Masu kashe jirgin ruwa. Jiragen sama a cikin yaƙi da submarines Kriegsmarine part 3
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Masu kashe jirgin ruwa. Jiragen sama a cikin yaƙi da submarines Kriegsmarine part 3

28.07.2022 /

Mai ɗaukar jirgin sama USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Akwai Avengers 12 da Wildcats tara a cikin jirgin.

Makomar U-Bootwaffe a cikin 1944-1945 yana nuna raguwar sojojin Reich na Uku a hankali amma babu makawa. Babban fa'idar da Allies ke da shi a cikin iska, a teku da kuma a cikin cryptography a ƙarshe ya ba da ma'auni a cikin yardarsu. Duk da nasarar da aka samu da kuma gabatar da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha na fasaha, jiragen ruwa na Kriegsmarine sun daina yin tasiri a kan ci gaba da yakin kuma zai iya, a mafi kyau, "tashi tare da girmamawa" zuwa kasa.

Mai kallon saukar Allied a Norway ko Faransa yana nufin an dakatar da yawancin sojojin karkashin ruwa na Kriegsmarine saboda matakin tsaro. A cikin Tekun Atlantika, jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, da aka tsara a cikin rukunoni daban-daban, za su ci gaba da kai farmaki kan jerin gwanon motocin, amma a kan karamin ma'auni kuma kawai a yankin gabas, domin kai farmaki ga rundunar mamaya da wuri-wuri a yayin da aka yi saukar angulu. mai yiwuwa.

Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1944, akwai jiragen ruwa 160 a cikin sabis: nau'ikan 122 VIIB / C / D, nau'ikan IXB / C iri 31 (ba a ƙidaya nau'ikan VIIF torpedo bama-bamai da ƙananan nau'ikan nau'ikan II na biyu a cikin Bahar Maliya), biyar "karkashin ruwa nau'in cruisers" nau'in IXD2, nau'in na'ura mai nau'in XB guda ɗaya da nau'in jigilar kayayyaki guda ɗaya na XIV (wanda ake kira "saniya mai kiwo"). Wasu 181 kuma ana kan gina su, 87 kuma a matakin horar da ma'aikatan, amma da kyar sabbin jiragen ruwa suka cika asarar da ake yi a yanzu. A watan Janairu, an tura jiragen ruwa 20, amma an yi asarar 14; a watan Fabrairu, jiragen ruwa 19 sun shiga aiki, yayin da 23 aka kori daga jihar; A cikin watan Maris akwai 19 da 24. Daga cikin jiragen ruwa na layin layi na 160 da Jamusawa suka shiga shekara ta biyar na yakin, 128 sun kasance a cikin Atlantic, 19 a Norway da 13 a cikin Bahar Rum. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, bisa umarnin Hitler, sojojin ƙungiyoyin biyu na ƙarshe sun karu - a farashin jiragen ruwa na Atlantic, wanda aka rage yawan lambobi.

A sa'i daya kuma, Jamusawa na aikin inganta na'urorin jiragen ruwa na karkashin kasa domin inganta damarsu ta yin tir da jiragen. Abin da ake kira snorkels (snorkels) ya ba da damar tsotse iska a cikin injin diesel da fitar da iskar gas a lokacin da jirgin ke motsawa a zurfin periscope. Wannan na'ura ta farko ta fasaha, kodayake tana ba da damar doguwar tafiye-tafiye tare da daftarin aiki, tana da babban koma baya. Injunan konewa na ciki, saboda yawan amo, sun sa ya zama sauƙi don gano jirgin ta alamun amo, da kuma gani, godiya ga iskar gas da ke shawagi a saman ruwa. A wancan lokacin, jirgin ya kasance "kurma" (ba zai iya amfani da wayoyin salula ba) da kuma "makafi" (ƙarar girgiza ya sa ba za a iya amfani da periscope ba). Bugu da kari, “notches” da ke fitowa sun bar kadan amma abin lura a saman ruwa, kuma a cikin yanayi mai kyau (teku mai laushi), ana iya gano radar DIA. Ko da mafi muni, a yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta "snores" ta hanyar igiyar ruwa, na'urar ta atomatik ta rufe jigilar iska, wanda injunan suka fara ɗauka daga cikin jirgin, wanda ke barazanar shaƙa ma'aikatan jirgin. U-2 ya zama jirgi na farko da aka sanye da hanci don tafiya yakin soja (Janairu 539, daga Lorient).

A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na yaƙin, daidaitattun tsarin bindigu na yaƙi da jiragen ruwa na jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa sun ƙunshi tagwayen bindigogi 20 mm guda biyu da kuma bindigar 37 mm guda ɗaya. Jamusawan ba su da isassun albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa, don haka sabbin bindigogin 37 mm na da sassa da aka yi da kayan da ke da saurin lalata, wanda ya kai ga cushe bindigar. Ana ci gaba da inganta na'urorin gano na'urar radar, wanda a lokacin da ya zagaya, sai ya sanar da jirgin cewa na'urar radar jirgin sama ko jirgin ruwa mai tashi yana bin sa. Saitin FuMB-10 Borkum, wanda ya maye gurbin FuMB-9 Wanze (ba a samar da shi a ƙarshen 1943), ya bincika fiye da fadi, amma har yanzu yana cikin tsayin mita da tsofaffi ASV Mk II radars ke fitarwa. FuMB-7 Naxos ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi tasiri sosai, yana aiki a cikin kewayon 8 zuwa 12 cm tsawo - gano sababbin, 10 cm ASV Mk III da radar VI (ta amfani da S-band).

Wata na'urar da za ta yi yaƙi da Rundunar Sojan Sama ita ce na'urar kwaikwayo ta FuMT-2 Thetis. An ba da izini a cikin Janairu 1944, ya kamata ya yi koyi da jirgin ruwa mai radar radar kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da hare-hare a kan wannan manufa ta hasashe. Ya ƙunshi mast ɗin tsayin mita da yawa, wanda aka haɗa eriya na dipole, wanda aka ɗora a kan wani jirgin ruwa wanda ke riƙe da na'urar a saman ruwa. Jamusawa sun yi fatan cewa waɗannan "lalata" da aka tura da yawa a cikin Bay na Biscay, za su rushe jiragen abokan gaba.

A gefen Turai na Tekun Atlantika, yaƙin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa ya ci gaba da zama alhakin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Biritaniya, wanda, tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 1944, yana da ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa don wannan dalili:

    • 15. Rukuni: Lambobi 59 da 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) a Ballykelly, Ireland ta Arewa; No. 201 Squadron RAF da Lambobi 422 da 423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III jirgin ruwa) a Archdale Castle, Ireland ta Arewa;
    • 16. Rukuni: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) a Bircham Newton, Gabashin Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) a tsibirin Thorney, kudancin Ingila;
    • 18. Rukuni: No. 210 Squadron RAF (Catalina Mk IB / IV jiragen ruwa masu tashi) da Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II / III) a Sullom Vow, Shetland Islands;
    • 19. Rukuni: No. 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) a Dutsen Batten, South West Ingila; No. 228 Squadron RAF da No. 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) a Pembroke Dock, Wales; Lambobi 172 da 612 Squadron RAF da 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) a Chivenor, South West Ingila; 224. Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) a St. Petersburg. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 da -110 (Squadrons Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Airlift Wing, aiki a karkashin Coast Command) a Dunkswell, South West England; Nas. 58 da 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) a St. Petersburg. Davids, Wales; No. 53 da Czech No. 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) a Beaulieu, kudancin Ingila; Yaren mutanen Poland No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) a Predannak, Cornwall.

No. 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) wanda ke zaune a Reykjavik, Iceland; a Gibraltar 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) da 48 da 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIA/VI); a Langens, Azores, No. 206 da 220 Squadron RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), No. 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) da kuma naúrar No. 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), kuma a cikin Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V da Ventury Mk V).

Bugu da kari, wasu runfunan sanye da kayan yaki na Beaufighter da sauro, da kuma wasu dakaru na kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya da ke aiki a wajen Rundunar Coastal Command, a gabashin Bahar Rum da bakin tekun Afirka, sun shiga ayyukan yaki da jiragen ruwa. Tawagar sojojin ruwan Amurka da na Kanada da na Brazil ne ke tsaron gabar tekun Amurka, amma a 1944-1945 kusan babu wanda zai yi fada da su. Rundunar Sojojin ruwa ta 15th Airlift Wing (FAW-15) ta kasance a Maroko tare da ƙungiyoyin Liberator guda uku (VB-111, -112 da -114; na ƙarshe tun Maris): Venturs biyu (VB-127 da -132) da Catalin ɗaya (VB). - 63).

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