Nau'in man fetur na ruwa
Yawancin man fetur ana samun ruwa ne daga tace danyen mai ko (zuwa kadan) daga kwal da lignite. Ana amfani da su galibi don fitar da injunan konewa na ciki da kuma, kaɗan, don fara tukunyar jirgi, don dumama da dalilai na fasaha.
Mafi mahimmancin makamashin ruwa sune: fetur, dizal, man fetur, kananzir, man fetur na roba.
Gas
Cakudar ruwa mai ƙarfi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan man da ake amfani da su a cikin injinan motoci, jiragen sama da wasu na'urori. Har ila yau ana amfani da shi azaman ƙarfi. A mahangar sinadarai, manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da man fetur sune aliphatic hydrocarbons mai adadin carbon atom daga 5 zuwa 12. Haka kuma akwai alamun hydrocarbons mara saturated da kamshi.
Man fetur yana samar da makamashi ga injin ta hanyar konewa, wato tare da iskar oxygen daga sararin samaniya. Tun da yake yana ƙonewa a cikin ɗan gajeren zagayowar, wannan tsari dole ne ya kasance cikin sauri da daidaituwa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin duka juzu'in silinda na injin. Ana samun hakan ne ta hanyar hada man fetur da iska kafin ya shiga cikin silinda, inda ake samar da wani abin da ake kira gauraya mai da iska, watau dakatarwa (hazo) na kananan digon mai a iska. Ana samar da fetur ta hanyar distillation na danyen mai. Abubuwan da ke tattare da shi ya dogara da yanayin farko na man fetur da gyaran gyare-gyare. Don inganta kaddarorin man fetur a matsayin mai, ana ƙara ƙaramin adadin (kasa da 1%) na abubuwan da aka zaɓa a cikin injuna, wanda ake kira magungunan antiknock (hana fashewa, wato, rashin sarrafawa da konewa mara daidaituwa).
Diesel engine
An ƙera man fetur ɗin don matsawa injunan diesel wuta. Yana da cakuda paraffinic, naphthenic da kamshi hydrocarbons da aka saki daga danyen mai yayin aikin distillation. Distillates distillates suna da wurin tafasa da yawa (180-350 ° C) fiye da distillate mai. Tun da sun ƙunshi mai yawa sulfur, ya zama dole don cire shi ta hanyar maganin hydrogen (hydrotreating).
Man dizal kuma samfuran da aka samo daga ragowar da suka rage bayan distillation, amma saboda wannan ya zama dole don aiwatar da hanyoyin bazuwar catalytic (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking). Abubuwan da aka haɗa da ma'auni na haɗin gwiwar hydrocarbons da ke cikin man dizal sun bambanta dangane da yanayin man da ake sarrafa da kuma hanyoyin fasahar da ake amfani da su wajen samar da su.
Saboda hanyar ƙonewa na cakuda man-iska a cikin injuna - maras kyau, amma zafin jiki (mai kunna kai) - babu matsala na fashewar fashewa. Saboda haka, babu ma'ana don nuna lambar octane don mai. Maɓallin maɓalli na waɗannan abubuwan mai shine ikon kunna kai da sauri a yanayin zafi mai girma, wanda ma'auninsa shine lambar cetane.
Man fetur, man fetur
Ruwan mai da ya rage bayan distillation na ƙananan mai a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi a zazzabi na 250-350 ° C. Ya ƙunshi babban nauyin kwayoyin halitta hydrocarbons. Saboda ƙarancin farashinsa, ana amfani da shi azaman mai don injunan masu jujjuyawar ruwa mai saurin gudu, marine tururi tukunyar jirgi da kuma fara ikon tururi tukunyar jirgi, man fetur ga tururi tukunyar jirgi a wasu tururi locomotives, man fetur ga masana'antu tanderu (misali, a samar da gypsum). ), kayan abinci don tsabtace injin, don samar da kayan shafawa na ruwa (mai mai mai) da ƙwanƙwasa mai (misali, vaseline), da kuma matsayin abinci mai tsattsage don samar da mai da mai.
Mai
Ruwan ɗanyen mai, yana tafasa a cikin kewayon 170-250 ° C, yana da yawa na 0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Yellowish flammable ruwa tare da halayyar wari, wanda shi ne cakuda hydrocarbons, da kwayoyin halitta dauke da 12-15 carbon atom. Ana amfani da shi duka biyu (a ƙarƙashin sunan "kananzir" ko "kazir ɗin jirgin sama") a matsayin sauran ƙarfi kuma don dalilai na kwaskwarima.
Man shafawa na roba
Man fetur da aka haɗa ta hanyar sinadarai wanda zai iya zama madadin man fetur ko dizal. Dangane da albarkatun da ake amfani da su, ana rarrabe fasahohin masu zuwa:
- (GTL) - man fetur daga iskar gas;
- (CTL) - daga carbon;
- (BTL) - daga biomass.
Ya zuwa yanzu, fasahohin biyu na farko sun fi ci gaba. An yi amfani da iskar gas na roba a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a Afirka ta Kudu. Samar da man fetur na roba bisa ga biomass har yanzu yana cikin wani mataki na gwaji, amma zai iya samun karin shahara saboda inganta hanyoyin da ke da kyau ga muhalli (biofuels suna ci gaba a cikin yaki da dumamar yanayi). Babban nau'in haɗin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da man fetur na roba shine haɗin Fischer-Tropsch.
