Shin za mu taɓa sanin duk yanayin kwayoyin halitta? Maimakon dari uku, biyar

A bara, kafofin watsa labaru sun yada bayanai cewa "wani nau'i na kwayoyin halitta ya taso," wanda za'a iya kira superhard ko, alal misali, mafi dacewa, ko da yake ƙasa da Poland, superhard. Ya fito daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje na masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, wani nau'i ne na sabani wanda ya haɗu da kaddarorin daskararru da superfluids - watau. ruwa tare da sifili danko.

A baya dai masana kimiyyar lissafi sun yi hasashen samuwar wani abu mai karfin jiki, amma kawo yanzu ba a sami wani abu makamancin haka a dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Sakamakon binciken da masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts suka buga a cikin mujallar Nature.

"Wani abu da ya haɗu da superfluidity da ƙwararrun kaddarorin ya saba wa hankali," in ji shugaban ƙungiyar Wolfgang Ketterle, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a MIT kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a 2001, ya rubuta a cikin takardar.

Don fahimtar wannan nau'i na kwayoyin halitta mai cin karo da juna, ƙungiyar Ketterle ta sarrafa motsin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi a cikin wani nau'i na musamman da ake kira Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Ketterle yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka gano BEC, wanda ya ba shi kyautar Nobel a Physics.

"Ƙalubalen shine ƙara wani abu a cikin kwandon da zai sa ya zama wani nau'i a waje da 'tarkon atomic' da kuma samun halaye na m," Ketterle ya bayyana.

Tawagar binciken ta yi amfani da katako na Laser a cikin dakin da ba a iya amfani da shi don sarrafa motsin kwayoyin halitta a cikin na'urar. An yi amfani da ainihin saitin laser don canza rabin ƙwayoyin zarra na BEC zuwa wani lokaci daban ko juzu'i. Don haka, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan BEC guda biyu. Canja wurin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin condensates guda biyu tare da taimakon ƙarin katako na Laser ya haifar da sauye-sauye.

"Ƙarin lasers sun ba da atom ɗin tare da ƙarin ƙarfin haɓakawa don haɗawa da zagaye-orbit," in ji Ketterle. Sakamakon abin da ya haifar, bisa ga hasashen masana kimiyya, yakamata ya kasance "mafi girman gaske", tunda condensates tare da atom masu haɗaɗɗiyar a cikin kewayawa za a iya siffanta su da “mosulation modulation”. Ma'ana, yawan kwayoyin halitta zai gushe yana dawwama. Madadin haka, zai sami tsarin lokaci mai kama da m crystalline.

Ƙarin bincike kan kayan da suka fi ƙarfin gaske na iya haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da kaddarorin superfluids da superconductor, waɗanda zasu zama mahimmanci don ingantaccen isar da makamashi. Superhards na iya zama mabuɗin don haɓaka ingantattun na'urorin maganadisu da na'urori masu auna firikwensin.

Ba jihohin tarawa ba, amma matakai

Shin kasa mai karfin gaske abu ne? Amsar da kimiyyar lissafi ta zamani ta bayar ba ta da sauƙi. Mun tuna daga makaranta cewa yanayin jiki na kwayoyin halitta shine babban nau'i wanda abu yake samuwa kuma yana ƙayyade ainihin abubuwan da ke cikin jiki. Ana kayyade kaddarorin wani abu ta tsari da halayen ƙwayoyin halittarsa. Rabe-raben gargajiya na jihohin al’amarin karni na XNUMX ya bambanta jihohi uku kamar haka: m (m), ruwa (ruwa) da gas (gas).

Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, lokaci na kwayoyin halitta yana da alama ya fi dacewa da ma'anar siffofin wanzuwar kwayoyin halitta. Kaddarorin jikin a cikin jihohin daidaikun mutane sun dogara da tsarin kwayoyin halitta (ko atom) waɗanda waɗannan jikin suka ƙunshi. Daga wannan mahangar, tsohuwar rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa yanayin tarawa gaskiya ce ga wasu abubuwa kawai, tunda binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa abin da a baya ake la’akari da shi a matsayin yanayi guda na haqiqa za a iya raba shi zuwa bangarori da dama na wani abu da ya bambanta a yanayi. barbashi sanyi. Akwai ma yanayi lokacin da kwayoyin halitta a cikin jiki guda za a iya tsara su daban a lokaci guda.

Bugu da ƙari, ya juya cewa m da ruwa jihohin za a iya gane ta hanyoyi da dama. Adadin matakan kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin da adadin sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci (misali, matsa lamba, zafin jiki) wanda za'a iya canzawa ba tare da canji mai kyau ba a cikin tsarin an kwatanta shi ta hanyar ka'idar lokaci na Gibbs.

Canji a cikin lokaci na abu na iya buƙatar samarwa ko karɓar makamashi - sannan adadin kuzarin da ke gudana zai kasance daidai da yawan abin da ke canza lokaci. Koyaya, wasu sauye-sauyen lokaci suna faruwa ba tare da shigar da makamashi ko fitarwa ba. Mun zana ƙarshe game da canjin lokaci bisa tushen canjin mataki a wasu adadi waɗanda ke bayyana wannan jikin.

A cikin rarrabuwar kawuna da aka buga har yau, akwai jimillar jahohi kusan ɗari biyar. Abubuwa da yawa, musamman waɗanda ke gaurayawan mahaɗan sinadarai daban-daban, na iya wanzuwa lokaci guda a matakai biyu ko fiye.

Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani yakan yarda da nau'i biyu - ruwa da ƙarfi, tare da lokacin iskar gas yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Na ƙarshe ya haɗa da nau'ikan plasma daban-daban, babban lokaci da aka riga aka ambata, da sauran wasu jihohin kwayoyin halitta. Ƙaƙƙarfan matakai suna wakilta ta nau'i-nau'i na crystalline, da kuma siffar amorphous.

Topological zawiya

Rahotannin sabbin ''jihohi masu tarawa'' ko masu wuyar tantance matakan kayan sun kasance akai-akai na labaran kimiyya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokaci guda, sanya sabbin binciken zuwa ɗayan rukunan ba koyaushe bane mai sauƙi. Abu mafi ƙarfi da aka kwatanta a baya tabbas lokaci ne mai ƙarfi, amma wataƙila masana kimiyya suna da ra'ayi na daban. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka wuce a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na jami'a

A Colorado, alal misali, an halicci dropleton daga barbashi na gallium arsenide - wani abu mai ruwa, wani abu mai ƙarfi. A shekarar 2015, wata tawagar masana kimiyya ta kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin masanin ilmin sinadarai Cosmas Prasides a jami'ar Tohoku da ke kasar Japan ta sanar da gano wani sabon yanayi na kwayoyin halitta wanda ya hada kayan insulator, superconductor, karfe, da magnet, suna kiransa karfen Jahn-Teller.

Akwai kuma jahohin da aka saba “matasan” jimlar. Misali, gilashin ba shi da tsarin crystalline don haka a wasu lokuta ana lissafta shi azaman ruwa mai “supercooled”. Bugu da ari - lu'ulu'u na ruwa da aka yi amfani da su a wasu nuni; putty - silicone polymer, filastik, na roba ko ma gaggautsa, dangane da adadin nakasawa; super-stick, ruwa mai gudana (da zarar an fara, zubar da ruwa zai ci gaba har sai samar da ruwa a cikin gilashin babba ya ƙare); Nitinol, nickel-titanium siffa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, zai miƙe a cikin iska mai dumi ko ruwa lokacin lanƙwasa.

Rarrabawa yana ƙara yin rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana goge iyakoki tsakanin jihohin kwayoyin halitta. Ana yin sabbin bincike. Wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel na 2016 - David J. Thouless, F. Duncan, M. Haldane da J. Michael Kosterlitz - sun haɗa duniyoyi biyu: kwayoyin halitta, wanda shine batun kimiyyar lissafi, da topology, wanda shine reshe na lissafi. Sun fahimci cewa akwai sauye-sauyen lokaci marasa al'ada da ke da alaƙa da lahani na topological da kuma matakan al'ada - matakan topological. Wannan ya haifar da ɗimbin yawa na aikin gwaji da ka'idar. Wannan dusar ƙanƙara har yanzu tana gudana cikin sauri sosai.

Wasu mutane suna sake ganin kayan XNUMXD a matsayin sabon, yanayi na musamman. Mun san irin wannan nau'in nanonetwork - phosphate, stanene, borophene, ko, a ƙarshe, sanannen graphene - shekaru masu yawa. Wadanda suka ci lambar yabo ta Nobel da aka ambata a baya sun shiga, musamman, a cikin nazarin topological na waɗannan kayan mai Layer guda.

Ilmin tsohon zamani na jihohin kwayoyin halitta da matakan kwayoyin halitta da alama sun yi nisa. Fiye da abin da har yanzu za mu iya tunawa daga darussan kimiyyar lissafi.