Babban jigilar hydrogen, jirgin ruwan kwantena mai ƙarfin baturi

Matsin lamba don rage gurɓataccen iskar gas da gurɓataccen hayaki ya kai ga masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki. An riga an gina kayan aikin farko da ke amfani da wutar lantarki, iskar gas ko hydrogen.

An kiyasta cewa safarar ruwa na da alhakin kashi 3,5-4% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, galibi carbon dioxide, da ma karin gurbacewar yanayi. Dangane da bayanan gurɓataccen iska na duniya, jigilar kaya "yana samar da" 18-30% na nitrogen oxides da 9% na sulfur oxides.

Sulfur a cikin iska yana samuwa ruwan acidmasu lalata amfanin gona da gine-gine. Sulfur inhalation yana haddasawa matsaloli tare da tsarin numfashihar ma yana karuwa hadarin ciwon zuciya. Man fetur na ruwa yawanci ɓangarorin ɗanyen mai ne (1), tare da babban abun ciki na sulfur.

In ji Irene Blooming, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwar muhalli ta Turai Seas in Risk.

Nerijus Poskus na kamfanin fasahar jigilar kaya Flexport.

1. Injin ruwa mai nauyi na gargajiya

A cikin 2016, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (IMO) sun yanke shawarar bullo da doka don rage yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da gurbatar yanayi. Dokokin da ke sanya ƙayyadaddun iyaka kan adadin gurɓataccen sulfur daga jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da ƙasa sun fara aiki ga masu jigilar kayayyaki daga Janairu 2020. Hukumar ta IMO ta kuma nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 dole ne masana'antar sufurin ruwa ta rage hayakin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara da kashi 50%.

Ba tare da la'akari da sabbin maƙasudai da ƙa'idodi ba, an riga an haɓaka ƙarin mafita ko samarwa a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda za su iya canza yanayin jigilar ruwa.

jirgin ruwa hydrogen

Kamfanin samar da man fetur Bloom Energy yana aiki tare da Samsung Heavy Industries don haɓaka jiragen ruwa masu amfani da hydrogen, in ji Bloomberg kwanan nan.

Preeti Pande, mataimakiyar shugabar kula da dabarun bunkasa kasuwanni ta Bloom Energy, ce ta bayyana haka ga hukumar.

Har zuwa yanzu, ana amfani da samfuran Bloom don ƙarfafa gine-gine da cibiyoyin bayanai. Kwayoyin sun cika da ƙasa, amma yanzu ana iya daidaita su don adana hydrogen. Idan aka kwatanta da man dizal na al'ada, suna samar da iskar gas mai ƙarancin ƙasa kuma ba sa fitar da ƙoƙo ko hayaƙi.

Masu mallakin jiragen ruwa da kansu suna bayyana sauyi zuwa fasahohin motsa jiki masu tsabta. Kamfanin jigilar dakon kaya mafi girma a duniya, Maersk, ya sanar a cikin 2018 cewa yana da niyyar rage ayyukansa nan da shekarar 2050, kodayake bai bayyana yadda yake son yin hakan ba. A bayyane yake cewa sabbin jiragen ruwa, sabbin injuna da, sama da duka, za a buƙaci sabon mai don samun nasara.

Neman mai mai tsabta kuma mai dacewa da yanayi don jigilar kaya a halin yanzu ya ta'allaka ne akan zaɓuɓɓuka biyu masu dacewa: iskar gas mai ruwa da hydrogen. Wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta Sandia National Laboratories a baya a cikin 2014 ya gano hydrogen ya kasance mafi alƙawarin zaɓin biyu.

Leonard Klebanoff, wani mai bincike na Sandia, ya fara yin nazari tare da abokin aikinsa na lokacin Joe Pratt, ko jiragen ruwa na zamani za su iya amfani da kwayoyin man hydrogen maimakon amfani da su a kan mai. An ƙaddamar da aikin nasu ne lokacin da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na San Francisco Bay ya tambayi Ma'aikatar Makamashi ko za a iya canza rundunarsa zuwa hydrogen. Yayin da fasahar man fetur ta hydrogen ta kasance shekaru da yawa, babu wanda ya yi tunanin amfani da shi a kan jiragen ruwa a lokacin.

Dukansu masana kimiyya sun kasance da tabbaci cewa yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta yana yiwuwa, ko da yake, ba shakka, dole ne a shawo kan matsaloli daban-daban don wannan. kowace naúrar makamashin da ake samarwa kusan sau hudu fiye da hydrogen ruwa fiye da man dizal na al'ada. Injiniyoyi da yawa suna fargabar cewa mai yiwuwa ba za su sami isasshen man da za su iya amfani da su ba. Akwai irin wannan matsala tare da madadin hydrogen, iskar gas mai ruwa, wanda kuma, ba shi da irin wannan matakin sifiri.

2. Gina jirgin ruwan hydrogen na farko a filin jirgin ruwa na Auckland.

A gefe guda, ingantaccen man fetur na hydrogen ya kasance sau biyu na man fetur na al'ada, don haka a gaskiya bukatar sau biyuba hudu ba. Bugu da kari, tsarin motsa hydrogen ba su da girma fiye da injinan ruwa na al'ada. Don haka Klebanoff da Pratt a ƙarshe sun kammala cewa yana yiwuwa a canza yawancin jiragen ruwa da ake da su zuwa hydrogen kuma zai fi sauƙi a gina sabon jirgin ruwa.

A cikin 2018, Pratt ya bar Sandia Labs don haɗa haɗin gwiwar Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine, wanda ya haɓaka cikakkun tsare-tsare don jirgin ruwan hydrogen kuma ya shawo kan Jihar California don ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 3 don tallafawa aikin matukin jirgi. A tashar jirgin ruwa a Oakland, California, a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aikin gina rukunin farko na wannan nau'in (2). Jirgin ruwan fasinja wanda aka shirya kammala shi a karshen wannan shekarar, zai kasance jirgin ruwa na farko da zai fara aiki a Amurka. Za a yi amfani da shi don jigilar fasinjoji zuwa yankin San Francisco Bay da kuma yin nazari a yankin, kuma tawagar Sandia National Laboratory za ta binciki na'urar tsawonsa.

Ƙirƙirar Yaren mutanen Norway

A Turai, Norway an santa da ƙirƙira a fagen abubuwan da ke cikin teku tare da madadin motsa jiki.

A cikin 2016, mai jirgin ruwa The Fjords ya ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin da aka tsara tsakanin Flåm da Gudvangen a cikin Midwest na Norwegian ta amfani da Vision of the fjords hybrid engine wanda Brødrene Aa ya yi. Brødrene Aa injiniyoyi, ta yin amfani da gwaninta na gina hangen nesa na fjords, gina Future of Fjords ba tare da wani cutarwa hayaki. Wannan kusan injin silinda guda biyu an sanye shi da injinan lantarki 585 hp guda biyu. kowanne. Fiberglass catamaran na iya ɗaukar fasinjoji har 16 a lokaci guda, kuma saurin sa yana da kulli 20. Wani bayanin kula shine lokacin cajin batir ɗin da ke motsa na'urar, wanda shine mintuna XNUMX kawai.

A cikin 2020, jirgin ruwan kwandon lantarki mai cin gashin kansa zai shiga cikin ruwan Norway - Yara Birkeland. Wutar lantarkin da za ta yi amfani da batir ɗin jirgin za ta fito ne kusan daga tashoshin wutar lantarkin. A bara, AAB ta sanar da shirye-shiryen yin aiki tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Yaren mutanen Norway game da amfani da cages a cikin sufuri da sassan fasinjoji.

Kwararru sun jaddada cewa tsarin sauya masana'antar ruwa zuwa madadin kuma ƙarin hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba (3) zai yi shekaru masu yawa. Tsarin rayuwa na jiragen ruwa yana da tsawo, kuma inertia na masana'antu ya kasance ba kasa da na mita dubu dari da yawa da aka ɗora ba.