Yaƙin neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine 1914-1922.
A lokacin rani na 1914, Rasha ta aika da sojoji biyar (3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th) a kan Austria-Hungary, biyu (1st da 2nd) a kan Jamus, wanda kuma ya bar a cikin kaka zuwa Austria, ya bar 10th Army a kan Ostiriya. Gaban Jamus. (6. A kare Baltic Sea, da kuma 7. A - Black Sea).
Kasar Ukraine ta yi wani gagarumin yakin neman 'yancin kai shekaru dari da suka wuce. Yakin da ba a san shi ba wanda ba a san shi ba, saboda an riga an manta da shi - bayan haka, masu nasara sun rubuta tarihi. Sai dai kuma yaki ne mai girman gaske, wanda aka gwabza da taurin kai da jajircewa ba kasa da kokarin kasar Poland wajen fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da iyakoki ba.
Farkon mulkin Ukrainian ya samo asali ne a ƙarni na 988, kuma bayan shekaru ɗari, a shekara ta 1569, yarima Volodymyr Babban ya yi baftisma. An kira wannan jihar Kievan Rus. A shekara ta XNUMX, Tatars sun ci Rus', amma a hankali waɗannan ƙasashe sun sami 'yanci. Kasashe biyu sun yi yaƙi don Rasha, ƙasashe masu harshe ɗaya, addini ɗaya, al'adu ɗaya da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar yadda a cikin tsohon Kievan Rus: Grand Duchy na Moscow da Grand Duchy na Lithuania. A cikin XNUMX, Crown na Masarautar Poland kuma ya shiga cikin lamuran Rus'. Bayan 'yan shekaru ɗari bayan Kievan Rus, uku magada jihohin sun taso: inda akwai karfi da tasiri na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, Belarus da aka kafa, inda akwai wani karfi tasiri na Moscow, Rasha ya tashi, kuma inda akwai tasiri - ba haka ba. karfi - Ukraine an halicce shi daga Poland. Wannan sunan ya bayyana ne domin babu ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe uku da ke da hannu a cikin Dnieper da ke son bai wa mazauna waɗannan ƙasashe 'yancin a kira su Rusyns.
Sanarwa na Duniya ta Uku na Rada ta Tsakiya ta Ukrainian, watau. shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrainian a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1917 a Kyiv. A cikin tsakiyar za ka iya ganin siffar mahaifin Mikhail Khrushevsky, kusa da shi Simon Petlyura.
solstice ya faru a cikin 1772. Bangaren farko na Jamhuriyar Poland a zahiri ya cire Poland da Grand Duchy na Lithuania daga wasan siyasa. Kasar Tatar da ke yankin Crimea ta rasa kariyar Turkiyya kuma ba da dadewa ba aka mayar da ita zuwa birnin Moscow, kuma kasashenta sun zama yankin da Rasha ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. A ƙarshe, Lviv da kewayenta sun kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayar Austria. Wannan ya daidaita al'amura a Ukraine kusan shekaru 150.
Ukrainianness a cikin karni na sha tara ya kasance da farko batun harshe, sabili da haka yanki ne, sannan kawai siyasa. An tattauna ko akwai wani yaren Ukrainian ko kuma idan yare ne na harshen Rashanci. Yankin da ake amfani da harshen Ukrainian haka yana nufin yankin Ukraine: daga Carpathians a yamma zuwa Kursk a gabas, daga Crimea a kudu zuwa Minsk-Lithuanian a arewa. Hukumomin Moscow da St. Haka kuma, yawancin mazaunan Ukraine sun ɗauki yarensu dabam, kuma tausayinsu ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya a siyasance. Wasu 'yan Ukrainian sun so su zauna a cikin "Rasha Mai Girma da Ba a Rarraba", wasu 'yan Ukrain suna son cin gashin kansu a cikin Daular Rasha, wasu kuma suna son kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Yawan masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai ya karu da sauri a farkon karni na XNUMX, wanda ke da alaƙa da canje-canjen zamantakewa da siyasa a Rasha da Austria-Hungary.
Ƙirƙirar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrainian a 1917.
Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya fara a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1914. Dalili kuwa shi ne mutuwar magajin Ostiriya da Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Ya shirya yin gyare-gyare ga Ostiriya-Hungary wanda zai ba wa tsirarun da ake zalunta a baya 'yancin siyasa. Ya mutu a hannun Sabiyawa, waɗanda suka ji tsoron cewa inganta matsayin 'yan tsirarun Serbia a Ostiriya zai tsoma baki tare da ƙirƙirar babban Serbia. Shi ma yana iya fadawa hannun Rashawa, wadanda ke fargabar cewa kyautata matsayin 'yan tsiraru na Ukrain a Ostiriya, musamman a Galicia, zai tsoma baki wajen samar da babbar kasar Rasha.
Babban burin soja na Rasha a cikin 1914 shine haɗin kai ga dukan "Rasha", ciki har da waɗanda suka fito daga Przemysl da Uzhgorod, suna magana da harshen Ukrainian, a cikin iyakokin jihar ɗaya: Great and Undivided Rasha. Sojojin Rasha sun tattara yawancin sojojinsu a kan iyakar kasar da Ostiriya kuma sun yi kokarin samun nasara a can. Nasarar da ya samu ta kasance bangare: ya tilasta wa sojojin Austro-Hungary barin yankin, ciki har da Lvov, amma ya kasa lalata shi. Haka kuma, yadda ake daukar sojojin Jamus a matsayin abokan gaba da ba su da mahimmanci ya kai Rashan ga jerin cin kashi. A watan Mayun 1915, Austrians, Hungarians da Jamusawa sun yi nasarar kutsawa ta gaban Gorlice kuma suka tilastawa Rashawa ja da baya. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, gabas gabas na Babban Yaƙin ya tashi daga Riga a kan Tekun Baltic, ta hanyar Pinsk a tsakiya, zuwa Chernivtsi kusa da iyakar Romania. Ko da shigar da mulkin karshe a cikin yakin - a cikin 1916 a gefen Rasha da jihohin Entente - bai yi wani abu ba don canza yanayin soja.
Yanayin soja ya canza tare da sauyin yanayin siyasa. A cikin Maris 1917, Fabrairu juyin juya hali ya barke, kuma a watan Nuwamba 1917, Oktoba juyin juya halin (saɓani a cikin sunaye ya haifar da amfani da Julian kalanda a Rasha, kuma ba - kamar yadda a Turai - Gregorian kalandar). Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Fabreru ya kawar da Sarki daga kan karagar mulki ya mai da Rasha jamhuriya. Juyin juya halin Oktoba ya lalata jamhuriyar kuma ya shigar da Bolshevism a cikin Rasha.
Jamhuriyar Rasha, wacce aka kirkira a sakamakon juyin juya halin Fabrairu, ta yi ƙoƙari ta zama ƙasa mai wayewa, dimokuradiyya, mai kiyaye ka'idodin doka na wayewar Yammacin Turai. Iko ya kamata ya wuce ga mutane - waɗanda suka daina zama batun tsarist kuma suka zama ɗan ƙasa na jamhuriya. Har ya zuwa yanzu, duk shawarwarin sarki ne, ko kuma manyansa, yanzu ’yan ƙasa za su iya yanke shawarar makomarsu a wuraren da suke zama. Don haka, a cikin iyakokin daular Rasha, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban, waɗanda aka ba da wasu iko. Akwai dimokaradiyya da mutuntaka na sojojin Rasha: an ƙirƙiri tsarin ƙasa, gami da na Ukrainian.
A ranar 17 ga Maris, 1917, kwanaki tara bayan fara juyin juya halin Fabrairu, an kafa cibiyar Rada ta tsakiya ta Ukrainian a Kyiv. Shugabanta shi ne Mikhail Grushevsky, wanda tarihinsa yayi daidai da makomar tunanin kasar Ukrainian. An haife shi a Chelm, a cikin dangin malamin makarantar sakandare na Orthodox, wanda aka kawo daga zurfin daular zuwa Russify Poland. Ya yi karatu a Tbilisi da Kyiv, sa'an nan kuma ya tafi Lvov, inda a Ostiriya jami'a inda koyarwa ta Yaren mutanen Poland, ya yi lacca a cikin Ukrainian wani batu da ake kira "History na Ukraine-Little Rasha" (ya inganta da amfani da sunan "Ukraine). "A kan tarihin Kievan Rus). Bayan juyin juya hali a Rasha a 1905, ya shiga cikin zamantakewa da siyasa rayuwa na Kyiv. Yaƙin ya same shi a Lvov, amma "ta kan iyakoki uku" ya sami damar zuwa Kyiv, amma an aika shi zuwa Siberiya don haɗin gwiwa tare da Austrians. A shekara ta 1917 ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar UCR, daga bisani kuma aka cire shi daga mulki, bayan shekara ta 1919 ya zauna na wani lokaci a kasar Czechoslovakia, inda ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet inda ya shafe shekaru na karshe na rayuwarsa a gidan yari.
