Bioethanol. Shin zai yiwu a canza zuwa sabon mai?

Bioethanol samar

Bioethanol, kamar biodiesel, ana samar da shi daga kayan shuka. Fiye da sau da yawa, ana ɗaukar amfanin gona guda biyu don kera bioethanol: masara da rake. Alal misali, samar da bioethanol a Amurka ya dogara ne akan masara, a Brazil - akan sukari. Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da wasu shuke-shuke da babban abun ciki na sitaci da kayan lambu masu sukari a matsayin albarkatun kasa: dankali, gwoza sugar, dankalin turawa, da dai sauransu.

A cikin duniya, samar da bioethanol ya fi haɓaka a Amurka. Ƙarfin samarwa na Brazil da Amurka tare sun ƙunshi fiye da rabin (mafi daidai, fiye da 60%) na samar da wannan man fetur a duniya.

A ainihinsa, bioethanol shine barasa na ethyl na yau da kullun (ko ethanol), wanda ake amfani dashi wajen kera abubuwan sha tare da sanannen sinadarai C.₂H₅ooh Koyaya, bioethanol bai dace da cin abinci ba saboda kasancewar abubuwan ƙari na musamman, ƙari na man fetur. Bugu da ƙari, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), wanda ke ƙara haɓaka juriya na biofuels, yana rage lalacewar barasa kuma mai ɗaukar ƙarin iskar oxygen da ke cikin konewa, ana ƙara ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa bioethanol.

An san fasaha da yawa don samar da bioethanol.

1. Fermentation na Organic kayayyakin. An san shi tun zamanin d ¯ a da kuma hanya mafi sauƙi don samun barasa ethyl. A lokacin fermentation na yisti na gaurayawan da ke ɗauke da sukari, ana samun bayani tare da babban abun ciki na ethanol kusan 15%. Tare da karuwa a hankali, ƙwayoyin yisti sun mutu, wanda ke haifar da dakatar da samar da barasa na ethyl. Daga bisani, an raba barasa daga maganin ta hanyar distillation. A halin yanzu, ba a amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin samar da masana'antu na bioethanol.
2. Production ta amfani da recombinant kwayoyi. An murƙushe ɗanyen kayan da aka haɗe tare da glucoamylase da amylosubtilin. Bayan haka, ana aiwatar da distillation a cikin haɓaka ginshiƙai tare da rabuwa da barasa. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don samar da masana'antu na bioethanol.
3. samar da hydrolysis. A gaskiya ma, wannan shine samar da barasa daga pre-hydrolyzed cellulose-dauke da albarkatun kasa ta masana'antu fermentation. Ana amfani da shi musamman a Rasha da sauran ƙasashe bayan Soviet.

A halin yanzu, samar da bioethanol a duniya, bisa ga kiyasin daban-daban, ya yi ƙasa da tan miliyan 100 a kowace shekara.

Bioethanol. Farashin kowace lita

Farashin samar da bioethanol a kowace lita 1 ya dogara da dalilai da yawa.

1. Farashin farko na albarkatun kasa da aka girma don sarrafawa.
2. Ingantattun kayan da aka yi amfani da su (fasaha na samarwa da rabon bioethanol da aka samu zuwa adadin albarkatun da ke ciki).
3. Dabarun samarwa (mafi kusa da gonaki tare da albarkatun kasa suna sarrafa masana'antu, mafi arha samarwa, tunda farashin sufuri a cikin yanayin wannan nau'in mai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa fiye da samar da man fetur).
4. Kudin samar da kanta (ƙirar kayan aiki, albashin ma'aikata, farashin makamashi).

Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, farashin samar da lita 1 na bioethanol ya bambanta. Ga farashin wannan man fetur a kowace lita a wasu kasashen duniya:

• Amurka - $ 0,3;
• Brazil - $0,2;
• gabaɗaya ga masana'antun Turai - kusan $ 0,5;

Idan aka kwatanta, matsakaicin farashin samar da man fetur ya kai kusan dala 0,5 zuwa dala 0,8 a kowace lita, idan ba a yi la’akari da kasashen da suke fitar da danyen mai kamar Saudiyya ko Venezuela ba, inda litar man fetur ba ta kai lita daya na ruwa ba.

Bioethanol E85

Wataƙila kaso na zaki a cikin kowane nau'in mai da ke ɗauke da bioethanol yana da alamar E85. Irin wannan man shine 85% bioethanol da 15% na man fetur na yau da kullun.

Waɗannan man fetur ɗin sun dace ne kawai don kera motoci na musamman waɗanda ke iya aiki akan man halittu. Yawancin lokaci ana yi musu lakabi da motocin Flex-fuel.

Ana rarraba Bioethanol E85 a Brazil, kuma ana samunsa a Amurka. A Turai da Asiya, maki E5, E7 da E10 sun fi kowa tare da abun ciki na bioethanol na 5, 7 da 10 bisa dari, bi da bi. Sauran ƙarar da ke cikin waɗannan gaurayawan man fetur an keɓe shi ga mai na yau da kullun. Har ila yau, kwanan nan, man fetur E40 tare da 40% abun ciki na bioethanol yana samun shahara.

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbHaM5IREEo

Amfani da rashin amfani na bioethanol

Bari mu fara duba fa'idodin bioethanol.

1. Dangantakar arha na samarwa. Wannan ya kasance idan mai sana'a na kasa ba shi da nasa, yawan man fetur, kuma an bunkasa masana'antar amfanin gona. Misali, Brazil, wacce ke da arzikin man fetur kadan a duk fadin kasar, amma ta bunkasa noma da yanayi mai kyau, ya fi riba a samu man fetur bisa bioethanol.
2. Fitar muhalli. Bioethanol mai tsabta yana fitar da ruwa kawai da carbon dioxide lokacin da aka ƙone. Babu wani abu mai nauyi na hydrocarbons, sot barbashi, carbon monoxide, sulfur- da phosphorus-dauke da abubuwan da ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya lokacin da injin ke gudana akan bioethanol. Dangane da cikakken kima (la'akari da duk sigogin da aka tantance bisa ga ma'aunin EURO), tsabtar iskar gas ta zama mafi girma sau 8 ga injinan da ke gudana akan bioethanol.
3. Sabuntawa. Idan ajiyar man fetur ba ta da iyaka (tabbatacciyar hujja a yau: ra'ayoyin game da yanayin farfadowa na man fetur kamar yadda fitarwa daga hanji na duniya ya ƙi ta hanyar kimiyyar duniya), to, samar da bioethanol ya dogara ne kawai akan yawan amfanin gona.
4. Ƙananan amfani da man fetur. A matsakaita, lokacin tuki a kan bioethanol, tare da ingantaccen tsarin mai, ana adana har zuwa 15% na man fetur a cikin ƙimar girma. A al'ada, maimakon lita 10 na man fetur, mota za ta yi amfani da lita 100 na bioethanol kawai a cikin kilomita 8,5.

Illar wannan nau'in mai, musamman dangane da motocin da ake da su, na da matukar muhimmanci a halin yanzu.

1. Yawan amfani da bioethanol a cikin motar da ECU ba ta da saiti don yin aiki akan biofuel. Kuma a gaba ɗaya, sau da yawa ana samun ƙarancin ƙarfin injin da ba a tsara shi don man kayan lambu ba. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawan makamashi da ake buƙata rabon iska da man fetur a cikin bioethanol ya bambanta da man fetur. Wannan yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na injin.
2. Rushewar roba da hatimin filastik. Kaddarorin roba da filastik waɗanda ke ba da damar waɗannan kayan su zama kusan tsaka tsaki game da dillalan makamashin man fetur ba za su iya ba da juriya ga sinadarin ethanol ba. Kuma hatimin, wanda zai iya jure wa hulɗa tare da man fetur shekaru da yawa, an lalata su a cikin 'yan watanni ta hanyar haɗuwa da barasa akai-akai.
3. Saurin gazawar injin da ba a tsara shi don tuƙi akan bioethanol ba. Sakamakon abubuwan da suka gabata guda biyu.

Dangane da abubuwan da suka gabata, zamu iya cewa bioethanol zai zama kyakkyawan madadin man fetur na al'ada idan an tsara motar don irin wannan man fetur.

BIOETHANOL A CIKIN MOTAR KA: ABOKI KO MAKIYI?