Zaman Iron - Part 3

Batu na baya-bayan nan game da karfe na farko na wayewar mu da dangantakarsa. Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar ya zuwa yanzu sun nuna cewa wannan abu ne mai ban sha'awa don bincike a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na gida. Gwaje-gwajen na yau ba za su kasance masu ban sha'awa ba kuma za su ba ku damar yin kallo daban-daban kan wasu fannonin sinadarai.

Ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a ɓangaren farko na labarin shine oxidation na hazo na baƙin ƙarfe (II) hydroxide zuwa baƙin ƙarfe (III) hydroxide tare da maganin H.₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da mahadi na ƙarfe (an sami kumfa oxygen a cikin gwaji). Za ku yi amfani da wannan tasirin don nuna ...

… Yadda mai kara kuzari ke aiki

ba shakka yana saurin amsawa, amma - yana da daraja tunawa - kawai wanda zai iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka ba (ko da yake wani lokaci a hankali, har ma da rashin fahimta). Gaskiya ne, akwai tabbacin cewa mai kara kuzari yana hanzarta amsawa, amma ba ya shiga cikin kanta. Hmm...me yasa ake karawa kwata-kwata? Chemistry ba sihiri ba ne (wani lokaci yana kama da ni, kuma "baƙar fata" don taya), kuma tare da gwaji mai sauƙi, za ku ga mai kara kuzari a cikin aiki.

Da farko shirya matsayin ku. Kuna buƙatar tire don kiyaye teburin daga ambaliya, safofin hannu masu kariya, da tabarau ko visor. Kuna ma'amala da reagent caustic: perhydrol (30% hydrogen peroxide bayani H₂O₂) da baƙin ƙarfe (III) chloride bayani FeCl₃. Yi aiki da hikima, musamman kula da idanunku: fatar hannun da aka ƙone tare da pehydrol yana sake farfadowa, amma idanu ba sa. (1).

2. Mai kwashewa a gefen hagu ya ƙunshi ruwa kawai, a hannun dama - ruwa tare da ƙari na perhydrol. Kuna zuba maganin baƙin ƙarfe (III) chloride a cikin duka

3. Hanyar amsawa, bayan kammala shi, mai kara kuzari yana sake farfadowa

Zuba a cikin injin daskarewa kuma ƙara sau biyu na ruwa mai yawa (hakan yana faruwa tare da hydrogen peroxide, amma a cikin yanayin 3% bayani, tasirin ba a iya gani). Kun sami kusan kashi 10% na maganin H₂O₂ (commercial perhydrol diluted 1:2 da ruwa). Zuba isasshen ruwa a cikin na biyun don kowane jirgin ruwa ya kasance yana da adadin ruwa iri ɗaya (wannan zai zama ƙirar ku). Yanzu ƙara 1-2 cm zuwa duka steamers.³ 10% FeCl bayani₃ kuma a kula da ci gaban gwajin (2).

A cikin evaporator mai sarrafawa, ruwan yana da launin rawaya saboda hydrated Fe ions.³⁺. A gefe guda kuma, abubuwa da yawa suna faruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da hydrogen peroxide: abin da ke ciki ya zama launin ruwan kasa, iskar gas yana fitowa sosai, kuma ruwan da ke cikin evaporator ya zama mai zafi sosai ko ma ya tafasa. Ƙarshen abin da aka yi yana alama ta hanyar dakatar da juyin halittar iskar gas da kuma canza launin abin da ke ciki zuwa rawaya, kamar yadda yake cikin tsarin sarrafawa (3). Kun kasance shaida kawai catalytic Converter aiki, amma kun san irin canje-canjen da suka faru a cikin jirgin ruwa?

Launin launin ruwan kasa ya fito ne daga mahadi na ferrous waɗanda ke samuwa a sakamakon halayen:

Gas ɗin da ake fitarwa da ƙarfi daga mai fitar da ruwa shine, ba shakka, iskar oxygen (zaka iya bincika ko harshen wuta ya fara ƙone sama da saman ruwan). A mataki na gaba, iskar oxygen da aka saki a cikin martanin da ke sama yana oxidizes Fe cations.²⁺:

An sabunta Fe ions³⁺ sun sake shiga cikin martanin farko. Tsarin yana ƙare lokacin da aka yi amfani da duk hydrogen peroxide, wanda za ku lura yayin da launin rawaya ya dawo cikin abubuwan da ke cikin evaporator. Lokacin da kuka ninka ɓangarorin biyu na lissafin farko da biyu kuma ku ƙara shi a gefe zuwa na biyu, sannan ku soke sharuɗɗan iri ɗaya a ɓangarori daban-daban (kamar yadda yake cikin lissafin lissafi na yau da kullun), zaku sami lissafin amsawar rarraba H.₂O₂. Lura cewa babu ions baƙin ƙarfe a ciki, amma don nuna rawar da suke takawa a cikin canji, rubuta su a sama da kibiya:

Hydrogen peroxide shima yana rubewa ba da dadewa ba bisa ga lissafin da ke sama (ba shakka ba tare da ions baƙin ƙarfe ba), amma wannan tsari yana da sannu a hankali. Bugu da kari na mai kara kuzari yana canza tsarin amsawa zuwa wanda ya fi sauƙin aiwatarwa don haka yana hanzarta jujjuyawa duka. Don haka me yasa ra'ayin cewa mai kara kuzari ba shi da hannu a cikin dauki? Wataƙila saboda an sake farfadowa a cikin tsari kuma ya kasance ba canzawa a cikin cakuda samfurori (a cikin gwaji, launin rawaya na Fe (III) ions yana faruwa duka kafin da kuma bayan amsawa). Don haka ku tuna da haka mai kara kuzari yana shiga cikin dauki kuma shine sashi mai aiki.

Don matsaloli tare da H.₂O₂

4. Catalase yana lalata hydrogen peroxide (tube a hagu), ƙara wani bayani na EDTA yana lalata enzyme (tube a dama)

Enzymes kuma su ne masu kara kuzari, amma suna aiki a cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai. Yanayin ya yi amfani da ions baƙin ƙarfe a cikin cibiyoyin aiki na enzymes waɗanda ke hanzarta haɓakar iskar oxygen da rage halayen. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙananan canje-canjen da aka ambata a cikin valency na ƙarfe (daga II zuwa III da akasin haka). Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan enzymes shine catalase, wanda ke kare sel daga samfurin mai guba mai guba na canjin oxygen ta salula - hydrogen peroxide. Kuna iya samun catalase cikin sauƙi: dankali mai dankali da zuba ruwa a kan dankalin da aka daka. Bari dakatarwar ta nutse zuwa ƙasa kuma a watsar da mai girma.

Zuba 5 cm cikin bututun gwaji.³ cire dankalin turawa kuma ƙara 1 cm³ hydrogen peroxide. Abin da ke ciki yana da kumfa sosai, yana iya ma "fita" daga bututun gwajin, don haka gwada shi a kan tire. Catalase enzyme ne mai inganci sosai, kwayar halittar catalase daya na iya rushe kwayoyin H har zuwa miliyan da yawa a cikin minti daya.₂O₂.

Bayan an zuba ruwan a cikin bututun gwaji na biyu, ƙara 1-2 ml³ Maganin EDTA (sodium edetic acid) da abubuwan da ke ciki sun haɗu. Idan yanzu kun ƙara harbin hydrogen peroxide, ba za ku ga wani bazuwar hydrogen peroxide ba. Dalilin shine samuwar hadadden ion ƙarfe mai ƙarfi tare da EDTA (wannan reagent yana amsawa da ions ƙarfe da yawa, waɗanda ake amfani dasu don tantancewa da cire su daga muhalli). Haɗin Fe ions³⁺ tare da EDTA ya toshe wurin aiki na enzyme kuma saboda haka ba a kunna catalase (4).

Karfe zoben aure

A cikin sinadarai na nazari, gano ions da yawa ya dogara ne akan samuwar hazo mai narkewa. Duk da haka, kallon kallo a teburin solubility zai nuna cewa nitrate (V) da nitrate (III) anions (gishiri na farko ana kiransa nitrates kawai, na biyu - nitrites) a zahiri ba sa yin hazo.

Iron (II) sulfate FeSO yana zuwa don ceto wajen gano waɗannan ions.₄. Shirya reagents. Bugu da ƙari ga wannan gishiri, kuna buƙatar bayani mai mahimmanci na sulfuric acid (VI) H₂SO₄ da diluted 10-15% bayani na wannan acid (yi hankali lokacin diluting, zuba, ba shakka, "acid cikin ruwa"). Bugu da kari, gishiri mai dauke da anions da aka gano, kamar KNO₃, NON₃, NON₂. Shirya madaidaicin bayani na FeSO.₄ da mafita na gishiri na anions biyu (rubu na teaspoon na gishiri yana narkar da kusan 50 cm³ ruwa).

5. Kyakkyawan sakamako na gwajin zobe.

Reagents sun shirya, lokacin gwaji yayi. Zuba 2-3 cm cikin tubes biyu³ Maganin FeSO₄. Sa'an nan kuma ƙara ɗigon digo na bayani mai mahimmanci N.₂SO₄. Yin amfani da pipette, tattara aliquot na maganin nitrite (misali NaNO₂) da kuma zuba shi a ciki don ya gangara daga bangon bututun gwaji (wannan yana da mahimmanci!). Hakazalika, zuba a wani ɓangare na maganin saltpeter (misali, KNO₃). Idan duka mafita an zubo a hankali, da'irar launin ruwan kasa za su bayyana a saman (don haka sunan gama gari na wannan gwajin, amsawar zobe) (5). Tasirin yana da ban sha'awa, amma kuna da 'yancin yin baƙin ciki, watakila ma fushi (Wannan gwajin gwaji ne, bayan haka? Sakamakon iri ɗaya ne a cikin lokuta biyu!).

Koyaya, yi wani gwaji. Wannan lokacin ƙara dilute H.₂SO₄. Bayan allurar maganin nitrate da nitrite (kamar yadda ya gabata), zaku lura da sakamako mai kyau a cikin bututun gwaji ɗaya kawai - wanda ke da maganin NaNO.₂. A wannan lokacin mai yiwuwa ba ku da wata damuwa game da fa'idar gwajin zoben: amsawar da ke cikin matsakaiciyar acidic ta ba da damar ions guda biyu su bambanta.

Hanyar amsawa ta dogara ne akan bazuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan ions na nitrate tare da sakin nitric oxide (II) NO (a cikin wannan yanayin, ion baƙin ƙarfe yana oxidized daga lambobi biyu zuwa uku). Haɗin ion Fe (II) tare da NO yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma yana ba wa zobe launi (ana yin shi idan an yi gwajin daidai, ta hanyar haɗa maganin kawai za ku sami launi mai duhu na bututun gwajin, amma). - kun yarda - ba za a sami irin wannan tasiri mai ban sha'awa ba). Duk da haka, bazuwar ions na nitrate yana buƙatar matsakaicin halayen acidic, yayin da nitrite yana buƙatar acidification kaɗan kawai, saboda haka bambance-bambancen da aka gani yayin gwajin.

Iron a cikin Sabis na Sirri

Mutane sun kasance suna da abin da za su ɓoye. Ƙirƙirar mujallar ta kuma ƙunshi haɓaka hanyoyin kare irin waɗannan bayanan da ake watsawa - ɓoyewa ko ɓoye rubutun. An ƙirƙira tawada masu tausayi iri-iri don wannan hanya ta ƙarshe. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da kuka yi su don su Ba a ganin rubutunduk da haka, an bayyana shi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar, misali, dumama ko magani tare da wani abu (mai haɓakawa). Shirya kyawawan tawada da mai haɓakawa ba shi da wahala. Ya isa nemo amsawar da aka samar da samfur mai launi. Zai fi kyau cewa tawada kanta ba ta da launi, to, rubutun da aka yi da su zai zama marar ganuwa a kan wani nau'i na kowane launi.

Haɗin ƙarfe kuma suna yin tawada masu ban sha'awa. Bayan gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da aka bayyana a baya, ana iya ba da mafita na baƙin ƙarfe (III) da FeCl chloride azaman tawada mai tausayi.₃, potassium thiocyanide KNCS da potassium ferrocyanide K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. A cikin amsawar FeCl₃ tare da cyanide zai zama ja, kuma tare da ferrocyanide zai zama shuɗi. Sun fi dacewa da tawada. mafita na thiocyanate da ferrocyanidetun da ba su da launi (a cikin akwati na ƙarshe, dole ne a diluted bayani). An yi rubutun tare da bayani mai launin rawaya na FeCl.₃ ana iya gani akan farar takarda (sai dai idan katin shima rawaya ne).

6. Mascara mai sautin biyu yana da kyau

7. Tawada salicylic acid mai tausayi

Shirya maganin diluted na duk gishiri kuma yi amfani da goga ko wasa don rubuta akan katunan tare da maganin cyanide da ferrocyanide. Yi amfani da goga daban-daban don kowane don guje wa gurɓatar da reagents. Lokacin bushewa, sanya safar hannu masu kariya kuma jiƙa auduga tare da maganin FeCl.₃. Iron (III) chloride bayani m kuma yana barin wuraren rawaya masu launin ruwan kasa a kan lokaci. Don haka, guje wa lalata fata da muhalli tare da ita (yi gwajin a kan tire). Yi amfani da swab ɗin auduga don taɓa takarda don datsa saman ta. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar mai haɓakawa, haruffa ja da shuɗi za su bayyana. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a rubuta tare da tawada biyu akan takarda ɗaya, sannan rubutun da aka saukar zai zama launi biyu (6). Barasa salicylic (2% salicylic acid a cikin barasa) kuma ya dace da tawada shuɗi (7).

Wannan ya ƙare labarin kashi uku akan ƙarfe da mahadi. Kun gano cewa wannan muhimmin abu ne, kuma ƙari, yana ba ku damar gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu ban sha'awa da yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu za mu mai da hankali kan batun "ƙarfe", saboda a cikin wata guda za ku gamu da maƙiyinsa mafi muni - lalata.

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