa injinan ba su cika ka'idojin aiki ba. Jim kadan bayan haka, hukumomin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Indiya sun dakatar da zirga-zirgar jirage na Airbus A11neo 320 da injunan PurePower GTF ke yi. A cewar jaridar Economic Times, shawarar ta zo ne bayan da jirgin saman Airbus GTF ya samu cirar injin guda uku cikin makonni biyu. Pratt & Whitney sun yi watsi da waɗannan matsalolin, suna masu cewa suna da sauƙin shawo kan su.

Airbus lantarki fan

Wani katafaren fage a fannin injunan jirage, Rolls-Royce, yana kera nasa Power Gearbox, wanda nan da shekarar 2025 zai rage yawan man da ake amfani da shi a manyan turbofans da kashi 25%. idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffin samfura na sanannun kewayon injin Trent. Wannan, ba shakka, yana nufin sabuwar gasar ƙirar Pratt & Whitney.

Har ila yau, Birtaniya suna tunanin wasu nau'ikan sabbin abubuwa. A lokacin Singapore Airshow na baya-bayan nan, Rolls-Royce ya ƙaddamar da IntelligentEngine Initiative, wanda ke da nufin haɓaka injunan jiragen sama masu hankali waɗanda ke da aminci da inganci ta hanyar iya sadarwa tare da juna da kuma ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. Ta hanyar samar da ci gaba da sadarwa ta hanyoyi biyu tare da injin da sauran sassa na yanayin yanayin sabis, injin zai iya magance matsalolin kafin su faru kuma ya koyi yadda ake inganta aikin. Haka nan za su yi koyi da tarihin aikinsu da sauran injuna, kuma gaba xaya za su ma sai sun gyara kansu a kan tafiya.

Driver yana buƙatar ingantattun batura

hangen nesa na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai na 2050 ya yi kira da a rage hayakin CO.₂ da kashi 75, nitrogen oxides da kashi 90 cikin dari. da hayaniya da kashi 65 cikin dari. Ba za a iya cimma su tare da fasahar da ake da su ba. A halin yanzu ana kallon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da na lantarki a matsayin daya daga cikin fasahohin da suka fi dacewa don fuskantar wadannan kalubale.

Akwai jirage masu wutan lantarki mai kujeru biyu a kasuwa. Motocin lantarki masu kujeru huɗu suna kan gaba. NASA ta yi hasashen cewa a farkon 20s, irin wannan gajeriyar jigilar jirage masu kujeru tara za su dawo da ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama zuwa ƙananan al'ummomi. Duk a Turai da Amurka, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa nan da shekara ta 2030 za a iya kera jirgin sama mai amfani da wutar lantarki wanda zai iya kaiwa kujeru 100. Koyaya, za a buƙaci gagarumin ci gaba a fagen ajiyar makamashi.

A halin yanzu, ƙarfin ƙarfin batura bai isa kawai ba. Koyaya, duk wannan na iya canzawa. Kocin Tesla Elon Musk ya ce da zarar batura sun iya samar da sa'o'i 400 watt a kowace kilogiram, kuma rabon ikon tantanin halitta zuwa jimillar nauyi ya kai 0,7-0,8, jirgin sama mai wucewa da wutar lantarki zai zama "madaidaicin madadin." Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa batirin lithium-ion sun sami damar samun ƙarfin kuzari na 113 Wh/kg a cikin 1994, 202 Wh/kg a 2004, kuma yanzu suna iya kaiwa kusan 300 Wh/kg, ana iya ɗauka cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. zai kai matakin 400 Wh/kg.

Kitty Hawk aikin tasi mai kujeru biyu na lantarki

Airbus, Rolls-Royce da Siemens kwanan nan sun yi haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka E-Fan X mai nunin tashi, wanda zai zama wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin yunƙurin samar da wutar lantarki na jirgin sama na kasuwanci. Nunin fasahar fasahar lantarki na E-Fan X da ake tsammanin zai kasance -Fan X zai tashi a cikin 2020 bayan babban yakin gwajin ƙasa. A cikin kashi na farko, BAe 146 zai maye gurbin ɗayan injinan guda huɗu tare da injin lantarki XNUMX MW. Bayan haka, ana shirin maye gurbin injin na biyu tare da injin lantarki bayan nuna balaga na tsarin.

Airbus zai kasance da alhakin haɗin kai gabaɗaya da kuma haɗaɗɗun wutar lantarki da tsarin sarrafa baturi da haɗin kai tare da tsarin sarrafa jirgin. Rolls-Royce ne zai dauki nauyin injin injin turbin gas, janareta mai karfin megawatt XNUMX da na'urorin lantarki. Tare da Airbus, Rolls-Royce kuma za su yi aiki a kan daidaita magoya bayan Siemens nacelle da injin lantarki. Kamfanin Siemens zai samar da injinan lantarki mai karfin MW XNUMX da na'urar sarrafa wutar lantarki, da kuma na'urar inverter, da na'ura da kuma tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki.

Cibiyoyin bincike da yawa a duniya suna aiki a kan jiragen sama masu amfani da wutar lantarki, ciki har da NASA, wanda ke kera X-57 Maxwell. Ana kuma haɓaka aikin Kitty Hawk na lantarki mai kujeru biyu na jirgin sama da sauran gine-gine masu yawa na manyan cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko ƙananan masu farawa.

Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar fasinja da na daukar kaya ya kai shekaru 21 da 33, ko da a ce duk sabbin jiragen da ake samarwa gobe masu amfani da wutar lantarki ne, zai dauki shekaru biyu zuwa talatin kafin a kawar da jirage masu amfani da man fetur.

Don haka ba zai yi aiki da sauri ba. A halin yanzu, man biofuels na iya sauƙaƙa yanayi a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Suna taimakawa rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 36-85 cikin dari. Duk da cewa an ba da takardar shedar haɗin gwiwar injinan jet a cikin 2009, masana'antar jiragen sama ba ta cikin gaggawa don aiwatar da canje-canje. Akwai ƴan matsaloli na fasaha da ƙalubalen da ke da alaƙa da kawo samar da man biofuel zuwa matakan masana'antu, amma babban abin hana shi ne farashin - yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru goma don cimma daidaito tare da mai.

Mataki zuwa Gaba

A lokaci guda, dakunan gwaje-gwajen suna aiki akan wasu dabarun injin jirgin sama na gaba. Ya zuwa yanzu, alal misali, injin plasma ba ya sauti sosai, amma ba za a iya kawar da cewa ayyukan kimiyya za su ci gaba zuwa wani abu mai ban sha'awa da amfani ba. Masu tura Plasma suna amfani da wutar lantarki don ƙirƙirar filayen lantarki. Suna matsawa kuma suna tayar da iskar gas, kamar iska ko argon, zuwa cikin plasma — yanayi mai zafi, mai yawa, ionized. Binciken su yanzu ya kai ga tunanin ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam a cikin sararin samaniya (ion thrusters). Duk da haka, Berkant Goeksel na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da tawagarsa suna so su sanya masu motsa jini a cikin jiragen sama.

Makasudin binciken shine haɓaka injin plasma na iska-jet wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don tashi da tashi sama da tsayin daka. Yawancin jet ɗin Plasma an tsara su don yin aiki a cikin sarari ko ƙarancin matsa lamba inda ake buƙatar isar da iskar gas. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar Göksel ta gwada na'urar da ke iya aiki a cikin iska a matsin lamba ɗaya. Göckel ya ce "Nukulan mu na plasma na iya kaiwa gudun kilomita 20 a cikin dakika daya," in ji Göckel a cikin jerin taron na Journal of Physics.

Injin SABER a cikin abin hawan hypersonic na gaba

Da farko, ƙungiyar ta gwada ƙananan ƙwanƙwasa tsayin milimita 80. Don ƙaramin jirgin sama, wannan zai kasance har dubu na abin da ƙungiyar ke ganin zai yiwu. Babban iyakance, ba shakka, shine rashin ƙarancin batura. Har ila yau, masana kimiyyar suna yin la'akari da jirage masu haɗaka, wanda za a haɗa injin plasma tare da injunan konewa na ciki ko kuma roka.

Lokacin da muke magana game da sabbin dabarun injin jet, kar mu manta da SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) wanda Reaction Engines Limited ya haɓaka. Ana tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama injin da ke aiki duka a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma a cikin sarari, yana gudana akan ruwa hydrogen. A matakin farko na jirgin, oxidizer zai zama iska daga yanayi (kamar yadda a cikin injunan jet na al'ada), kuma daga tsawo na 26 km (inda jirgin ya kai gudun shekaru miliyan 5) - oxygen ruwa. Bayan canzawa zuwa yanayin roka, zai kai saurin gudu har zuwa Mach 25.

HorizonX, hannun jari na Boeing da ke cikin aikin, har yanzu bai yanke shawarar yadda SABER zai yi amfani da shi ba, sai dai yana tsammanin "yin amfani da fasahar juyin juya hali don taimakawa Boeing a cikin neman jirgin sama mai girma."

RAMJET da scramjet (injin jet mai girman gaske tare da ɗakin konewa) sun daɗe a bakin masu sha'awar jirgin sama mai sauri. A halin yanzu, ana haɓaka su ne musamman don ayyukan soja. To sai dai kamar yadda tarihin jiragen sama ya koyar, abin da za a gwada a aikin soja zai tafi ne a harkar sufurin jiragen sama. Duk abin da ake buƙata shi ne ɗan haƙuri.

Bidiyon Injin mai hankali na Rolls Royce:

Rolls-Royce | Innovation a cikin IntelligentEngine