Share layin mutuwa

Fountain matasa Herodotus, Ovid's Cuman Sibyl, tatsuniyar Gilgamesh - ra'ayin dawwama ya samo asali ne a cikin tunanin ɗan adam daga farkon. A zamanin yau, godiya ga ci gaban fasaha, matasa da ba su mutu ba na iya fitowa nan ba da jimawa ba daga ƙasar tatsuniya kuma su shiga gaskiya.

Magajin wannan mafarki da tatsuniya shi ne, a cikin wasu abubuwa; Motsi 2045, wanda wani hamshakin attajiri dan kasar Rasha ya kafa a shekarar 2011 Dmitry Ichkov. Manufarta ita ce ta sa mutum ya mutu ta hanyoyin fasaha - a gaskiya, ta hanyar canza hankali da tunani zuwa yanayin da ya fi jikin mutum.

Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda huɗu waɗanda motsi ke tafiya tare da su a ƙoƙarin cimma dawwama.

Na farko, wanda ya kira Avatar A, an ƙera shi ne don ba da damar sarrafa kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da mutum-mutumi ta hanyar amfani da kwakwalwa-kwamfuta dubawa (BKI). Yana da kyau a tuna cewa yana yiwuwa a sarrafa robots tare da ikon tunani tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Avatar B, maimakon mugun sarrafa jiki, yana nema dasa kwakwalwa a cikin sabon jiki. Har ma akwai kamfanin Necome da ke ba da tarawa da ajiyar kwakwalwa don farfado da su a nan gaba a cikin sabbin marufi, kwayoyin halitta ko na'ura, kodayake wannan shine mataki na gaba, abin da ake kira. sabani.

Avatar C yana bayar da cikakken mai sarrafa kansawanda za'a iya loda kwakwalwa (ko abinda ke cikinta da aka riga aka yi rikodi) a ciki.

Har ila yau motsi na 2045 yana magana game da Avatar D, amma wannan ra'ayi ne mara tushe.hankali ba komai"- watakila wani abu kamar hologram.

2045 (1), a matsayin lokaci don farkon hanyar zuwa "dauwama a ma'auni", ya fito ne daga la'akari da sanannen futurist Ray Kurzweil (2), wanda muka ambata fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin MT. Shin ba fantasy bane kawai? Wataƙila, amma wannan ba ya 'yantar da mu daga tambayoyin - menene muke buƙata kuma menene wannan ke nufi ga kowane mutum da dukan nau'in homo sapiens?

Cuman Sybilla, wanda aka sani misali. daga ayyukan Ovid, ta nemi tsawon rai, amma ba don samartaka ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ta la'antar dawwama yayin da ta tsufa kuma ta bushe. A cikin hangen nesa na gaba na singularity, lokacin da akwai haɗin gwiwar na'ura na mutum, yana iya zama ba kome ba, amma Ƙoƙarin tushen fasahar kere-kere na tsawaita rayuwa a yau ya ta'allaka ne kan matsalar tsufa da ƙoƙarin sauya wannan tsari..

Silicon Valley ba ya son ya mutu

Attajiran biliyoyin Silicon Valley, waɗanda ke ba da kuɗin bincike kan hanyoyi da matakan yaƙi da tsufa da mutuwa, suna da alama suna ɗaukar wannan matsalar fasaha kawai a matsayin wani ƙalubale da za a iya ƙirƙira da tsarawa don samun nasarar samun mafita.

Amma duk da haka, an sha suka da yawa. Sean Parker, wanda ya kafa Napster mai cike da cece-kuce sannan kuma shugaban Facebook na farko, ya yi gargadin shekaru biyu da suka gabata cewa idan mafarkin biliyoyin kudi na rashin mutuwa ya zama gaskiya, sabanin samun kudin shiga da samun hanyoyin tsawaita rayuwa na iya haifar da zurfafa rashin daidaito da bullowar “Ajin Jagora mara mutuwa” wanda zai yi amfani da talakawa.Wadanda ba za su iya jin dadin dawwama ba.

Co-kafa Google Sergey Brin, Oracle CEO Larry Ellison Oraz Elon Musk duk da haka, suna ci gaba da saka hannun jari a ayyukan da ke da nufin haɓaka matsakaiciyar rayuwar ɗan adam zuwa 120 kuma wani lokacin shekaru XNUMX. Domin su yarda cewa babu makawa za su mutu shine yarda da shan kaye.

"Lokacin da na ji duk waɗanda suka ce mutuwa ta halitta ce kuma kawai wani ɓangare na rayuwa, ina tsammanin babu abin da zai iya zama gaba daga gaskiya," in ji mai haɗin gwiwar PayPal da mai saka jari a cikin 2012. Peter Thiel (3) akan gidan yanar gizon Insider na Kasuwanci.

A gare shi da mutane da yawa kamarsa mai arzikin silicon, "mutuwa matsala ce da za a iya magance ta."

A cikin 2013, Google ya ƙaddamar da reshensa na Calico (Kamfanin Life California) tare da gudummawar dala biliyan XNUMX. An san kadan game da ayyukan kamfanin. Mun san cewa yana bin diddigin rayuwar berayen dakin gwaje-gwaje tun daga haihuwa har zuwa mutuwa, tare da kokarin gano "masu kima" na sinadarai masu alhakin tsufa. Yana kuma kokarin ƙirƙirar kwayoyi, incl. da cutar Alzheimer.

Wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin don tsawaita rayuwa, duk da haka, suna da rigima a faɗi kaɗan. Misali, akwai kamfanoni da yawa da suke gudanarwa nazarin illolin ƙarin jini daga matasa, masu lafiya (musamman masu shekaru 16-25) zuwa cikin jinin masu arziki. Peter Thiel da aka ambata a fili ya zama mai sha'awar waɗannan hanyoyin, bayan da ya goyi bayan farawa Ambrosia (4). Ba da da ewa ba bayan guguwar sha'awar wannan "vampirism" ta musamman, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa waɗannan hanyoyin "ba su da fa'ida ta asibiti" kuma suna da "mai yiwuwa cutarwa."

Koyaya, ra'ayin nomen ba ya mutuwa. A cikin 2014, mai bincike na Harvard Amy Wagersya kammala da cewa abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da jinin matasa, musamman furotin Saukewa: GDF11, ba tsofaffin beraye da ƙarfi da ƙarfi da haɓaka kwakwalwarsu. Wannan ya gamu da suka da yawa, kuma sakamakon da aka gabatar an tambayi. An kuma san kamfanin Alkahest daga gwaje-gwajen jini, wanda ke neman protein cocktails a cikin jini na jini don cututtukan tsufa, kamar cutar Alzheimer.

Wani yanki na bincike shine tarihin tarihin, wanda ke hade da (ba gaskiya ba) The Legend of the Frozen Walt Disney. A cikin mahallin bincike na zamani game da tasirin ƙananan yanayin zafi

Sunan Thiel ya sake bayyana, kuma yana shirye ya ba da kuɗi ga kamfanonin da ke yin irin wannan bincike. Kuma ba kawai game da bincike ba - akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke bayarwa daskarewa sabis, misali, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Cibiyar Cryonics, Suspended Animation ko KrioRus. Farashin irin wannan sabis ɗin na Alcor Life Extension Foundation kusan PLN 300 ne. PLN kowane kai kawai ko fiye dubu 700 ga dukan jiki. 

Kurzweil i Aubrey de Grey (5), Masanin kimiyyar bioinformatics na Cambridge da masanin ilimin halittu-theorist, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar SENS kuma wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Methuselah, yana da tsari iri ɗaya idan aikin kan rashin mutuwa bai ci gaba da sauri kamar yadda ake so ba. Lokacin da suka mutu, za a daskare su a cikin ruwa nitrogen tare da umarni don tashe su kawai lokacin da kimiyya ta fahimci rashin mutuwa.

Nama na har abada ko rashin mutuwa a cikin mota

Masana kimiyya da ke da hannu a fadada rayuwa sun yi imanin cewa tsufa ba shine makasudin juyin halittar jinsi ba kamar yadda juyin halitta baya magance wannan matsalar kwata-kwata. An yi mu mu yi rayuwa mai tsawo don mu watsar da kwayoyin halittarmu - kuma abin da zai faru na gaba ba shi da mahimmanci. Daga mahangar juyin halitta, daga shekaru talatin ko arba'in, muna wanzuwa ba tare da wata manufa ta musamman ba.

Yawancin abin da ake kira Alamu ga karnuka yana kallon tsufa ba a matsayin tsarin halitta ba amma na zahiri, a matsayin wani nau'in entropy da ke lalata abubuwa, kamar injina. Kuma idan muna mu'amala da nau'in na'ura, ba zai zama kamar kwamfuta ba? Zai yiwu ya isa ya inganta shi, ƙara yawan damar, aminci da lokacin garanti?

Imani cewa dole ne ya zama wani abu kamar shirin yana da wahala a girgiza daga tunanin algorithmically korar Silicon Valley. Bisa ga tunaninsu, ya isa ya gyara ko kari da lambar da ke bayan rayuwarmu. Nasarorin da aka samu kamar masu binciken Jami'ar Columbia wadanda suka sanar a watan Maris cewa sun rubuta dukkan tsarin aiki na kwamfuta a cikin hanyar sadarwar DNA kawai sun tabbatar da wannan imani. Idan DNA babban babban fayil ne kawai ga duk takaddun da ke tallafawa rayuwa, me yasa ba za a iya magance matsalar mutuwa tare da hanyoyin da aka sani daga kimiyyar kwamfuta ba?

Marasa mutuwa gabaɗaya sun faɗi cikin sansani biyu. Na farko "nama" kashijagorancin de Grey da aka ambata. Ta yi imanin cewa za mu iya sake yin nazarin halittunmu kuma mu zauna a jikinmu. Fushi na biyu shine abin da ake kira Robocopy, wanda Kurzweil ya jagoranta, yana fatan a ƙarshe ya haɗa da injuna da / ko girgije.

Dawwama kamar babban mafarki ne da burin ɗan adam. Amma da gaske haka ne?

Shekarar da ta gabata masanin ilimin halitta Nir Barzilai ya gabatar da wani shirin tarihi na tsawon rai, sannan ya tambayi mutane dari uku a zauren:

"A cikin yanayi, tsawon rai da haifuwa shine madadin," in ji shi. - Shin za ku fi son zaɓar rayuwa ta har abada, amma ba tare da haifuwa ba, haihuwa, ƙauna, da dai sauransu, ko zaɓi, alal misali, shekaru 85, amma a cikin koshin lafiya da kuma adana abin da rashin mutuwa ya buƙaci?

Mutane 10-15 ne kawai suka ɗaga hannayensu don zaɓi na farko. Sauran ba su son dawwama ba tare da komai ba.