Kuma hadewar?

Rahotannin da aka bayar a karshen shekarar da ta gabata game da aikin gina injin sarrafa makamashin da masanan kasar Sin suka yi, sun ba da mamaki (1). Kafofin yada labaran kasar Sin sun bayar da rahoton cewa, cibiyar HL-2M da ke cibiyar bincike a Chengdu, za ta fara aiki a shekarar 2020. Sautin rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru sun nuna cewa an warware batun samun damar yin amfani da makamashin da ba za a iya ƙarewa ba na haɗuwa da thermonuclear har abada.

Duban cikakkun bayanai yana taimakawa wajen kwantar da kyakkyawan fata.

sabon tokamak type apparate, tare da ingantaccen ƙira fiye da waɗanda aka sani zuwa yanzu, yakamata ya samar da plasma tare da yanayin zafi sama da ma'aunin Celsius miliyan 200. Shugaban cibiyar nazarin Physics ta Kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin Duan Xiuru ya bayyana hakan a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar. Na'urar za ta ba da tallafin fasaha ga Sinawa da ke aikin Ƙarƙashin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Duniya (ITER)da kuma gine-gine.

Don haka ina ganin har yanzu ba juyin juya halin makamashi ba ne, duk da cewa Sinawa ne suka kirkiro shi. Mai Rarraba KhL-2M kawo yanzu kadan ne aka sani. Ba mu san mene ne ma'aunin zafin da ake hasashe na wannan reactor ba ko kuma wane nau'in makamashin da ake buƙata don gudanar da yanayin haɗakar makaman nukiliya a cikinsa. Ba mu san abin da ya fi muhimmanci ba - shi ne Sin Fusion reactor wani zane tare da tabbataccen makamashi ma'auni, ko kuma shi ne kawai wani gwaji Fusion reactor da damar wani Fusion dauki, amma a lokaci guda yana bukatar karin makamashi don "cirewa" fiye da makamashin da za a iya samu a sakamakon halayen.

Ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa

Kasar Sin, tare da Tarayyar Turai, da Amurka, da Indiya, da Japan, da Koriya ta Kudu da kuma Rasha, su ne mambobin shirin na ITER. Wannan shi ne mafi tsada a cikin ayyukan bincike na kasa da kasa a halin yanzu da kasashen da aka ambata a sama suke daukar nauyinsu, wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. An bude shi ne sakamakon hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin Mikhail Gorbachev da Ronald Reagan a lokacin yakin cacar baka, kuma bayan shekaru da dama an shigar da shi cikin wata yarjejeniya da dukkanin kasashen suka rattabawa hannu a shekara ta 2006.

2. A wurin ginin ITER tokamak

Aikin ITER a Cadarache a kudancin Faransa (2) yana haɓaka tokamak mafi girma a duniya, wato, ɗakin plasma wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi ta amfani da filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da electromagnets. Tarayyar Soviet ce ta kirkiro wannan ƙirƙira a cikin 50s da 60s. Manajan aikin, Lavan Koblenz, ta sanar da cewa ya kamata kungiyar ta karbi "plasma ta farko" ta watan Disamba 2025. ITER ya kamata ya goyi bayan maganin thermonuclear na kimanin mutane dubu 1 a kowane lokaci. seconds, samun ƙarfi 500-1100MW. Don kwatanta, mafi girman tokamak na Burtaniya zuwa yau, JETO (haɗin gwiwa na Turai torus), yana riƙe da martani na dubban daƙiƙa da yawa kuma yana samun ƙarfi har zuwa 16 MW. Za a saki makamashin da ke cikin wannan reactor a cikin yanayin zafi - bai kamata a canza shi zuwa wutar lantarki ba. Isar da ikon haɗaka zuwa grid ba a cikin tambaya ba saboda aikin na dalilai ne kawai na bincike. Sai kawai a kan tushen ITER cewa za a gina ƙarni na gaba na reactors na thermonuclear, isa ga ikon. 3-4 dubu. MW.

Babban dalilin da yasa har yanzu ba a wanzu ba (duk da sama da shekaru sittin na bincike mai yawa da tsada) shine wahalar sarrafawa da "sarrafa" halayen plasma. Duk da haka, shekaru na gwaji sun haifar da bincike mai mahimmanci da yawa, kuma a yau haɗin gwiwar makamashi yana kama da kusa fiye da kowane lokaci.

Ƙara helium-3, motsawa da zafi

ITER shine babban abin da ake mayar da hankali kan binciken haɗin gwiwar duniya, amma yawancin cibiyoyin bincike, kamfanoni da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na soja suma suna aiki akan wasu ayyukan haɗaka waɗanda suka kauce daga tsarin gargajiya.

Misali, da aka gudanar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a kan daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts gwaje-gwaje da Helm-3 a kan tokamak ya ba da sakamako masu ban sha'awa, ciki har da karuwar kuzari sau goma jini ion. Masana kimiyya da ke gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kan C-Mod tokamak a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, tare da kwararru daga Belgium da Birtaniya, sun kirkiro wani sabon nau'in mai na thermonuclear mai dauke da nau'ikan ions guda uku. Tawaga Alcator C-Mod (3) ya gudanar da bincike a baya a watan Satumba na 2016, amma bayanan daga waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kwanan nan an yi nazarin su, yana nuna karuwa mai yawa a cikin makamashin plasma. Sakamakon ya ba da kwarin guiwa sosai har masana kimiyyar da ke gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwaje mafi girma a duniya, JET a Burtaniya, sun yanke shawarar maimaita gwaje-gwajen. Haka kuma an samu karuwar makamashi. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin mujallar Nature Physics.

3. Tokamak Alcator C-Mod a cikin aiki

Makullin inganta ingantaccen makamashin nukiliyar shine ƙara yawan adadin helium-3, tsayayyen isotope na helium, tare da neutron guda ɗaya maimakon biyu. Man fetur na nukiliya da aka yi amfani da shi a hanyar Alcator C a baya ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu na ions kawai, deuterium da hydrogen. Deuterium, tsayayyen isotope na hydrogen tare da neutron a cikin tsakiya (saɓanin hydrogen ba tare da neutrons ba), yana da kusan 95% na man fetur. Masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Nazarin Plasma da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (PSFC) sun yi amfani da wani tsari da ake kira RF dumama. Eriyoyin da ke kusa da tokamak suna amfani da takamaiman mitar rediyo don tada barbashi, kuma raƙuman ruwa an daidaita su zuwa “manufa” ions hydrogen. Domin hydrogen ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin jumi na jimlar yawan man fetur, maida hankali kaɗan kawai na ions akan dumama yana ba da damar samun matsananciyar matakan makamashi. Bugu da ari, da kuzari na hydrogen ions wuce zuwa deuterium ions rinjaye a cikin cakude, da barbashi kafa ta wannan hanya shiga cikin m harsashi na reactor, saki zafi.

Amfanin wannan tsari yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka ƙara ions helium-3 zuwa cakuda a cikin adadin ƙasa da 1%. Ta hanyar tattara duk dumama rediyo akan ƙaramin adadin helium-3, masanan kimiyya sun haɓaka ƙarfin ions zuwa megaelectronvolts (MeV).

Farko zo - na farko yayi daidai da Rashanci: Cin marigayi baƙo da kashi

An sami ci gaba da yawa a cikin duniyar aikin haɗin gwiwar sarrafawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata waɗanda suka sake farfado da fatan masana kimiyya da dukanmu don a ƙarshe isa ga "Mai Tsarki Grail" na makamashi.

Kyakkyawan sigina sun haɗa da, da sauransu, binciken daga Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) na Sashen Makamashi na Amurka (DOE). An yi amfani da raƙuman rediyo tare da babban nasara don rage abin da ake kira ruɗaɗɗen plasma, wanda zai iya zama mahimmanci a cikin tsarin "tufafi" halayen thermonuclear. Ƙungiyar binciken guda ɗaya a cikin Maris 2019 ta ba da rahoton wani gwajin lithium tokamak wanda a ciki aka lulluɓe bangon na'urar gwajin da lithium, wani abu sananne daga batura da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kayan lantarki. Masanan kimiyyar sun lura cewa rufin lithium da ke jikin bangon na'urar yana ɗaukar ɓatattun ƙwayoyin plasma, yana hana su komawa cikin gajimare na plasma da kuma tsoma baki tare da halayen thermonuclear.

4. Ayyukan hangen nesa TAE Technologies

Malamai daga manyan mashahuran cibiyoyin kimiyya har ma sun zama masu kyakkyawan fata a cikin maganganunsu. Kwanan nan, an kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sha'awar dabarun haɗakarwa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A cikin 2018, Lockheed Martin ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri don haɓaka ƙirar ƙirar fusion (CFR) a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Idan fasahar da kamfanin ke aiki da ita ta yi aiki, na'urar da ke da girman manyan motoci za ta iya samar da isasshen wutar lantarki don biyan bukatun na'urar mai murabba'in ƙafa 100. mazauna birni.

Sauran kamfanoni da cibiyoyin bincike suna fafatawa don ganin wanda zai iya gina ma'aunin fusion na farko, gami da TAE Technologies da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts. Hatta Jeff Bezos na Amazon da Bill Gates na Microsoft kwanan nan sun shiga cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa. Kwanan nan NBC News ta ƙidaya ƙananan kamfanoni guda goma sha bakwai kawai a cikin Amurka. Farawa kamar Janar Fusion ko Commonwealth Fusion Systems suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan reactors dangane da sabbin na'urori masu sarrafawa.

Ma'anar "Fusion sanyi" da kuma madadin manyan reactors, ba kawai tokamaks ba, har ma da abin da ake kira. stellarators, tare da zane daban-daban, wanda aka gina ciki har da Jamus. Ana ci gaba da neman wata hanya ta daban. Misalin wannan shine na'urar da ake kira Tsuntsaye, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Washington suka gina kuma sun bayyana a cikin ɗayan sabbin al'amuran mujallar Physics World. Z-pinch yana aiki ta tarko da matsawa plasma a cikin filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi. A cikin gwajin, yana yiwuwa a daidaita plasma na 16 microsecond, kuma haɗin gwiwar ya ci gaba da kusan kashi uku na wannan lokacin. Ya kamata zanga-zangar ta nuna cewa ƙananan ƙira na iya yiwuwa, kodayake yawancin masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da shakku game da wannan.

Bi da bi, godiya ga goyon bayan Google da sauran masu zuba jari da hannu a ci-gaba fasahar, California kamfanin TAE Technologies yana amfani da wani daban-daban, fiye da na al'ada ga gwaje-gwaje da Fusion, cakuda man fetur boron, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka ƙananan reactors masu rahusa, da farko don manufar abin da ake kira fusion rocket engine. Samfurin cylindrical fusion reactor (4) tare da katako na katako (CBFR), wanda ke dumama iskar hydrogen don samar da zoben plasma guda biyu. Suna haɗuwa tare da ɗimbin ƙwayoyin inert kuma ana kiyaye su a cikin irin wannan yanayin, wanda ya kamata ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwa a cikin makamashi da dorewa na plasma.

Wani haɗin gwiwar farawa Janar Fusion daga lardin Kanada na British Columbia yana samun goyon bayan Jeff Bezos da kansa. A taƙaice, manufarsa ita ce allurar zafi mai zafi a cikin wani ball na ƙarfe na ruwa (cakude na lithium da gubar) a cikin ƙwallon ƙarfe, bayan haka ana matse plasma da pistons, kwatankwacin injin dizal. Matsin da aka haifar ya kamata ya haifar da haɗuwa, wanda zai saki makamashi mai yawa don kunna turbines na sabon nau'in wutar lantarki. Mike Delage, babban jami'in fasaha a Janar Fusion, ya ce hadakar nukiliyar kasuwanci na iya fara fara aiki nan da shekaru goma.

5. Hoto daga haƙƙin mallaka na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na sojojin ruwa na Amurka.

Kwanan nan, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta kuma shigar da takardar haƙƙin mallaka don "na'urar fusion na plasma." Tabbacin yana magana game da filayen maganadisu don ƙirƙirar "ƙarfafa rawar jiki" (5). Manufar ita ce gina fusion reactors ƙananan isa su zama šaukuwa. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka ya gamu da shakku.