Babban tawaye - ƙarshen keken hannu?

Wani wanda bai taɓa amfani da keken guragu ba zai iya tunanin cewa akwai ɗan bambanci tsakaninsa da na exoskeleton, ko ma cewa keken guragu ne ke ba da motsi, sauri da ingantaccen motsi. Duk da haka, masana da nakasassu da kansu sun jaddada cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga guragu ba wai kawai ya motsa ba, har ma da tashi daga keken guragu kuma su kasance a tsaye.

Yuni 12, 2014, jim kaɗan kafin ƙarfe 17 na yamma agogon gida a Arena Corinthians a São Paulo, matashin ɗan Brazil maimakon keken hannuinda ya saba tafiya, ya shiga filin da kafafunsa kuma ya yi ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya. Sanye yake sanye da wani exoskeleton mai sarrafa hankali (1). 

1. Kwallo ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a Brazil

Tsarin da aka gabatar shine sakamakon shekaru masu yawa na aiki da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta duniya ta mayar da hankali kan aikin Go Again. Kadai exoskeleton Anyi a Faransa. Gordon Cheng na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich ne ya tsara wannan aiki, kuma an samar da fasahar karanta igiyoyin kwakwalwa musamman a Amurka, a wuri guda a Jami'ar Duke.

Wannan shine farkon gabatarwar taro na farko na sarrafa hankali a cikin na'urorin inji. Kafin wannan, an gabatar da exoskeletons a taro ko yin fim a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kuma an fi samun rikodin a Intanet.

exoskeleton Dr. Miguel Nicolelis ne suka gina shi da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya 156. Sunan hukuma shine BRA-Santos-Dumont, bayan Albert Santos-Dumont, majagaba ɗan ƙasar Brazil. Bugu da ƙari, godiya ga amsawa, mai haƙuri dole ne ya "ji" abin da yake yi ta hanyar tsarin na'urorin lantarki da ke cikin kayan aiki.

Shigar da tarihi da ƙafafunku

Labarin Claire Lomas ’yar shekara 32 (2) ya nuna hakan exoskeleton zai iya buɗe wa naƙasa hanya zuwa sabuwar rayuwa. A shekara ta 2012, wata yarinya 'yar Burtaniya, gurguje daga kugu zuwa kasa, ta shahara bayan ta kammala gasar gudun Marathon ta London. Sai da ta yi kwanaki goma sha bakwai, amma ta yi! An yi wannan nasarar ne saboda kwarangwal ɗin ReWalk na Isra'ila.

2. Claire Lomas sanye da exoskeleton na ReWalk

An bayyana nasarar da Ms. Claire ta samu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'amuran fasaha na 2012. A shekara ta gaba, ta fara sabon tsere da rauninta. A wannan karon, ta yanke shawarar hawan mil 400 ko sama da kilomita 600 akan babur da ake sarrafa ta da hannu.

A kan hanyar, ta yi ƙoƙarin ziyartar garuruwa da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu. A lokacin layuka, ta kafa ReWalk kuma ta ziyarci makarantu da cibiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi magana game da kanta da kuma tara kudade don taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da raunin kashin baya.

Exoskeletons har sai an maye gurbinsu keken hannu. Alal misali, sun yi jinkirin da gurgu ya wuce hanya lafiya. Koyaya, waɗannan sifofin kwanan nan an gwada su, kuma sun riga sun iya kawo fa'idodi da yawa.

Bugu da ƙari ga ikon shawo kan shinge da kwanciyar hankali na tunani, kwarangwal yana ba mai amfani da keken hannu dama don gyarawa. Matsayin madaidaici yana ƙarfafa zuciya, tsoka, zagayawa da sauran sassan jiki waɗanda suka raunana ta hanyar zaman yau da kullun.

Skeleton tare da joystick

Berkeley Bionics, wanda aka sani da aikin HULC na sojan exoskeleton, ya gabatar da shi shekaru biyar da suka gabata exoskeleton ga masu nakasa ana kiransu - eLEGS (3). Yana da sauƙi don amfani da ƙira da aka tsara don guragu. Yana da nauyin kilogiram 20 kuma yana ba ku damar yin tafiya cikin sauri har zuwa 3,2 km / h. na karfe shida.

An kera na'urar ta yadda mai amfani da keken guragu zai iya saka ta kuma ya tafi cikin 'yan mintuna kadan. Ana sa su a kan tufafi da takalma, an ɗaure su da Velcro da buckles, kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin jakunkuna.

Ana gudanar da gudanarwa ta amfani da alamun da aka fassara Mai sarrafa jirgin na exoskeleton. Ana yin tafiya ta amfani da ƙugiya don taimaka maka kiyaye ma'auni. ReWalk da makamantan eLEGS na Amurka suna da ɗan haske. Dole ne a yarda cewa ba su samar da cikakkiyar kwanciyar hankali ba, don haka buƙatun da aka ambata na dogara ga crutches. Kamfanin New Zealand REX Bionics ya ɗauki wata hanya ta daban.

4. Egzoszkielet mai ƙarfi Rex Bionics

REX da ta gina yana da nauyin kilogiram 38 amma yana da kwanciyar hankali (4). Zai iya jimre har ma da babban karkata daga tsaye kuma yana tsaye akan ƙafa ɗaya. Hakanan ana sarrafa ta daban. Maimakon daidaita jiki, mai amfani yana amfani da ƙaramin farin ciki. Exoskeleton na mutum-mutumi, ko REX a takaice, ya ɗauki sama da shekaru huɗu don haɓakawa kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2010.

Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin exoskeleton kuma ya ƙunshi ƙafafu biyu na mutum-mutumi wanda ke ba ku damar tsayawa, tafiya, matsawa gefe, juya, jingina kuma a ƙarshe tafiya. Wannan tayin ga mutanen da ke amfani da kayayyakin gargajiya a kullum. keken hannu.

Na'urar ta karɓi duk ƙa'idodin gida da ake buƙata kuma an ƙirƙira ta la'akari da shawarwarin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gyare-gyare. Koyan tafiya da ƙafafu na mutum-mutumi yana ɗaukar makonni biyu. Mai sana'anta yana ba da horo a Cibiyar REX a Auckland, New Zealand.

Kwakwalwa ta shigo cikin wasa

Kwanan nan, injiniyan Jami'ar Houston José Contreras-Vidal ya haɗa haɗin haɗin kwakwalwar BCI a cikin exoskeleton na New Zealand. Don haka maimakon sanda, REX kuma za a iya sarrafa shi ta hankalin mai amfani. Kuma, ba shakka, wannan ba shine kawai nau'in exoskeleton da ke ba da damar "kwakwalwa ta sarrafa shi ba."

Ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Koriya da Jamusanci sun haɓaka inganci exoskeleton kula da tsarin motsi na ƙananan ƙafafu ta hanyar amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa bisa na'urar lantarki da LEDs.

Bayani game da wannan bayani - mai ban sha'awa sosai daga ra'ayi na, alal misali, masu amfani da keken hannu - ya bayyana 'yan watanni da suka wuce a cikin jarida na musamman "Journal of Neural Engineering".

Tsarin yana ba ku damar ci gaba, juya hagu da dama, kuma ku tsaya tsaye a wurin. Mai amfani yana sanya belun kunne na EEG na yau da kullun a kan su kuma yana aika madaidaicin bugun jini yayin da yake mai da hankali da kallon jerin LEDs guda biyar.

Kowane LED yana walƙiya a takamaiman mitar, kuma mutumin da ke amfani da exoskeleton yana mai da hankali kan LED ɗin da aka zaɓa a takamaiman mitar, wanda ke haifar da daidaitaccen karatun EEG na bugun kwakwalwa.

Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, wannan tsarin yana buƙatar wasu shirye-shirye, amma, kamar yadda masu haɓakawa suka tabbatar, yana ɗaukar matakan da suka dace daga duk hayaniyar ƙwaƙwalwa. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar batutuwan gwajin kamar mintuna biyar don koyon yadda ake sarrafa exoskeleton da ke motsa ƙafafunsu yadda ya kamata.

Sai dai exoskeletons.

Exoskeletons maimakon keken hannu - wannan fasaha ba ta bunƙasa da gaske ba, har ma da ƙarin sabbin dabaru suna tasowa. Idan yana yiwuwa a sarrafa inert inert inji abubuwa tare da hankali exoskeletonto me yasa ba za a yi amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kamar BCI don tsokoki marasa aiki na gurgu ba?

5. Shayayyen yana tafiya da BCI ba tare da exoskeleton ba.

An bayyana wannan bayani a ƙarshen Satumba 2015 a cikin mujallar NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation Specialists daga Jami'ar California a Irvine, wanda Dokta An Do ya jagoranta, ya ba da wani mutum mai shekaru 26 mai gurguzu na tsawon shekaru biyar tare da matukin jirgi na EEG. a kansa da kuma cikin na'urorin lantarki masu ɗaukar motsin lantarki a cikin tsokoki da ke kewaye da gwiwoyinsa marasa motsi (5).

Kafin ya sake yin amfani da ƙafafunsa bayan shekaru na rashin motsi, da alama dole ne ya bi horon da ya saba wa mutanen da ke amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na BCI. Ya yi karatu a zahirin gaskiya. Haka kuma dole ne ya karfafa tsokar kafarsa domin daukar nauyin jikinsa.

Ya yi tafiyar mita 3,66 tare da mai tafiya, wanda hakan ya sa ya kiyaye ma'auninsa tare da canja masa wasu nauyin jikinsa. Komai abin mamaki da ban mamaki zai yi kama - ya sami iko a kan gabobinsa!

A cewar masana kimiyya da suka gudanar da wadannan gwaje-gwajen, wannan dabara, tare da inji taimako da kuma prosthetics, zai iya mayar da wani gagarumin bangare na motsi zuwa nakasassu da ma guragu mutane da kuma samar da mafi m gamsuwa na tunani fiye da exoskeletons. Ko ta yaya, babban tashin keken keke da alama yana nan gabatowa.