Pakistan Air Force
Makomar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Pakistan ya ta'allaka ne da jirgin Chengdu JF-17 Thunder, wanda aka kera a China amma aka kerasa karkashin lasisi a Pakistan.
An gina shi bisa al'adar Birtaniyya, rundunar sojojin saman Pakistan a yau tana wakiltar wani gagarumin karfi a yankin, ta yin amfani da wani nau'in kayan aikin Amurka da na Sin da ba a saba gani ba, da kuma na'urori daga wasu kasashe. Pakistan na gina 'yancin kai na tsaro bisa tushen hana nukiliya, amma ba ta yin watsi da hanyoyin kariya na al'ada, duka ta fuskar dakile wani abokin gaba da kuma yadda ake gudanar da yaki.
Pakistan, ko kuma Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan, kasa ce da ke kudancin yankin tsakiyar Asiya, wacce ta fi kasar Poland girma kusan sau 2,5 a yankin, mai yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 200. Wannan ƙasa tana da iyaka mai tsayi sosai tare da Indiya a gabas - 2912 km, wanda "koyaushe" yana da takaddama kan iyaka. A arewa tana iyaka da Afghanistan (kilomita 2430), sannan tsakanin Indiya da Afghanistan - da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (kilomita 523). A kudu maso yammacin Pakistan kuma tana iyaka da Iran - kilomita 909. Yana da damar daga kudu zuwa tekun Indiya, tsawon gabar tekun yana da kilomita 1046.
Pakistan rabin ƙasa ce, rabin dutse. Rabin gabas, in ban da na arewa, wani kwari ne da ya ratsa ta kogin Indus (kilomita 3180), yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, daga kan iyaka da jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin har zuwa gabar kogin. Tekun Indiya (Tekun Arabiya). Mafi mahimmancin iyaka da Indiya ta fuskar tsaro ta wuce ta wannan kwari. Bi da bi, rabin arewa maso yammacin kasar da ke kan iyaka da Iran da Afganistan wani yanki ne mai tsaunuka, tare da wani yanki mai tsaunuka na Hindu Kush - tsaunin Suleiman. Kolonsu mafi girma shine Takht-e-Suleiman - 3487 m sama da matakin teku. Bi da bi, a iyakar arewacin Pakistan wani bangare ne na tsaunin Karakoram, wanda yake da kololuwar K2, 8611 m sama da matakin teku.
Duk yankin Kashmir, wanda akasarinsa na bangaren Indiya, yanki ne da ake takaddama a kai tsakanin kasashen biyu. Pakistan ta yi imanin cewa yankin Kashmir da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati musulmi ne, don haka 'yan Pakistan ne. Yankin da ke gefen Indiya na layin da Pakistan ke ikirarin shi ne Glacier Siachen da ke kan iyakar Sin da Indo da Pakistan. A nasu bangaren, Indiya na bukatar iko da dukkan yankin Kashmir, ciki har da bangaren da Pakistan ke iko da shi, da ma wasu yankuna da Pakistan ta mika wa PRC bisa radin kansu. Indiya tana kuma kokarin kawar da cin gashin kan yankinta na Kashmir. Wani yanki da ake takaddama a kai shi ne Sir Creek da ke yankin Indus Delta, wanda shi ne shatale-talen babbar hanyar, duk da cewa wannan gabar ruwa ba ta da tashar ruwa, kuma yankin gaba daya fadama ne kuma kusan ba kowa. Don haka, jayayya kusan ba ta da ma'ana, amma rigimar Kashmir tana ɗaukar salo sosai. Sau biyu, a cikin 1947 da 1965, an yi yakin Kashmir tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Yaki na uku a shekarar 1971 ya mayar da hankali ne kan ballewar gabashin Pakistan, wanda ya kai ga bullar sabuwar kasa mai samun goyon bayan Indiya da aka fi sani da Bangladesh a yau.
Indiya ta mallaki makaman nukiliya tun 1974. Kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani, tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka daina yakin basasa tsakanin kasashen biyu. Sai dai kuma Pakistan ta kaddamar da shirinta na nukiliya. A watan Janairun 1972 ne aka fara aiki kan makaman nukiliyar Pakistan. Masanin kimiyyar nukiliya Munir Ahmad Khan (1926-1999) ne ya jagoranci aikin sama da kwata na karni. Na farko, an ƙirƙiri kayan aikin samar da wadataccen plutonium. Tun 1983, da dama da ake kira sanyi gwaje-gwaje, inda za a iya raba atoms zuwa cajin kasa da m taro, wanda ya hana sarkar dauki daga farawa da kuma kai ga wani ainihin makaman nukiliya fashewa.
Munir Ahmad Khan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa kan cajin nau'in nau'in implosion, wanda duk abubuwan da ke cikin harsashi suna hura su a ciki da bama-bamai na al'ada, suna manne tare a tsakiyar, yana haifar da taro sama da mahimmanci tare da babban yawa, wanda ke hanzarta amsawa. Bisa bukatarsa, an samar da fasahar samar da wadataccen plutonium ta hanyar lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan abokansa, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, ya ba da shawarar a yi cajin nau'in "bistol" mafi sauki, inda ake tuhumar juna biyu. Wannan hanya ce mafi sauƙi, amma ƙasa da inganci don adadin da aka ba da kayan fissile. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan ya kuma bayar da shawarar amfani da sinadarin Uranium da aka inganta maimakon plutonium. Bayan haka, Pakistan ta ƙera kayan aiki don samar da wadataccen plutonium da ingantaccen uranium.
Gwaji na ƙarshe na ƙarfin nukiliyar Pakistan shine cikakken gwaji a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1998. A wannan rana, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje guda biyar a tsaunukan Ras Koh da ke kusa da kan iyakar Afghanistan tare da fashewar abubuwa kusan 38 kt, dukkan tuhume-tuhumen uranium ne. Bayan kwana biyu, an gudanar da gwaji guda tare da fashewar kimanin 20 kt. A wannan lokacin, wurin da fashewar fashewar ta kasance a cikin hamadar Haran (dan kadan fiye da kilomita 100 kudu maso yammacin wurin da ya gabata), abin mamaki ne, saboda wannan yanki ne na filin shakatawa na kasa ... Duk fashewar sun kasance a karkashin kasa, da kuma radiation. bai tashi ba. Wani lamari mai ban sha'awa game da wannan ƙoƙari na biyu (fashewar nukiliya ta Pakistan ta shida) ita ce, ko da yake a wannan karon cajin nau'in implosion ne, an yi amfani da plutonium maimakon ingantacciyar uranium. Wataƙila, ta wannan hanya, an kwatanta tasirin nau'ikan kayan biyu a zahiri.
A cikin 2010, Amurkawa a hukumance sun kiyasta ajiyar Pakistan na 70-90 warheads don makamai masu linzami na ballistic da bama-bamai na iska tare da yawan amfanin 20-40 kt. Pakistan ba ta ƙoƙarin kera manyan makaman nukiliya masu ƙarfi. A cikin 2018, an kiyasta makaman nukiliya na Pakistan a kan makaman nukiliya 120-130 don makamai masu linzami da bama-bamai na iska.
Koyarwar Nukiliya ta Pakistan
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, wani kwamiti da aka fi sani da National Command yana haɓaka dabarun, shiri da kuma amfani da makaman nukiliya a aikace. Kungiya ce ta farar hula da ke karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Imran Khan. Kwamitin gwamnati ya kunshi ministan harkokin waje, ministan harkokin cikin gida, ministan kudi, ministan tsaro da kuma ministan masana'antu na tsaro. Daga bangaren rundunar soji, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin kasar Janar Nadim Raza, da hafsoshin dukkan sassan rundunonin soji: sojojin kasa, sojojin sama da na ruwa. Soja na biyar shi ne shugaban hadakar leken asiri na soji, na shida shi ne daraktan sashen tsare-tsare na kwamitin shugabannin ma’aikata. Na ƙarshe biyu suna da matsayi na Laftanar Janar, sauran hudu fama - matsayi na janar (hudu taurari). Wurin zama na PNCA (Pakistan National Command) babban birnin jihar Islamabad ne. Kwamitin ya kuma yanke wani babban hukunci game da amfani da makaman nukiliya da kansa.
Dangane da rukunan nukiliya na yanzu, Pakistan tana yin rigakafin nukiliya a matakai huɗu:
- a bainar jama'a ko ta hanyoyin diflomasiyya don yin gargaɗi game da amfani da makaman nukiliya;
- gargadin nukiliya na gida;
- harin makamin nukiliya na dabara kan sojojin abokan gaba a yankinta;
- kai hari kan kayan aikin soja (abubuwan da ke da mahimmancin soja kawai) akan yankin abokan gaba.
Dangane da shawarar yin amfani da makaman nukiliya, an bayyana a hukumance cewa, akwai kofa guda hudu da Pakistan za ta yi amfani da nata makaman nukiliya. Ba a san cikakkun bayanai ba, amma daga jawabai na hukuma, maganganun da, mai yiwuwa, abin da ake kira. An san abubuwan leken asiri masu zuwa:
- iyakar sararin samaniya - lokacin da sojojin abokan gaba suka ketare wani iyaka a Pakistan. Ana ganin wannan ita ce iyakar kogin Indus, kuma ba shakka, wannan sojojin Indiya ne - idan suka tura sojojin Pakistan zuwa tsaunukan da ke yammacin kasar, to Pakistan za ta lalata sojojin Indiya;
- iyakar karfin soja - ba tare da la'akari da iyakar da sojojin makiya suka cimma ba, idan a sakamakon yakin Pakistan za ta rasa mafi yawan karfin sojan da take da shi, wanda hakan zai sa karin ingantaccen tsaro ba zai yiwu ba idan makiya ba su daina tashin hankali ba, amfani da makaman nukiliya. makamai a matsayin hanyar diyya karfi;
- matakin tattalin arziki - idan abokin gaba ya haifar da gurgunta tattalin arziki da tsarin tattalin arziki, musamman saboda shingen jiragen ruwa da lalata manyan masana'antu, sufuri ko sauran ababen more rayuwa da suka shafi tattalin arziki, harin nukiliya zai tilasta wa abokin gaba ya daina. irin wadannan ayyuka;
- kofa na siyasa - idan ayyukan abokan gaba sun haifar da mummunar tabarbarewar siyasa a Pakistan, misali, ta hanyar kashe shugabanninta, tada tarzoma ta rikide zuwa yakin basasa.
Dokta Farrukh Salim, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma kwararre kan harkokin tsaro na kasa da kasa daga Islamabad, yana da matukar tasiri wajen tantance barazanar da bunkasa rukunan tsaron Pakistan. Jiha da shugabannin sojoji sun dauki aikinsa da muhimmanci. Daga cikin aikinsa ne kima a hukumance na barazanar da Pakistan ke fitowa daga: barazanar soji, watau. yuwuwar mamayewa na al'ada na Pakistan, barazanar nukiliya, watau. yiwuwar Indiya ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya a kan Pakistan (ba a sa ran cewa wasu jihohi za su yi wa Pakistan barazana da makaman nukiliya), barazanar ta'addanci - ya zama cewa matsalar Pakistan tana fafatawa ne tsakanin bangarorin Musulunci, Shi'a da Sunna, don haka ya kamata. a tuna cewa makwabciyarta Iran kasa ce ta Shi'a, kuma Pakistan galibi 'yan Sunni ne.
Ta'addancin bangaranci ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 2009, amma tare da taimakon Amurka, an rage barazanar zuwa daidai gwargwado. Wanda hakan baya nufin cewa ta'addanci baya zama barazana a kasar nan. Barazana biyu na gaba da aka gano sune harin yanar gizo da barazanar tattalin arziki. Dukkanin biyar an gano su a matsayin haɗari waɗanda ya kamata a ɗauka da gaske kuma a ɗauki matakan da suka dace.
