tsoro na duniya
Tsoron duniya da sararin samaniya na kusa, wato, wani abu don tunawa da marigayi
Marigayi shekarun 50s da 60s sune mafi zafi lokacin yakin cacar baka, babban tsoron bala'in nukiliya, kwanakin rikicin Cuban (Oktoba 1962) da babban haɓakar fasaha da wannan tsoro ya haifar. Soviet? Sahabi? ya shiga kewayawa a watan Oktoban 1957, bayan wata daya Laika ya tafi ba tare da komowa ba, kuma a lokaci guda, a Cape Canaveral, 'yan jarida na Amurka sun ga fashewar roka na Avangard TV3 har ma sun fito da sunaye na musamman, misali, Staiputnik ( daga, i.e.) ko Kaputnik.
Sabon plywood Sputnik tare da Jamusanci an kafa shi saboda mahaifin shirin roka na Amurka shine Wernher von Braun. A ranar karshe ta watan Janairun 1958, daga karshe Amurkawa sun yi nasarar aika tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, bayan shekaru biyu Yuri Gagarin ya shiga sararin samaniya ya dawo, bayan wata guda? shi, ko da yake kawai a cikin jirgin karkashin kasa, Alan Shepard. Bayan duk kokarin da ake yi na tseren sararin samaniya ba abin alfaharin kasa ne na kasashe masu shiga ba ko kuma (a cikin raha) sha'awar sanin abin da ba a sani ba, amma ma'anar haɗari, saboda gwajin farko na ICBM ya faru a watan Agusta 1957. Shi ne R-7 Semiorka tare da ikon ɗaukar wani warhead da damar 5 Mt. Sputnik, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, duk Soviet, Rasha da sauran sararin samaniya da kuma 'yan sama jannati tashi daga Rasha cosmodromes kaddamar a kan m, modified da kuma supplemented da sabon matakai na roka irin wannan. Kyakkyawan zane na asali!
Roka masu guba sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, hanya ɗaya ce ta samun kaya da mutane zuwa sararin samaniya da bayanta, amma ba ta da kyau. Ba su fashe sosai sau da yawa, amma rabo daga cikin payload zuwa low Earth orbit (LEO) zuwa taro na roka kanta, wanda yake da wuya a gina da kuma a lokaci guda za a iya yarwa, ya zauna astronomical (kyakkyawan kalma!) Rabo ne. 1 zuwa 400? gyara R-500 tare da mataki na biyu, 7 kg a kowace kilogiram 5900, sabon Soyuz 300-000 kg kowace roka 7100 kg).
Taimako kaɗan zai iya zama ƙananan rokoki da jiragen sama ke ɗauka, kamar yadda a cikin tsarin yawon shakatawa na yankin WhiteKnightTwo na Amurka? SpaceShip Two (2012?). Duk da haka, wannan ba ya canzawa da yawa, saboda har yanzu kuna buƙatar ƙona wani abu kuma ku busa shi a wata hanya don tashi a cikin ɗayan. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, ana la'akari da wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, wanda biyu daga cikinsu watakila su ne mafi kusa: babban igwa mai harba majigi mai dauke da abun ciki mai iya jure harba g-forces, da na'urar hawan sararin samaniya. Magani na farko ya riga ya kasance a mataki na ci gaba sosai, amma mai ginin Kanada a ƙarshe ya nemi kudade don aikin daga Saddam H. kuma an kashe shi a cikin Maris 1990 ta hanyar da ba a sani ba? a gaban gidansa na Brussels. Ƙarshen, da alama ba gaskiya ba ne, kwanan nan ya zama mai yuwuwa tare da haɓaka filayen carbon nanotube masu haske.
Rabin karni da suka gabata, wato, a bakin kololuwar sabon zamanin sararin samaniya, karancin inganci da gazawar fasahar roka da ke da matukar ci gaba, ya sa masana kimiyya suka yi tunanin yuwuwar amfani da tushen makamashi mai inganci. Tun a tsakiyar shekarun 50 ne aka fara aiki da tashoshin samar da makamashin nukiliya, kuma jirgin ruwan nukiliya na farko mai suna USS Nautilus, ya fara aiki. Ya shiga sabis a 1954, amma reactors sun kasance kuma sun kasance masu nauyi sosai, bayan gwaje-gwaje da yawa, an yi watsi da yunƙurin amfani da su don injunan jirage, kuma ba a haɓaka ayyukan utopian don ƙirƙirar su a cikin kumbon kumbo ba.
Akwai sauran na biyu, fiye da jaraba, yuwuwar amfani da fashe-fashe na nukiliya don motsa su, wato jefa bama-baman nukiliya a jiragen ruwa don shiga sararin samaniya. Tunanin injiniyan nukiliyar nasa ne na fitaccen masanin lissafi dan kasar Poland kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Stanislaw Ulam, wanda ya shiga cikin ci gaban bam din nukiliyar Amurka (Manhattan Project), kuma daga baya ya ba da izinin bam din thermonuclear na Amurka (Teller-Ulam). ). Ƙirƙirar makamashin nukiliya (1947) an ba da rahoton cewa ra'ayin masanin kimiyya na Poland ya fi so kuma wata ƙungiya ta musamman da ke aiki a 1957-61 ta samar da aikin Orion.
Littafin da na kuskura in ba da shawarar ga masoya masu karatu na da take, marubucin shi Kenneth Brower, kuma manyan jigonsa su ne Freeman Dyson da ɗansa George. Na farko fitaccen masanin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi ne, gami da. injiniyan nukiliya kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Templeton. Ya jagoranci tawagar masana kimiyya da aka ambata, kuma a cikin littafin yana wakiltar ikon kimiyya da kimiyya don isa taurari yayin da dansa ya yanke shawarar zama a cikin wani itace a British Columbia kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa gabar yammacin Kanada da Alaska ta kayak. yana gini. Wannan ba ya nufin, ɗan shekara goma sha shida ya yi watsi da duniya domin ya yi kafara domin zunuban ubansa. Ba wani abu makamancin haka, domin ko da yake alamar watsi da fitattun jami'o'in Amurka don goyon bayan pine da rairayin bakin teku wani bangare ne na tawaye, George Dyson ya gina kayak dinsa da kwale-kwale daga sabon gilashin gilashi a kan firam ɗin aluminum, kuma daga baya. watau a lokacin, ba a rufe shi da shirin littafin ba., Ya koma jami'a a duniya a matsayin masanin tarihin kimiyya kuma ya rubuta, musamman, littafi game da aiki akan aikin Orion ().
Kosmolot a kan bom
Ka'idar da Ulam ya zo da ita abu ne mai sauƙi, amma ƙungiyar Dyson ta shafe shekaru 4 akan aikin titanic don haɓaka tushe na ka'idar da zato don ƙirar sabbin jiragen sama. Bama-bamai na atomic ba su fashe ba, amma an sami nasarar yin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a cikin jerin fashe-fashe na ƙananan tuhume-tuhumen da aka tsara a cikin motsi. Alal misali, a cikin Nuwamba 1959, wani samfurin tare da diamita na 1 m ya tashi a cikin jirgin da aka sarrafa zuwa tsayin mita 56. An yi la'akari da girman girman girman sararin samaniya, alkalumman da aka bayar a cikin zato suna rushewa, daya daga cikin manyan biyu mafi girma. Ana warware kurakuran ƙira ta hanyar lif da aka ambata, don haka wa ya sani, watakila za mu tashi zuwa wani wuri mai nisa?!
Alamar farko ta Ulam ita ce fashewar atomic ba za a iya ƙunshe da wani iyakataccen sarari a cikin ɗakin konewa ba, kamar yadda ƙirar ƙa'idar Freeman Dyson ta yi hasashe. Jirgin saman da tawagar Orion ta kera ya kamata ya kasance da madubin karfe mai nauyi? farantin da ke tattara kuzarin fashe-fashe daga ƙananan cajin da aka fitar a jere ta cikin rami na tsakiya.
Girgizar girgizar meganewton ta buga farantin a 30 m/s a tazara na biyu zai ba shi nauyi mai yawa har ma da babban taro, kuma ko da yake tsarin da aka tsara da kyau da kayan aiki na iya jure nauyi har zuwa 000 G,? suna son jirginsu ya kasance mai iya tafiyar da jirgin ɗan adam, don haka aka ɓullo da tsarin damp mai matakai biyu don "lalata". ci gaba da matsawa daga 100 zuwa 2 G ga ma'aikatan jirgin.
Tsarin asali na sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya (interplanetary) Orion ya dauki nauyin nauyin 4000 ton, diamita na madubi na 40 m, tsayin tsayin 60 m, da ikon amfani da cajin 0,14 kt. Mafi ban sha'awa, ba shakka, shine bayanan da ke kwatanta ingancin na'urar motsa jiki tare da roka na gargajiya: Orion ya kamata ya yi amfani da bama-bamai 800 don sanya kanta da 1600 ton na kaya a cikin ƙananan duniya (LEO), yana auna nauyin 3350? Saturn V daga shirin Apollo na wata ya ɗauki ton 130.
Yayyafa duniyarmu da plutonium shine mafi mahimmancin koma baya na aikin kuma daya daga cikin dalilan watsi da Orion bayan sanya hannu a cikin 1963 na Yarjejeniyar akan iyakance gwajin makaman nukiliya, wanda ya haramta fashewar tuhume-tuhumen a cikin yanayin duniya. , sararin samaniya da ƙarƙashin ruwa. Na'urar hawan sararin samaniya da aka ambata a baya zai iya magance wannan matsala ta rediyo yadda ya kamata, kuma wani jirgin sama mai sake amfani da shi wanda zai iya isar da kaya mai nauyin ton 800 zuwa duniyar Mars da baya, shawara ce mai ban sha'awa. An raina wannan lissafin, saboda tashi daga ƙasa da ƙira don jirgin sama mai ɗaukar nauyi tare da bayyanannun sakamako a cikin nauyin masu ɗaukar girgiza, don haka idan irin wannan injin yana da ƙirar ƙira tare da ikon wargaza masu ɗaukar girgiza da wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan jirgin don jigilar atomatik .. .
Wani lif da ke kawar da duniya daga kumbon nukiliya zai kuma magance wasu matsaloli, kamar tasirin wutar lantarki (EMP) akan na'urorin lantarki. Ya kamata a tuna cewa duniya ta gida tana kare mu da belin Van Allen daga hasken sararin samaniya da hasken rana, amma ma'aikata da kayan aiki na kowane jirgi a sararin samaniya dole ne a kiyaye su ta ƙarin garkuwa. Orions zai sami mafi kyawun garkuwar kariya daga radiation daga fashewar injuna a cikin nau'in farantin madubi na ƙarfe mai kauri da kuma tanadin damar har ma da ƙarin garkuwa mafi ƙarfi.
Siffofin Orions na gaba sun ma fi ƙarfin ɗaukar taro, saboda. tare da nauyin 10 tons, ƙarfin lodi ya karu zuwa 000 kt, amma nauyin daga Duniya (tfu, tfu, apage, shine kawai a ka'ida don kwatanta) a cikin LEO ya riga ya kasance 0,35% na yawan jirgin (61 tons) , kuma a duniyar Mars zai zama ton 6100. Mafi girman ayyukan da aka yi ya haɗa da gina jirgin “intergalactic”? tare da wani taro na 5300 8 000 ton, wanda zai iya riga ya zama birni na ainihi a sararin samaniya, kuma ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa Orions da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar cajin thermonuclear zai iya hanzarta zuwa 000 s (0,1% na gudun haske) kuma ya tashi zuwa tauraron mafi kusa da mu. Proxima Centauri, ta hanyar shekaru 10.
Tawagar Dyson ta warware duk manyan batutuwan ƙira, waɗanda yawancinsu an tace su a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ta wasu masana kimiyya, yawancin shakku sun kawar da su ta hanyar lura da zahirin da aka yi a lokacin gwajin nukiliya na tushen ƙasa. An tabbatar da cewa, alal misali, sanye da farantin karfe ko aluminium mai ɗaukar farantin karfe a lokacin zubar da ruwa (evaporation) ba shi da yawa, tun lokacin da aka ƙididdige yawan zafin jiki na 67 ° C, ultraviolet galibi ana fitarwa, wanda baya shiga mafi yawan. kayan aiki. , musamman ma a matsa lamba na tsari na 000 MPa da ke faruwa a saman farantin, kuma za'a iya kawar da ablation cikin sauƙi gaba daya ta hanyar fesa farantin tare da mai tsakanin fashewa. 'Yan Oriion? An tsara shi don samar da na musamman da kuma hadaddun cylindrical? nauyin kilogiram 340, amma a halin yanzu yana yiwuwa a haifar da fashe ta atomatik samar da "kwayoyin atomic" guda daya-gram? Laser katako, kuma irin wannan fashewa guda ɗaya yana da makamashi na tsari na 140-10 ton na TNT.
Kalli fina-finai
Ziyarar farko cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin zuwa Poland.
Ziyarar farko cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin zuwa Poland
Project Orion? A Mars A. Bomb 1993, sassa 7, cikin Turanci
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993 part 2
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993 part 3
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993 part 4
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993 part 5
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam A. 1993 part 6
Project Orion - Zuwa Mars tare da bam. 1993 karshe
