Gwajin gwajin shekaru 20 Toyota Prius: yadda duk ya faru

Wani jerin game da hanyar titanic da ke tafiya ta samfurin Jafananci da nau'ikan matasan da suka zama gaskiya

A watan Fabrairun 2017, hada -hadar samfurin samfurin Toyota ya kai miliyan 10, inda aka kai miliyan na karshe a cikin watanni tara kacal. Wannan labari ne game da ruhu na gaskiya, juriya, bin mafarkai da burin, matasan da yuwuwar da ke cikin wannan haɗin.

A ƙarshen 1995, watanni shida bayan da Toyota mai ɗaukar nauyi ya ɗauki koren haske mai haske don aikin motar mota, kuma shekaru biyu kafin shirin da aka tsara na jerin, ma'aikatan aikin sun yi tuntuɓe. Samfurin kawai ba ya son ya gudana, kuma gaskiyar lamari ta sha bamban da kwaikwayon da ake yi a kan kwamfutar kama-da-wane, bisa ga tsarin da dole ne tsarin ya yi aiki lami lafiya.

Tawagar Takeshi Uchiamada, bayan sun saka hannun jari masu kima na ɗan adam, fasaha da na kuɗi a cikin wannan aiki, an tilasta musu komawa wurin farawa tare da sake duba dukkan dabarunsu. Injiniyoyi suna naɗe hannayensu kuma suna yin lissafin kowane lokaci, sauye-sauyen ƙira, gyare-gyare, rubuta sabon software na sarrafawa, da sauran ayyukan rashin godiya na tsawon wata guda. A ƙarshe, ƙoƙarin su yana samun lada, amma farin ciki yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci - motar tana tafiyar da 'yan dubban mita, sa'an nan kuma ta sake fadi.

A lokacin, Toyota ya daɗe yana ƙaton kamfanin kera motoci tare da ingantaccen hoto mai ƙera mota, kuma gazawar irin wannan sabon burin mai dorewa wani lamari ne da kamfanin ba zai taɓa tsammani ba. Abin da ya fi haka, nuna karfin fasaha da karfin kudi babban bangare ne na kera aikin kirki, kuma 'yan kasuwa ba za su iya komawa da baya daga aikinsu ba.

Gabaɗaya, ra'ayin ci gaban matasan ba hali bane na ruhun Toyota, wanda a lokacin an fi saninsa da ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da sadaukar da kai ga ƙirƙira. Salon kamfani yana jagorancin falsafar ta musamman shekaru da yawa, ciki har da aiwatar da ingantattun samfuran samarwa da tallace-tallace, daidaita su, haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Haɗuwa da waɗannan hanyoyin, haɗe tare da ruhun Jafananci na gargajiya, horo da motsa jiki, sun cika hanyoyin samar da giant na tsibirin kuma ya sa ya zama ma'auni na inganci. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Toyota management ya ɓullo da wani sabon hangen nesa a nan gaba a cikin layi tare da sabon kwarin gwiwa na duniya dan wasan da burin zuwa saman a mota masana'antu, da kuma samar da wani matasan model ya kamata ya zama na farko babban mataki a cikin. m aikin gini. avant-garde kuma mafi annashuwa look. Sha'awar canji yana tilasta tsarin, wanda, bi da bi, yana ɗaukar nauyin ikon kamfani don haɓakawa zuwa iyaka. An haifi Prius na farko a cikin kuncin tantalum, kuma ƙungiyar ƙirar ta ta fuskanci cikas da ba zato ba tsammani, ƙalubalen ban mamaki, da asirin fasaha masu raɗaɗi. Matsayin haɓakawa da ƙira gwaji ne mai tsada, tare da matakai da yawa da ba daidai ba da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniya, wanda ya haifar da babban saka hannun jari na lokaci, ƙoƙari da kuɗi.

A ƙarshe, an cim ma burin - avant-garde Prius hybrid ya taka rawar da ake tsammani na wani katafaren tallace-tallace wanda ya yi nasarar mai da Toyota ta zama majagaba ta fasaha tare da lalata martabar kamfani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda ya haifar da sabuwar fasahar zamani a kusa da shi. Ci gaban ƙarni na farko ya kashe Toyota da dala biliyan ɗaya, ya haɗa babban aikin injiniya kuma ya gwada jajircewa, himma, ruhi da hazaka na duk waɗanda ke da hannu kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a cikin aikin.

Kodayake ya fara ne a matsayin “harbi a cikin duhu,” Prius ba kawai juyin juya halin fasaha bane ga Toyota. Tsarin halittar sa gaba daya ya canza tsarin tsarin kamfanin gaba daya, wanda gudanarwarsa bata taba yanke hukunci irin wannan ba. Ba tare da cikakken matsayi na shugabanni kamar Hiroshi Okuda da Fujio Cho ba, da ba matasan sun zama mashahurin gwarzon Japan ba. Mummunan, agwagwa mai wahala ya zama farkon duk farkon, ya tsara hanya mai yiwuwa zuwa makomar motar, kuma ƙarni na biyu ya fara kawo rarar kuɗi kai tsaye, yana faɗuwa akan ƙasa mai inganci na farashin mai mai yawa. A dabi'ance, na gaba bayan an ambata su biyun, kamfanin gudanarwa na Katsuaki Watanabe ya yi amfani da ƙwarewar yadda magabata suka aza, tare da sanya sabbin fasahohi cikin matsayin fifiko na ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Prius na uku yanzu ya kasance wani ɓangare na sabon falsafar Toyota, babu shakka muhimmiyar fasaha ce da kuma kasuwar kasuwa a cikin masana'antar kera motoci, kuma na huɗu na iya samun kyan gani saboda akwai riga wadatattun hanyoyin, kamar na gargajiya Auris Hybrid. A halin yanzu, manyan saka hannun jari suna mai da hankali kan gina fasahohi da hanyoyin kere-kere don sa ƙarni na gaba masu haɗuwa su kasance masu araha da inganci, tare da sabbin fasahohin batir, lantarki mai sarrafa wutar lantarki na zamani da samar da wutar lantarki sune farkon fifiko a ayyukan ci gaba. Anan za mu yi ƙoƙari mu yi magana game da ainihin jaruntakar da mahaliccin wannan keɓaɓɓiyar halitta ta nuna.

Magana

Yana tuki a hankali kuma baƙon mota. Yana ta shawagi ta hanyar iska mai kone-kone kuma ya wuce injina masu nishi da girman kai. Gaggawar hanzari da nutsuwa ba zato ba tsammani an katse su ta hanyar haɓakar halayen halayyar injin mai. Kamar dai yana nuna dogaro da bil'adama akan man fetur, injin ƙonewa na cikin gida cikin tawali'u amma ba tare da wata shakka ba yana bayyana kasancewar sa cikin tsarin tsarin zamani. Sautin ƙaramar motar piston mai fasaha ba shi da matsala, amma kamanninta ya nuna cewa mai ba da lambar yabo mai daraja Prius har yanzu ba motar lantarki ba ce kuma yana daɗaɗa ga man tankin gas ...

Wannan shawarar dabi'a ce. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, motar lantarki na iya maye gurbin takwaran aikinta na ƙonewa, amma a wannan matakin, fasahar haɗin kai ita ce mafi kyawun madaidaicin mai da motocin dizal idan ya zo da ƙananan hayaki. Madadin da ke aiki ana samar da shi da yawa kuma tuni yana da ƙimar farashi.

A lokaci guda, rawar da injin mai a cikin samfurin Jafananci ya ragu sosai, kuma tsarin lantarki yana taka rawa a cikin tuki, kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, yana taimakawa wajen inganta aikin injiniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Toyota da Lexus injiniyoyi sun ɓullo da ainihin ra'ayinsu na hada halaye na a layi daya da jerin matasan ta ƙara wasu ƙarin abubuwa (ciki har da latest ƙarni na ƙarin watsawa) da kuma inganta yadda ya dace na lantarki Motors, ikon lantarki da kuma baturi. Duk da haka, sun kasance masu gaskiya ga ka'idodin fasaha guda biyu - amfani da tsarin duniya don haɗa ƙarfin injinan lantarki guda biyu da injin konewa na ciki da kuma canjin lantarki na wani ɓangare na makamashi na injin konewa na ciki kafin a aika shi zuwa ƙafafun. . Ga mutane da yawa, ra'ayin matasan injiniyoyin Japan har yanzu yana da kyau a yau, amma tushensa ya koma baya. Ainihin gudunmawar Toyota ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ƙarfin hali na yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar motar mota a lokacin da babu wanda ke buƙatarta, a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha na zamani waɗanda ke ba da damar aiwatar da ingantaccen sarrafawa ta amfani da algorithms masu hankali da na'urorin lantarki masu sauri. Koyaya, wannan tsari mai sauƙi yana ɓoye babban aiki da rashin son kai na ɗaruruwan ƙwararrun injiniyoyi da kuma yadda ake kashe manyan albarkatun kuɗi da fasaha. Tare da tushen tunani na gaba na R&D, fassarorin kirkire-kirkire na ra'ayoyin nasara da ake da su, kuma tuni shekaru na gogewa a fagen ci gaban matasan, giant ɗin Jafan ya ci gaba da kasancewa dattijo a wannan fagen, ba tare da la'akari da burin kowa ba.

A yau ya bayyana a fili cewa mafi mahimmancin ingancin Prius shine jituwa.

tsakanin abubuwan da aka haɗa na hanyar wutar lantarki, wanda aka samu a cikin biyan mafi girman inganci. An haɗa raka'a ɗaya ɗaya a cikin tsarin haɗin kai na ra'ayi, wanda aka nuna a cikin sunan tsarin tuki - HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). Tuni tare da ci gaban Prius I, injiniyoyin Toyota sun iya yin tunani mai zurfi, suna tura iyakokin haɗin kai tsakanin injunan konewa na ciki da na'urorin lantarki sun gane ya zuwa yanzu kuma sun fahimci amfanin mafi sauƙin amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin da aka haɗa. A cikin wannan ra'ayi sun kasance gaba da takwarorinsu, ta yin amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki tare da injin lantarki mai haɗin gwiwa da injin mai. Jafanawa sun kirkiro wata na'ura wadda wutar lantarki ba ta bi ta hanyar farko ta "baturi - lantarki - watsa - ƙafafun" da kuma akasin haka, amma ya shiga wani tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ya hada da injunan konewa na ciki, wanda ake amfani da makamashin injiniya don samar da wutar lantarki. fitar da halin yanzu a ainihin lokacin. Tsarin Toyota yana ba da damar guje wa buƙatar akwatin gear na gargajiya, don zaɓar ingantattun hanyoyin aiki na injin konewa na ciki saboda haɗin kai tsaye zuwa ƙafafun tuƙi, da kuma yanayin dawo da makamashi lokacin tsayawa da kashewa. injin lokacin da aka tsaya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban ra'ayin mafi girman tattalin arziki.

Bayan nasarar Toyota, sauran kamfanoni da yawa suma sun matsa zuwa samfuran samfuran. Koyaya, baza'a iya musun cewa kusan dukkan ayyukan suna tafasa zuwa hanyar daidaita zane wanda ba zai iya samar da inganci ba, sabili da haka ma'anar falsafar fasaha ta Toyota.

Ko da a yau, kamfanin yana bin tsarin gine-ginen tsarin da aka tsara tun farko, amma saboda gaskiya dole ne mu ambaci cewa yin fassarorin manyan Lexus na buƙatar ci gaba kwatankwacin na Prius na farko. Wannan gaskiyane ga sabon sigar tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙarin saurin watsawa huɗu tare da kayan duniya. Prius da kanta ya sami gagarumin sauyi a ƙarni na biyu, na uku da na huɗu, gami da ƙarin sigar toshewa tare da batirin lithium-ion a matsayin wani mataki na neman sauyi na ci gaban wannan fasaha. A halin yanzu, ƙarfin lantarki a cikin tsarin ya karu sosai, injunan lantarki sun haɓaka ƙwarewa kuma sun rage ƙarar su, wanda ya ba da damar cire wasu bayanai a cikin ƙirar motar motar duniya da rage adadin abubuwan da aka tura. Ci gaba kuma bai taɓa tsayawa ba kuma sababbin samfuran sun zama masu inganci ...

A ƙarshe amma ba kalla ba, gagarumin fa'idar samfurin Toyota ba kawai a fannin fasaha ba ne - ƙarfin Prius yana cikin saƙon cewa hadadden ra'ayi da ƙira ya bayyana. Abokan cinikin mota na Hybrid suna neman sabon abu gaba ɗaya kuma suna neman ba wai kawai don adana mai da hayaƙi ba, amma don yin shi a bainar jama'a azaman bayyanar yanayin yanayin muhalli. "Prius ya zama mai kama da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in fasaha," in ji mataimakin shugaban kamfanin. Honda John Mendel.

Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani haƙiƙanin fatan da kowa zai ƙalubalanci Toyota da Lexus matsayi na jagoranci a cikin fasahar zamani, duk da haɓakar gasar. Yawancin nasarorin da kamfanin ya samu a kasuwannin yau, Prius ne ke tafiyar da shi—kamar yadda shugaban Toyota USA Jim Press ya taba cewa, “A ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata mutane sun sayi Prius saboda Toyota ce, a yau mutane da yawa suna sayen Toyota saboda ta kera samfuri kamar. Prius." Wannan shi kansa babban ci gaba ne. Lokacin da matasan farko suka fara kasuwa a shekara ta 2000, yawancin mutane suna kallon su kawai da sha'awar shakku, amma tare da hauhawar farashin man fetur, saurin Toyota da ingantaccen gubar da sauri ya dace da yanayin canzawa.

Duk da haka, lokacin da ƙirƙirar samfurin Prius ya fara, babu wanda yake tsammanin duk wannan zai faru - masu ƙaddamar da aikin da injiniyoyin da ke cikin aiwatarwa ba su da komai sai farar zanen gado ...

Haihuwar falsafa

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1998, a bikin baje kolin motoci na Paris, wasu gungun shugabannin kamfanin Toyota karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Shoichiro Toyoda sun bayyana Yaris, sabon karamin samfurin kamfanin. Bayyanar sa a kasuwar tsohuwar Nahiyar an tsara shi ne a shekara ta 1999, kuma a cikin 2001 yakamata a fara samar da shi a wata sabuwar shuka a kudancin Faransa.

Bayan an gama gabatarwa, lokacin da shugabanni ke shirin amsa tambayoyi, wani abin mamaki ya faru. A ka'ida, ya kamata a mai da hankali kan Yaris, amma 'yan jarida, suna yin tambayoyinsu, da sauri suka mayar da hankalinsu ga sabon samfurin Toyota mai suna Prius. Kowa yana sha'awar gabatar da shi a Turai, wanda ya kamata ya faru a cikin 2000. An fara nuna samfurin a cikin 1997 a Japan kuma, godiya ga fasaha mai ban mamaki da rashin amfani da man fetur, da sauri ya jawo hankalin masana'antun motoci da 'yan jarida a duniya. A watan Yulin 1998, shugaban kamfanin na lokacin Hiroshi Okuda ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 2000 Toyota za ta fara fitar da motoci kusan 20 zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, godiya ga Prius, kalmomin Toyota da hybrid yanzu ana kiran su a matsayin ma'ana, kodayake a lokacin ba wanda ya san abin da suke magana akai. Mutane kalilan ne suka san cewa kamfanin ya gudanar da ba kawai don tsara wannan babban fasaha na fasaha ba, har ma - saboda rashin tushe na fasaha da yuwuwar ci gaban masu samar da kayayyaki - don ƙira da kera na'urori na musamman da yawa. A kan wasu shafuka, yana da wuya a sake sake fasalin jarumta ta gaskiya da masu alhakin da masu zanen Toyota suka nuna, waɗanda suka gudanar da juya ra'ayi zuwa samfurin da ya dace da samar da taro.

Aikin G21

Zuwa 1990, kwaminisanci ya tabarbare kuma tattalin arzikin dimokiradiyyar masana'antu na bunkasa. A lokacin ne shugaban kwamitin daraktocin na Toyota, Aggi Toyoda, ya tsokani tattaunawa mai zafi a kamfanin. "Shin ya kamata mu ci gaba da kera motoci kamar yadda muke yi yanzu?" Shin za mu tsira a cikin karni na XNUMX idan ci gabanmu ya ci gaba tare da hanyoyi iri ɗaya?

A lokacin, burin masana'antun shine su sanya motoci girma da kuma kayan alatu, kuma Toyota ba ta yi fice ba. Sai dai kuma, Toyoda, mutumin da, tare da abokin aikinsa Soichiro Honda, ya kasance jigo a masana'antar kera motoci na Japan bayan yakin, ya damu. “Sai kawai ya zama abin mayar da hankali gare mu. Wata rana abubuwa za su canja, kuma idan ba mu jagoranci ayyukan ci gabanmu ta wata sabuwar hanya ba, za mu fuskanci illar hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa.” A lokacin da fifiko shine bege na ɗan gajeren lokaci don ƙarin ƙira da ƙima, wannan yana kama da bidi'a. Duk da haka, Toyoda ya ci gaba da yin wa'azin falsafarsa har sai da mataimakin shugaban zartarwa mai kula da ƙira da haɓaka sabbin samfura, Yoshiro Kimbara, ya karɓi ra'ayin. A cikin Satumba 1993, ya ƙirƙiri G21, kwamitin ƙira don nazarin hangen nesa da falsafar motar ƙarni na 1993. Ga wata hujja mai ban sha'awa: a cikin 3, gwamnatin Clinton a Amurka ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri da nufin haɓaka motar da ke cinye matsakaicin lita 100 na mai a cikin XNUMX km. Duk da buri na sunan Sabuwar Ƙarfafa Mota (PNGV), wanda ya haɗa da masu kera motoci na Amurka, sakamakon aikin injiniya na shekaru da yawa ya kasance asusun wani hamshakin ɗan kasuwa mai nauyi ɗan Amurka da jimlar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri uku. Toyota da Honda an cire su daga wannan yunƙurin, amma wannan yana ƙara ƙarfafa su su ƙirƙira nasu fasahar don rage yawan amfani da mai ...

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev