Sau uku Fritz-X

Jirgin ruwan Italiya na Roma jim kadan bayan gina shi.

A cikin rabin na biyu na shekarun 30, har yanzu an yi imanin cewa jiragen ruwa da ke da manyan makamai za su tabbatar da sakamakon tashin hankali a teku. Jamusawa, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin irin waɗannan rukunin fiye da na Burtaniya da Faransanci, dole ne su dogara da Luftwaffe don taimakawa rufe gibin idan an buƙata. A halin yanzu, shiga cikin Condor Legion a cikin yakin basasa na Spain ya ba da damar gano cewa ko da a cikin yanayi mai kyau da kuma amfani da sabbin abubuwan gani, bugun ƙaramin abu yana da wuya, har ma da wuya lokacin motsi.

Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, don haka an gwada masu nutsewar bama-bamai na Junkers Ju 87 a Spain, tare da sakamako mafi kyawu. Matsalar ita ce, wadannan jiragen suna da gajeriyar zango, kuma bama-baman da za su iya dauka ba za su iya kutsawa cikin sulke da ke kwance a cikin dakunan da aka kai wa harin ba, wato harsashi da dakunan injina. Magani shine a jefar da shi daidai a matsayin babban bam (dauke da abin hawa sanye take da akalla injuna biyu) kamar yadda zai yiwu daga mafi girman tsayi mai yuwuwa (wanda ke iyakance barazanar flak) yayin samar da isasshen kuzarin motsa jiki.

Sakamakon hare-haren gwaji na ma'aikatan Lehrgeschwader Greifswald da aka zaɓa yana da ma'anar ma'ana - ko da yake jirgin ruwa mai sarrafa rediyo, tsohon jirgin yakin Hessen, mai tsayi 127,7 m da 22,2 m fadi, yana motsawa a hankali kuma cikin sauri da bai wuce 18 kulli ba. , tare da daidaito na 6000-7000 m lokacin da aka jefa bama-bamai shine kawai 6%, kuma tare da karuwa a tsawo zuwa 8000-9000 m, kawai 0,6%. Ya bayyana a fili cewa makamai masu jagora kawai zasu iya ba da sakamako mafi kyau.

Aerodynamics na fadowa bam, wanda aka yi niyya ta hanyar rediyo, wani rukuni daga Cibiyar Nazarin Aeronautical Jamus (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, DVL), da ke gundumar Adlershof na Berlin ne suka gudanar da aikin. Dokta Max Cramer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1903, ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, tare da Ph.D. da aka samu yana da shekaru 28 godiya ga aikin kimiyya a fagen aerodynamics, mahaliccin ƙwararrun mafita don gina jirgin sama. , alal misali, dangane da flaps, wani hukuma a fagen laminar Dynamic flow), wanda a cikin 1938, lokacin da sabon hukumar na Reich Aviation Ma'aikatar (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM) ya zo, aiki, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a kan waya- makami mai linzami mai shiryarwa daga iska zuwa iska.

Har yanzu bam ɗin Fritz-X yana cikin matakin jirgin jim kaɗan bayan cire shi daga dakatarwar.

Ba a dauki tsawon lokaci ba tawagar Kramer, kuma gwajin bam din na SC 250 DVL na zobe-wutsiya ya yi nasara sosai har aka yanke shawarar sanya PC 1400 makami mai “smart”, daya daga cikin manyan hare-haren bam a duniya. . Arsenal ta Luftwaffe. Kamfanin Ruhrstahl AG ne ya samar da shi a Brakwede (yankin Bielefeld).

An kirkiro tsarin sarrafa bam na rediyo a cibiyar bincike na RLM da ke Gröfelfing kusa da Munich. Gwajin na'urorin da aka gina a wurin, da aka yi a lokacin rani na 1940, bai kawo sakamako mai gamsarwa ba. Kwararru daga ƙungiyoyin Telefunken, Siemens, Lorenz, Loewe-Opta da sauransu, waɗanda da farko kawai suka yi hulɗa da sassan aikin don ɓoye ayyukansu na sirri, sun yi kyau. Ayyukan su ya haifar da ƙirƙirar FuG (Funkgerät) mai watsawa 203, mai suna Kehl, da mai karɓar FuG 230 Strassburg, wanda ya dace da tsammanin.

Haɗuwa da bam, plumage da tsarin jagora sun sami sunan masana'anta X-1, da sojoji - PC 1400X ko FX 1400. Kamar yadda a cikin ƙananan matsayi na Luftwaffe, bam ɗin "na al'ada" 1400-kilogram yana lakabi Fritz, da kalmar Fritz-X ta zama sananne, wanda suka karbe daga baya ta hanyar ayyukan leken asiri na kawance. Wurin samar da sabbin makamai wani shuka ne a gundumar Marienfelde na Berlin, wanda ke cikin damuwa na Rheinmetall-Borsig, wanda ya sami kwangilar gina shi a lokacin rani na 1939. Samfuran farko sun fara fitowa daga waɗannan masana'antu. a cikin Fabrairu 1942 ya tafi Peenemünde West, cibiyar gwajin Luftwaffe a tsibirin Usedom. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, an cire 111 Fritz-Xs daga rundunonin Heinkli He 29H da ke aiki a Harz da ke kusa, tare da biyar na ƙarshe kawai an yi la'akari da gamsuwa.

Jerin na gaba, a farkon shekaru goma na uku na Yuni, ya ba da sakamako mafi kyau. Makasudin shine giciye da aka yiwa alama a kasa, kuma 9 cikin 10 na bama-bamai da aka jefa daga mita 6000 sun fada a cikin mita 14,5 na mashigar, uku daga cikinsu sun kusan kai shi. Tun da babban abin da aka yi niyya shi ne jiragen yaƙi, matsakaicin faɗin jirgin ruwan ya kai kimanin mita 30, don haka ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Luftwaffe ya yanke shawarar haɗa sabbin bama-bamai a cikin makaman Luftwaffe.

An yanke shawarar gudanar da mataki na gaba na gwaji a Italiya, wanda ya ɗauki sararin sama marar gajimare, kuma daga Afrilu 1942, Heinkle ya tashi daga filin jirgin sama na Foggia (Erprobungsstelle Süd). A lokacin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, matsaloli sun taso tare da na'urorin lantarki na lantarki, don haka an fara aiki akan kunnawa na pneumatic a cikin DVL (tsarin ya kamata ya samar da iska daga jikin bam), amma masu kula da Cramer, bayan gwaji a cikin rami na iska, sun tafi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. tushen matsalar kuma an kiyaye kunna wutar lantarki. Bayan da aka kawar da lahani, sakamakon gwajin ya kara kyau, kuma a sakamakon haka, daga cikin bama-bamai kimanin 100 da aka jefa, 49 sun fadi a dandalin da aka yi niyya tare da gefen 5 m. Rashin nasarar ya faru ne saboda rashin ingancin " samfur". ko kuskuren ma'aikaci, watau abubuwan da ake tsammanin za a kawar da su na tsawon lokaci. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, abin da aka nufa shi ne farantin sulke mai kauri 120 mm, wanda shugaban yakin na bam din ya huda su lafiya lau ba tare da nakasu na musamman ba.

Sabili da haka, an yanke shawarar ci gaba zuwa mataki na bunkasa hanyoyin don yaki da amfani da sababbin makamai tare da masu kai hari da matukan jirgi. A lokaci guda, RLM ya ba da oda tare da Rheinmetall-Borsig don rukunin Fritz-X na serial, yana buƙatar isar da aƙalla raka'a 35 a kowane wata (maƙasudin shine ya zama 300). Daban-daban nau'ikan blockages na abu (saboda rashin nickel da molybdenum wajibi ne don neman wani gami ga shugabannin) da kuma dabaru, duk da haka, ya kai ga gaskiyar cewa irin wannan inganci da aka samu a Marienfeld kawai a cikin Afrilu 1943.

Da yawa a baya, a cikin Satumba 1942, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar horo da gwaji (Lehr-und Erprobungskommando) EK 21 a filin jirgin sama na Harz, mai tashi Dornier Do 217K da Heinklach He 111H. A cikin Janairu 1943, wanda aka riga aka sake masa suna Kampfgruppe 21, yana da Staffeln Dornier Do 217K-2s guda huɗu kawai, tare da firam ɗin Fritz-X da masu watsa sigar Kehl III. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, EK 21 a hukumance ya zama rukunin yaƙi, wanda aka sake masa suna III./KG100 kuma ya kafa a Schwäbisch Hall kusa da Stuttgart. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, an kammala ƙaura zuwa filin jirgin sama na Istres kusa da Marseille, daga nan ne ta fara shirye-shirye.

Augusti kusa da Romy

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, an aika Dorniers uku daga Istria don kai hari Augusta (Sicily), tashar jiragen ruwa da sojojin Allied suka kama kwanaki takwas da suka gabata. Tuni dai maharan suka isa wurin da suka kai harin ba su juya komai ba. Irin wannan hari a Syracuse bayan kwana biyu ya ƙare haka. 'Yan ta'adda hudu na III./KG31 sun shiga wani gagarumin hari da aka kai wa Palermo a daren 1 ga Yuli/100 ga Agusta. 'Yan sa'o'i kadan da suka gabata, wani gungun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwan Amurka sun shiga tashar jiragen ruwa, inda suka ba da wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu a Sicily, wanda ya kunshi jirage masu saukar ungulu guda biyu da jiragen ruwa guda shida, a kan titin da ma'aikatan jigilar da sojoji ke jira. Mutanen hudu daga Istria sun isa wurin da suke kafin wayewar gari, amma ba a bayyana ko sun yi nasara ba.

Kwamandojin ma'adinan "Skill" (AM 115) da "Aspiration" (AM 117), wadanda suka sami lalacewa daga fashewar kusa (wanda ke da rami na kimanin 2 x 1 m a cikin fuselage), sun rubuta a cikin rahotannin su. an jefa bama-bamai daga jirgin da ke tashi a kan wani babban tsayi. Duk da haka, abin da ya tabbata shi ne cewa 9th Staffel KG100 ya rasa motoci biyu da mayakan dare na abokan gaba suka harbe (watakila waɗannan Beaufighters na 600 Squadron RAF da ke Malta). Ɗaya daga cikin matukin jirgi na ma'aikatan Dornier ya tsira kuma an kama shi a kurkuku, wanda daga gare shi 'yan leken asirin suka sami bayanai game da wata sabuwar barazana.

Wannan ba cikakken abin mamaki ba ne. Gargadi na farko shine wasiƙar da aka samu a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1939 ta hannun hafsan sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya a babban birnin Norway, ya sanya hannu kan "masanin kimiyyar Jamus a gefen ku." Mawallafinsa Dr. Hans Ferdinand Maier, shugaban cibiyar bincike na Siemens & Halske AG. Bature ya gano hakan a cikin 1955 kuma, saboda yana so, bai bayyana hakan ba har sai mutuwar Mayer da matarsa, bayan shekaru 34. Ko da yake wasu bayanan "taska" sun sa ya fi aminci, ya kasance mai yawa kuma ba daidai ba a cikin inganci.

An kalli Rahoton Oslo da rashin yarda. Don haka an bar ɓangaren “masu sarrafa nisa” na keɓe masu hana ruwa gudu daga jirgin da ke tashi a babban tudu. Mayer kuma ya ba da wasu cikakkun bayanai: girman (kowane tsayin mita 3 da nisa), rukunin mitar da aka yi amfani da shi (gajerun raƙuman ruwa) da wurin gwajin (Penemünde).

Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, leken asirin Burtaniya ya fara samun "zagi" kan "abubuwan Hs 293 da FX", wanda a cikin Mayu 1943 ya tabbatar da yanke hukuncin Bletchley Park na sakin su daga ɗakunan ajiya da kuma kare su a hankali daga leƙen asiri da zagon ƙasa. A karshen watan Yuli, godiya ga decryption, Birtaniya sun koyi game da shirye-shiryen yaki na masu jigilar jiragen su: Dorniérów Do 217E-5 daga II./KG100 (Hs 293) da Do 217K-2 daga III./KG100. Saboda jahilci a wancan lokacin na wurin da sassan biyu suke, an aike da gargadi ne kawai ga kwamandan sojojin ruwa a tekun Bahar Rum.

A daren 9/10 ga Agusta 1943, jiragen sama hudu III./KG100 sun sake tashi sama, a wannan karon akan Syracuse. Saboda bama-baman da suka yi, abokan kawancen ba su yi asara ba, kuma an harbe Dornier, wanda ke cikin makullin yau da kullun. Matukin jirgin da ma'aikacin jirgin da aka kama (sauran ma'aikatan sun mutu) yayin tambayoyi sun tabbatar da cewa Luftwaffe yana da nau'ikan makamai masu sarrafa rediyo iri biyu. Ba zai yiwu a cire bayanai game da mita daga gare su ba - ya zama cewa kafin barin filin jirgin sama, nau'i-nau'i na lu'ulu'u masu alamar lambobi daga 1 zuwa 18 an sanya su kawai a kan kayan aikin tuƙi, daidai da umarnin da aka karɓa.

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo baya, Dorniers na Istra sun ci gaba da yin aiki a kan ƙananan sikelin kuma ba tare da nasara ba, yawanci suna shiga cikin hare-haren da aka haɗa tare da Ju 88. Palermo (23 Agusta) da Reggio Calabria (3 Satumba). Asarar kansa ta iyakance ga maɓalli, wanda fashewar bam ɗin nasa ya lalata yayin da yake tashi a kan Messina.

A yammacin ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1943, Italiyanci ya ba da sanarwar sasantawa da abokan kawance. A cewar daya daga cikin tanade-tanaden ta, tawagar da ke karkashin jagorancin Adm. Carlo Bergamini, wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa guda uku - flagship Roma, Italiya (tsohon Littorio) da Vittorio Veneto - adadi iri ɗaya na jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu da masu lalata 8, waɗanda ƙungiyar ta Genoa ta haɗu da su (masu jiragen ruwa uku masu haske da jirgin ruwan torpedo). Tun da Jamusawa sun san abin da abokansu ke shiryawa, an sa jiragen sama na III./KG100 a faɗakarwa, kuma an kori Dorniers 11 daga Istra don kai hari. Sun isa jiragen ruwan Italiya bayan karfe 15:00 na yamma lokacin da suka isa ruwa tsakanin Sardinia da Corsica.

Ruwan farko ba daidai ba ne, wanda ya sa Italiyawa suka buɗe wuta kuma suka fara tserewa. Ba su da tasiri - a 15: 46 Fritz-X, bayan da suka keta ragamar Roma, sun fashe a karkashin kasa, mai yiwuwa a kan iyakar tsakanin sassan dama da na baya, wanda ya haifar da ambaliya. Bergamini ta flagship ya fara fadowa daga samuwar, da kuma 6 minutes bayan haka, bam na biyu ya bugi bene yankin tsakanin 2-mm turret na babban manyan bindigogi gun No. 381 da gaba 152-mm tashar jiragen ruwa gefen bindigogi. Sakamakon fashewar ta shine kunna wutar lantarki a cikin ɗakin da ke ƙarƙashin na farko (gas sun jefar da wani tsari mai nauyin kusan tan 1600) kuma, mai yiwuwa, a ƙarƙashin hasumiya na 1. Wani katon ginshiƙi na hayaƙi ya tashi sama da jirgin, ya fara nitsewa da farko, yana karkata zuwa gefen tauraro. Daga ƙarshe ya kife a matsayin keel kuma ya karye a wurin tasiri na biyu, ya ɓace ƙarƙashin ruwa a 16:15. Dangane da sabbin bayanai, mutane 2021 ne ke cikin jirgin kuma mutane 1393, karkashin jagorancin Bergamini, sun mutu tare da shi.

Jirgin ruwan kasar Uganda wanda shi ne jirgin ruwan yakin Burtaniya na farko da ya fara aikin Operation Avalanche, ya samu matsala sakamakon wani harin bam da aka kai kai tsaye.

A 16:29 Fritz-X ya shiga cikin bene na Italiya da bel na gefe a gaban turret 1, ya fashe a cikin ruwa daga gefen tauraron jirgin. Wannan yana nufin samuwar rami a cikinsa yana auna 7,5 x 6 m da nakasar fata, wanda ya miƙe zuwa ƙasa a cikin yanki na 24 x 9 m, amma ambaliya (ton 1066 na ruwa) ya iyakance ga cofferdams tsakanin fata. da kuma a tsaye anti-torpedo babban kanti. Tun da farko, da karfe 15:30, wani bam ya fashe a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Italiya, ya haifar da dan takaitaccen matsewar sandar.

An jefa bam na farko da ya afkawa Roma daga jirgin Major III./KG100 kwamandan. Bernhard Jope, kuma 'yan sandan sun jagorance ta zuwa ga abin da aka yi niyya. Klaproth. Na biyu, daga Dornier, wanda Sgt. ma'aikata. Kurt Steinborn ne ya jagoranci tawagar. Dagan.