Ya mutu astronautics Alexei Leonov
Harba kumbon Soyuz-19 don aikin ASTP.
Yau ne 11 ga Oktoba, 2019. Tashar talabijin ta NASA ta bayar da rahoto kan tafiya ta sararin samaniya-11, wadda ta fara da karfe 38:56. Wannan gajarta tana nufin tafiyan sararin samaniya na 409 na Amurka daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya. 'Yan sama jannati Andrew Morgan da Christina Koch dole ne su maye gurbin wasu tsoffin batura na tashar da sababbi. Wannan aiki ne na yau da kullun idan wani yana son ƙidaya 9 a tarihin 'yan sama jannati. Ba zato ba tsammani, kwata na sa'a bayan farawa, an katse watsa shirye-shiryen don sanar da labarin bakin ciki da Roscosmos ya watsa. Da karfe 40 na yamma Alexei Leonov ya mutu, wanda shi ne mutum na farko a tarihi da ya bar cikin jirgin. Fitaccen masanin sararin samaniya, majagaba na ilimin sararin samaniya, mutum mai tarihin rayuwa mai ban mamaki…
An haifi Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1934 a ƙauyen Listvyanka, yankin Kemero. Shi ne yaro na tara a cikin dangin Archip Electrician (1893-1981) da Evdokia (1895-1967). Ya fara karatun firamare a Kemerovo, inda dangi na 11 ke zaune a cikin ɗaki ɗaya na 16 m2. A 1947 suka koma Kaliningrad Alexei sauke karatu daga aji goma makarantar sakandare a 1953.
Da farko, ya so ya zama mai zane-zane, kamar yadda ya gano a cikin kansa basirar zane-zane, amma ya zama ba zai yiwu ba a shiga Riga Academy of Arts saboda rashin rayuwa a waje da iyali. A cikin wannan halin da ake ciki, ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Soja ta Goma a birnin Kremenchug, wanda ya horar da ma'aikatan jirgin sama na gaba a cikin babban hanya. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya kammala karatunsa, sa'an nan ya shiga Elite School of Military Aviation Pilots (VAUL) a Chuguev kusa da Kharkov.
Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1957 kuma a ranar 30 ga Oktoba ya shiga aikin soja a runduna ta 113 na Fighter Aviation Regiment na gundumar Soja ta Kyiv tare da mukamin Laftanar. A wancan lokacin, tauraron dan adam na farko na duniya na wucin gadi, Sputnik, wanda makamin roka R-7 ya harba, ya shafe makonni da dama a duniya. Har yanzu Alexei bai yi zargin cewa nan ba da dadewa zai fara shawagi a kan roka, wanda shine sigar gwaji. Tun daga ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1959 ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi na 294th daban-daban na binciken jirgin sama da aka kafa a GDR. A can ya sami tayin shiga cikin jiragen sama na "sabuwar fasaha", kamar yadda ake kiran jirage masu saukar ungulu a asirce a wancan lokacin. A lokacin, yana da lokacin jirgin sama na sa'o'i 278.
Dan sama jannati
An kafa rukunin farko na dalibai 'yan sama jannati a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1960, wanda ya kunshi mutane goma sha biyu, kuma a cikin watanni uku masu zuwa, an samu karin matukan jirgin yaki takwas. An fara zaɓin su a watan Oktoba 1959.
A cikin duka, 3461 sojojin sama, jiragen ruwa na ruwa da kuma matukan jirgi na tsaro na sama sun kasance a cikin da'irar sha'awa, wanda aka zaba mutane 347 don yin tambayoyi na farko ( masauki, kayayyaki), da horo da kayan aiki (ba tare da malamai ba). Saboda gazawar fasaha, wanda ya ba da damar horar da matukan jirgi shida kawai a lokaci guda, an zaɓi irin wannan rukuni bisa ga sakamakon gwaje-gwaje na psychophysical. Ba ya haɗa da babban Laftanar Leonov (ya sami ci gaba a ranar 28 ga Maris), dole ne ya jira lokacinsa a karo na biyu.
Na farko shida, bayan wucewa da jarrabawa, samu lakabi na "Air Force Cosmonaut" Janairu 25, 1961 Leonov, tare da wasu bakwai, kammala su general horo a kan Maris 30, 1961 da kuma a hukumance ya zama cosmonauts Afrilu 4. shekara. saura kwana takwas jirgin Yuri Gagarin. Ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1961, an ba shi mukamin kyaftin. A watan Satumba, tare da abokan aiki da yawa a sashen, ya fara karatunsa a Kwalejin Injiniya na Jirgin Sama. Zhukovsky tare da digiri a cikin ƙira da aiki na sararin samaniya da injinan su. Zai kammala karatunsa a watan Janairun 1968.
Dangane da bullar wani sabon rukuni na 'yan takara na cosmonauts a cikin CTX da kuma sake tsarawa da ke hade da wannan, a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1963, an ba shi lakabi "Cosmonaut na CTC MVS". Bayan watanni uku, ya fara shirye-shirye don abun da ke ciki na kungiyar cosmonauts, daya daga cikinsu shi ne ya dauki bangare a cikin jirgin na Vostok-5. Baya ga shi, Valery Bykovsky, Boris Volynov da Evgeny Khrunov sun yi burin tashi. Tun da jirgin yana kusa da iyakar babba na adadin da aka ba da izini, ɗayan mahimman ma'auni a cikin wannan yanayin shine nauyin dan sama jannati. Bykovsky da kwat din suna da nauyin kilogiram 91, Volynov da Leonov suna auna kilo 105 kowannensu.
Bayan wata daya, an kammala shirye-shiryen, a ranar 10 ga Mayu, an yanke shawara - Bykovsky ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya, Volynov ya ninka shi, Leonov yana ajiyewa. A ranar 14 ga Yuni, jirgin Vostok-5 ya fara aiki, bayan kwanaki biyu Vostok-6 ya bayyana a cikin kewayawa tare da Valentina Tereshkova. A watan Satumba, duk abin da ke nuna cewa Vostok na gaba zai tashi wani dan sama jannati wanda zai shafe kwanaki 8 a sararin samaniya, sannan kuma za a yi jigilar jiragen ruwa guda biyu, kowannensu zai dauki kwanaki 10.
Leonov yana cikin rukuni na tara, wanda horo ya fara a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekara, jadawalin jirgin na jiragen ruwa da abubuwan da ke cikin ma'aikatan sun canza sau da yawa, amma Leonov yana cikin rukuni kowane lokaci. A watan Janairu, shugaban shirin farar hula, Sergei Korolev, ya ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa Vostok ya zama jiragen ruwa masu kujeru uku. Bayan samun goyon bayan Khrushchev, da data kasance ma'aikatan an wargaza. Ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1964, Leonov ya ci gaba zuwa matsayi na manyan, kuma a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, ya fara abubuwan da ya faru tare da shirin Voskhod. Yana cikin ƙungiyar da ke shirye-shiryen jirgin farko na ma'aikatan jirgin uku. Shirye-shiryen wannan tafiya, wanda zai ɗauki kwanaki 8-10, zai fara ranar 23 ga Afrilu.
A ranar 21 ga Mayu, shugaban Cosmonaut, Janar Kamanin, ya kafa ma'aikata biyu - a farkon Komarov, Belyaev da Leonov, na biyu Volynov, Gorbatko da Khrunov. Duk da haka, Korolev ya yi imanin in ba haka ba - ya kamata a saka fararen hula a cikin ma'aikatan. Bayan fadace-fadacen da aka yi a ranar 29 ga Mayu, an cimma matsaya, wannan lokacin Korolev ya yi nasara - ba za a sami wurin Leonova a gabas ta farko ba. Kuma a cikin na biyu?
Hasken rana
A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1964, an buga wata doka game da aiwatar da jirgin sama tare da tafiya ta sararin samaniya. Su bakwai ne kawai a cikin rundunar sojojin sararin samaniya - Belyaev, Gorbatko, Leonov, Khrunov, Bykovsky, Popovich da Titov. Koyaya, ukun na ƙarshe, kamar yadda suka riga sun tashi, ba a haɗa su cikin horon ba. A cikin wannan yanayin, a cikin Yuli 1964, an fara shirye-shiryen aikin "Fita" kawai don hudu na farko, biyu na farko sun kasance kwamandoji, na biyu kuma na fita. Sai dai kuma a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli, an katse shirye-shiryen, bayan da aka fahimci cewa ba za a yi tashin ba sai shekara mai zuwa.
Bayan da ’yan takarar suka zauna a asibitin na tsawon wata guda, an koma horo a ranar 15 ga Agusta, kuma Zaikin da Szonin suka shiga kungiyar. Horon ya kasance mai wuyar gaske, tun da na'urar kwaikwayo ta Voskhod bai wanzu ba a lokacin kuma 'yan saman jannati sun yi amfani da jirgin da za su tashi a cikinsa, wanda yake a lokacin taron. Gaba dayan tsarin ficewa daga kulle an wuce gona da iri a cikin watan Disamba a cikin yanayin rashin nauyi, wanda ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin tashin jirage a cikin jirgin Tu-104. Leonov ya yi irin wadannan jirage 12 da kuma wasu shida a cikin jirgin Il-18.
