Theories daga gefe. A cikin zoo na kimiyya

Ana fahimtar kimiyyar iyaka ta aƙalla hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, a matsayin kimiyya mai inganci, amma a waje da al'ada da yanayin. Na biyu, kamar duk ra'ayoyi da hasashen da ba su da alaƙa da kimiyya.

Ka'idar Big Bang ita ma ta taba kasancewa a fagen kananan kimiyya. Shi ne farkon wanda ya fara magana a cikin 40s. Fred Hoyle, wanda ya kafa ka'idar juyin halitta. Ya yi haka ne a gidan rediyo (1), amma cikin izgili, da nufin yin ba'a ga dukan ra'ayi. Kuma wannan an haife shi ne lokacin da aka gano cewa taurari suna "gudu" daga juna. Wannan ya sa masu binciken suka yi tunanin cewa idan sararin samaniya yana fadadawa, to a wani lokaci ya zama dole ya fara. Wannan imani ya kafa tushen ka'idar Big Bang mai rinjaye a yanzu kuma ba za a iya musanta shi ba. Tsarin fadada, bi da bi, wani ya bayyana shi, wanda kuma a halin yanzu yawancin masana kimiyya ba sa jayayya. ka'idar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. A cikin ƙamus na Oxford na Astronomy za mu iya karanta cewa ka'idar Big Bang ita ce: "Ka'idar da aka yarda da ita don bayyana asali da juyin halitta. Bisa ga ka'idar Big Bang, sararin samaniya, wanda ya fito daga nau'i-nau'i (yanayin farko na yanayin zafi da yawa), yana fadada daga wannan lokaci."

Again "keɓewar kimiyya"

Duk da haka, ba kowa ba, har ma a cikin al'ummar kimiyya, yana farin ciki da wannan yanayin. A cikin wasiƙar da aka sanya hannu a shekaru da yawa da suka wuce ta fiye da masana kimiyyar XNUMX daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da Poland, mun karanta, musamman, cewa "Babban Bang yana dogara ne akan adadin abubuwan da ke ci gaba da haɓakawa: hauhawar farashin sararin samaniya, rashin iyakacin iyaka. al'amari. (dark matter) da duhun kuzari. (...) Ana warware sabani tsakanin abubuwan lura da tsinkaya na ka'idar Big Bang ta hanyar ƙara irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Halittun da ba a iya gani ko ba a gani ba. ... A cikin wani reshe na kimiyya, maimaita buƙatar irin waɗannan abubuwa aƙalla zai haifar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da ingancin ka'idar da ke cikin tushe - idan wannan ka'idar ta gaza saboda gazawarta. »

"Wannan ka'idar," in ji masana kimiyya, "yana buƙatar cin zarafi biyu ingantattun ka'idoji na kimiyyar lissafi: ka'idar kiyaye makamashi da kiyaye lambar baryon (wanda ya bayyana cewa daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da antimatter sun ƙunshi makamashi). "

Kammalawa? “(…) Ka'idar Big Bang ba ita ce kawai tushen da ke akwai don bayyana tarihin sararin samaniya ba. Hakanan akwai madadin bayani don ainihin abubuwan mamaki a sararin samaniya., ciki har da: yalwar abubuwa masu haske, samuwar katuwar sifofi, bayanin hasken baya, da haɗin Hubble. Har zuwa yau, irin waɗannan batutuwa da madadin mafita ba za a iya tattaunawa da gwada su kyauta ba. Budaddiyar musayar ra'ayi shine abin da ya fi rasa a manyan taro. … Wannan yana nuna haɓakar aƙidar tunani, baƙo ga ruhin binciken kimiyya na kyauta. Wannan ba zai iya zama yanayin lafiya ba."

Watakila, ra'ayoyin da ke sanya shakku a kan Babban Bang, ko da yake an mayar da su zuwa yanki na gefe, ya kamata, saboda dalilai masu mahimmanci na kimiyya, a kiyaye su daga "keɓancewar kimiyya."

Abin da masana kimiyyar lissafi suka share a ƙarƙashin kilishi

Duk ka'idojin sararin samaniya da ke kawar da Babban Bang yawanci suna kawar da matsalar makamashi mai duhu, suna canza canjin yanayi kamar saurin haske da lokaci zuwa masu canji, kuma suna neman haɗe hulɗar lokaci da sarari. Misali na yau da kullun na 'yan shekarun nan shine shawara na masana kimiyya daga Taiwan. A cikin tsarin su, wannan yana da matukar damuwa daga mahangar masu bincike da yawa. duhun kuzari ya ɓace. Saboda haka, abin takaici, dole ne mutum ya ɗauka cewa Duniya ba ta da farko ko ƙarshe. Jagoran marubucin wannan samfurin, Wun-Ji Szu na Jami'ar Taiwan ta kasa, ya bayyana lokaci da sarari ba a matsayin daban ba, amma a matsayin abubuwa masu alaƙa da za a iya musanya da juna. Gudun haske ko ma'aunin nauyi ba su dawwama a cikin wannan ƙirar, amma abubuwa ne da ke canza lokaci da girma zuwa girma da sarari yayin da duniya ke faɗaɗawa.

Za a iya la'akari da ka'idar Shu a matsayin fantasy, amma samfurin sararin sararin samaniya tare da wuce haddi na makamashi mai duhu wanda ke haifar da fadada shi yana haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani. Wasu sun lura cewa tare da taimakon wannan ka'idar, masana kimiyya sun "maye gurbinsu a ƙarƙashin kafet" ka'idar jiki na kiyaye makamashi. Manufar Taiwan ba ta keta ka'idodin kiyaye makamashi ba, amma kuma yana da matsala tare da hasken wutar lantarki na microwave, wanda ake la'akari da ragowar Big Bang.

A shekarar da ta gabata, jawabin masana kimiyya biyu daga Masar da Kanada ya zama sananne, kuma bisa sababbin ƙididdiga, sun haɓaka wata ka'idar mai ban sha'awa. A cewarsu Duniya ta kasance koyaushe – Babu wani Babban Bang. Bisa ga kididdigar kimiyyar lissafi, wannan ka'idar ta fi daukar hankali saboda tana magance matsalar duhun kwayoyin halitta da makamashi mai duhu a cikin dare daya.

2. Kallon ruwan kida

Ahmed Farag Ali daga birnin kimiyya da fasaha na Zewail da Saurya Das daga jami'ar Lethbridge sun gwada hakan. haɗa injiniyoyin ƙididdiga tare da alaƙa gabaɗaya. Sun yi amfani da lissafin da Prof. Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri na Jami'ar Calcutta, wanda ke ba da damar yin hasashen ci gaban singularities gabaɗaya. Duk da haka, bayan gyare-gyare da yawa, sun lura cewa a gaskiya yana kwatanta "ruwa", wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda, kamar yadda yake, ya cika dukan sararin samaniya. Na dogon lokaci, ƙoƙari na magance matsalar nauyi ya kai mu ga hasashe gravitons - barbashi da ke haifar da wannan hulɗar. A cewar Das da Ali, waɗannan barbashi ne za su iya samar da wannan adadin “ruwa” (2). Ta hanyar yin amfani da lissafin su, masana kimiyya sun gano hanyar "ruwa" a baya kuma ya nuna cewa bambancin da ke damun ilimin kimiyyar lissafi shekaru miliyan 13,8 da suka wuce ba a wanzu ba, amma da gaske bai wanzu ba. Duniya kamar tana wanzuwa har abada. A da, an yarda da shi karami, amma ba a taɓa matsa shi zuwa maƙasudin maƙasudin da aka yi niyya a sararin samaniya ba..

Har ila yau, sabon samfurin zai iya bayyana kasancewar makamashi mai duhu, wanda ake sa ran zai haifar da fadada sararin samaniya ta hanyar haifar da mummunan matsi a cikinsa. Anan, "ruwa" da kanta yana haifar da ƙaramin ƙarfi wanda ke faɗaɗa sararin samaniya, wanda aka karkata zuwa waje, cikin sararin samaniya. Kuma wannan ba shine ƙarshen ba, saboda ƙaddarar yawan nauyin graviton a cikin wannan samfurin ya ba mu damar yin bayani game da wani asiri - al'amari mai duhu - wanda ya kamata ya yi tasiri a kan dukkanin sararin samaniya, yayin da yake zama marar ganuwa. A taƙaice, “ruwan quantum” kanta abu ne mai duhu.

3. Hoton hasken baya na sararin samaniya daga WMAP

Muna da adadi mai yawa na samfura

A cikin rabin na biyu na shekaru goma da suka gabata, masanin falsafa Michal Tempczyk ya bayyana da kyama cewa. "Mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin ka'idodin ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya ba su da yawa, suna tsinkaya 'yan gaskiya kuma sun dogara ne akan ƙananan bayanan lura.". Kowane samfurin sararin samaniya yana daidai da empirically, watau bisa bayanai iri ɗaya. Dole ne ma'auni ya zama na ka'idar. Yanzu muna da ƙarin bayanan lura fiye da yadda muke da su, amma tushen bayanan sararin samaniya bai ƙaru sosai ba - a nan za mu iya kawo bayanai daga tauraron dan adam WMAP (3) da tauraron dan adam Planck (4).

Howard Robertson da Geoffrey Walker sun kafa kansu awo don faɗaɗa sararin samaniya. Magani ga lissafin Friedmann, tare da ma'aunin Robertson-Walker, sun samar da abin da ake kira FLRW Model (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric). An gyaggyara a kan lokaci kuma an ƙara shi, yana da matsayi na daidaitaccen samfurin sararin samaniya. Wannan samfurin ya yi mafi kyau tare da bayanan da suka biyo baya.

Tabbas, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin samfura da yawa. An ƙirƙira a cikin 30s Arthur Milne's cosmological model, bisa ka'idarsa ta kinematic of relativity. Ya kamata a yi gogayya da ka'idar Einstein ta gaba ɗaya na alaƙa da ilimin sararin samaniya, amma hasashen Milne ya zama mai raguwa zuwa ɗaya daga cikin mafita na Einstein's field equations (EFE).

4 Planck Space Telescope

Har ila yau, a wannan lokaci, Richard Tolman, wanda ya kafa relativistic thermodynamics, ya gabatar da samfurinsa na Universe - daga baya tsarinsa ya kasance cikakke kuma abin da ake kira. Farashin LTB (Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi). Ya kasance ƙirar da ba ta dace ba tare da adadi mai yawa na 'yanci don haka ƙananan ƙimar ƙima.

Gasa mai ƙarfi don ƙirar FLRW, kuma yanzu don faɗaɗa ta, Farashin ZhKM, wanda kuma ya hada da lambda, abin da ake kira cosmological akai-akai da alhakin hanzarta fadada sararin samaniya da kuma yanayin sanyi mai duhu. Wani nau'i ne na ilimin sararin samaniya wanda ba Newtonian ba wanda aka dage shi ta hanyar rashin iya jure wa ganowar radiation na cosmic background (CBR) da quasars. Fitowar kwayoyin halitta daga wani abu, wanda wannan samfurin ya gabatar, an kuma yi adawa da shi, kodayake akwai hujja mai gamsarwa ta hanyar lissafi.

Wataƙila mafi shahararren samfurin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga shine Hawking da Hartle's Infinite Universe Model. Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaukar dukan sararin samaniya a matsayin wani abu da za a iya siffanta shi da aikin igiyar ruwa. Tare da girma ka'idar superstring An yi ƙoƙari don gina samfurin sararin samaniya a kan tushensa. Shahararrun samfuran sun dogara ne akan ƙarin juzu'in ka'idar kirtani, abin da ake kira Ka'idoji na. Misali, zaku iya maye gurbinsu model Randall-Sandruma.

5. Multiversal hangen nesa

multiverse

Wani misali a cikin jerin dogayen ka'idodin kan iyaka shine manufar Multiverse (5), dangane da karo na bran-universes. An ce wannan karon ya haifar da fashewa da kuma canza makamashin fashewar zuwa radiation mai zafi. Shigar da makamashi mai duhu a cikin wannan samfurin, wanda kuma aka yi amfani da shi na dan lokaci a cikin ka'idar hauhawar farashin kaya, ya sa ya yiwu a gina samfurin cyclic (6), ra'ayoyin wanda, alal misali, a cikin nau'i na sararin samaniya. an yi watsi da su akai-akai a baya.

6. Zane-zanen sararin samaniya mai motsi

Mawallafin wannan ka'idar, wanda kuma aka sani da samfurin wuta na cosmic ko samfurin expirotic (daga Girkanci ekpyrosis - "wutar duniya"), ko Babban Ka'idar Crash, masana kimiyya ne daga jami'o'in Cambridge da Princeton - Paul Steinhardt da Neil Turok. . A cewarsu, a farkon sararin samaniya babu kowa kuma wuri ne mai sanyi. Babu lokaci, babu kuzari, komai. Sai kawai karo na biyu lebur sararin samaniya da ke kusa da juna ya fara "babbar wuta". Ƙarfin da ya fito a lokacin ya haifar da Babban Bang. Marubutan wannan ka'idar kuma sun bayyana fadada sararin samaniya a halin yanzu. Ka'idar Babban Crash ta nuna cewa sararin samaniya yana bin tsarin da yake a halin yanzu saboda karon abin da ake kira wanda yake a kansa, da ɗayan, da kuma canza makamashin karon zuwa kwayoyin halitta. Sakamakon karo na biyu makwabtaka da mu ne al'amarin da aka san mu ya fara fadada.. Wataƙila zagayowar irin wannan karon ba ta da iyaka.

Manyan masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya sun amince da ka'idar Great Crash, ciki har da Stephen Hawking da Jim Peebles, daya daga cikin wadanda suka gano CMB. Sakamakon aikin Planck ya yi daidai da wasu tsinkaya na ƙirar zagaye.

Ko da yake irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun riga sun wanzu a zamanin da, amma kalmar "Multiverse" da aka fi amfani da ita a yau an yi ta ne a cikin Disamba 1960 da Andy Nimmo, wanda shine mataimakin shugaban reshen Scotland na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya na Birtaniya. Anyi amfani da kalmar duka daidai kuma ba daidai ba tsawon shekaru da yawa. A ƙarshen 60s, marubucin almarar kimiyya Michael Moorcock ya kira shi tarin dukan duniya. Bayan karanta ɗaya daga cikin litattafansa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi David Deutsch ya yi amfani da shi ta wannan ma'ana a cikin aikinsa na kimiyya (ciki har da ci gaban ka'idar ƙididdiga ta duniya da yawa ta Hugh Everett) yana magana game da jimillar dukkan yuwuwar sararin samaniya - sabanin ainihin ma'anar Andy Nimmo. Bayan da aka buga wannan aikin, kalmar ta yadu tsakanin sauran masana kimiyya. Don haka a yanzu “duniya” na nufin duniya guda daya wadda wasu dokoki ke tafiyar da ita, kuma “multiverse” tarin hasashe ne na dukkan halittu.

7. Adadin hasashe na sararin samaniya da ke cikin nau'i-nau'i.

A cikin sararin wannan “quantum multiverse”, dokokin kimiyyar lissafi daban-daban na iya aiki. Masana ilmin taurari a Jami’ar Stanford da ke California sun yi kiyasin cewa za a iya samun irin waɗannan halittu guda 1010, tare da ƙarfin 10 da aka ɗaga zuwa ƙarfin 10, wanda kuma ana ɗagawa zuwa ikon 7 (7). Kuma ba za a iya rubuta wannan lamba da siffa mai ƙima ba saboda adadin sifili da ya wuce adadin atom ɗin da ke cikin sararin samaniya, wanda aka kiyasta a 1080.

Wurin ruɓewa

A farkon 80s, abin da ake kira cosmology na hauhawar farashin kaya Alan Guth, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Amurka, kwararre a fannin ilimin firamare. Don bayyana wasu matsalolin lura a cikin ƙirar FLRW, ta gabatar da ƙarin lokacin faɗaɗa cikin sauri cikin ƙirar ƙira bayan haye mashigin Planck (10-33 seconds bayan Babban Bang). Guth a cikin 1979, yayin da yake aiki akan ma'auni da ke kwatanta farkon kasancewar sararin samaniya, ya lura da wani abu mai ban mamaki - ɓarna na ƙarya. Ya bambanta da iliminmu na vacuum a cikin cewa, alal misali, ba fanko ba. Maimakon haka, abu ne, iko mai ƙarfi da zai iya kunna dukan sararin samaniya.

Ka yi tunanin wani yanki na cuku. Bari ya zama namu vacuum na ƙarya har babban bang. Yana da dukiya mai ban mamaki na abin da muke kira "nauyi mai banƙyama." Wannan ƙarfi ne mai ƙarfi wanda injin zai iya faɗaɗa daga girman zarra zuwa girman galaxy a cikin ɗan daƙiƙa guda. A daya bangaren, yana iya rube kamar kayan aikin rediyo. Lokacin da wani ɓangare na injin ya gaza, ya haifar da kumfa mai faɗaɗawa, kamar ramuka a cikin cuku na Swiss. A cikin irin wannan kumfa-rami an ƙirƙiri ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyi masu zafi da yawa. Daga nan sai su fashe, wanda shine Babban Bang da ya halicci sararin samaniyar mu.

Muhimmin abin da masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Rasha Alexander Vilenkin ya gane a farkon shekarun 80 shine cewa babu wani abu mara tushe ga rugujewar da ake magana akai. "Wadannan kumfa suna faɗaɗa cikin sauri," in ji Vilenkin, "amma sararin da ke tsakanin su yana faɗaɗa har ma da sauri, yana ba da damar samun sabbin kumfa." Yana nufin haka Da zarar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya fara, ba zai daina ba, kuma kowane kumfa mai zuwa ya ƙunshi albarkatun ƙasa don Babban Bang na gaba. Don haka, sararin samaniyar mu yana iya zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin halittu marasa iyaka da ke fitowa a koyaushe a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙarya.. A wasu kalmomi, yana iya zama gaske girgizar kasa na sararin samaniya.

Bayan 'yan watannin da suka gabata, na'urar hangen nesa ta ESA ta Planck Space Telescope ta lura "a gefen sararin samaniya" ɗigo masu haske masu ban mamaki waɗanda wasu masana kimiyya suka yi imani za su iya kasancewa. alamun mu'amalar mu da wata duniya. Misali, in ji Ranga-Ram Chari, daya daga cikin masu binciken da ke nazarin bayanan da ke fitowa daga dakin binciken da ke cibiyar California. Ya lura da baƙon tabo masu haske a cikin hasken baya (CMB) wanda na'urar hangen nesa ta Planck ta tsara. Ka'idar ita ce, akwai nau'i-nau'i masu yawa waɗanda "kumfa" na sararin samaniya suna girma cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya. Idan nau'in kumfa suna kusa, to, a farkon haɓakawar su, ana iya yin hulɗa da juna, ma'ana "ci karo", sakamakon abin da ya kamata mu gani a cikin burbushin halittu na cosmic microwave background radiation na farkon Universe.

Chari yana tsammanin ya sami irin waɗannan sawun. Ta hanyar nazari mai zurfi da tsayi, ya sami yankuna a cikin CMB waɗanda ke da haske sau 4500 fiye da yadda ka'idar radiation ta baya ta nuna. Wani bayani mai yuwuwa ga wannan wuce gona da iri na protons da electrons shine hulɗa da wata sararin samaniya. Tabbas, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wannan hasashen ba. Masana kimiyya sun yi hankali.

Akwai kusurwoyi kawai

Wani batu a cikin shirinmu na ziyartar wani nau'in gidan namun daji mai cike da rudani da hasashe game da halittar sararin samaniya, zai kasance hasashe na fitaccen masanin kimiyyar lissafi, dan kasar Burtaniya, kuma masanin falsafa Roger Penrose. A taƙaice, wannan ba ƙa'idar ƙididdigewa ba ce, amma tana da wasu abubuwa daga ciki. Sunan ka'idar shine conformal cyclic cosmology () - ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwan da ke cikin adadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da juzu'i na daidaitacce, wanda ke aiki kawai akan manufar kusurwa, yana ƙin tambayar nisa. Manyan triangles masu girma da ƙanana ba su bambanta a cikin wannan tsarin idan suna da kusurwoyi iri ɗaya a tsakanin bangarorinsu. Layukan madaidaici ba su bambanta da da'ira.

A cikin lokacin sararin samaniya mai girma huɗu na Einstein, ban da girma uku, akwai kuma lokaci. Daidaitaccen lissafi har ma yana rarrabawa da shi. Kuma wannan ya yi daidai da ka'idar kididdigar cewa lokaci da sarari na iya zama ruɗi na hankulanmu. Don haka muna da kusurwoyi kawai, ko kuma madaidaicin mazugi, watau. saman da radiation ke yaduwa. Hakanan an ƙayyade saurin haske daidai, saboda muna magana ne game da photons. A ilimin lissafi, wannan iyakataccen lissafi ya isa ya siffanta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, sai dai idan yana mu'amala da abubuwa masu yawa. Kuma sararin samaniya bayan Big Bang ya ƙunshi barbashi masu ƙarfi kawai, waɗanda a zahiri radiation ne. Kusan 100% na yawan su an canza su zuwa makamashi daidai da ainihin dabarar Einstein E = mc².

Don haka, yin watsi da taro, tare da taimakon ilimin lissafi na daidaitacce, zamu iya nuna ainihin tsarin halittar sararin samaniya da ma wasu lokuta kafin wannan halitta. Kuna buƙatar kawai la'akari da nauyin nauyi da ke faruwa a cikin mafi ƙarancin entropy, watau. zuwa babban tsari na tsari. Sa'an nan fasalin Babban Bang ya ɓace, kuma farkon sararin samaniya ya bayyana a matsayin iyaka na yau da kullum na wasu lokaci-lokaci.

8. Hangen wani farin ramin hasashe

Daga rami zuwa rami, ko Cosmic metabolism

Ka'idoji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna hasashen samuwar abubuwa masu ban mamaki, watau. farin ramuka (8) - kishiyar ramukan baƙar fata. An ambaci matsala ta farko a farkon littafin Fred Hoyle. Ka'idar ita ce, farin rami ya kamata ya zama yanki inda makamashi da kwayoyin halitta ke gudana daga ma'auni. Binciken da aka yi a baya bai tabbatar da samuwar farar ramuka ba, ko da yake wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa misalin asalin duniya, wato Big Bang, na iya zama misali na irin wannan lamari.

Bisa ma'anarsa, farin rami yana fitar da abin da baƙar fata ke sha. Sharadi kawai shine a kusantar da ramukan baki da fari kusa da juna tare da haifar da rami a tsakanin su. An ɗauka kasancewar irin wannan rami tun farkon 1921. Aka kira gada, sannan aka kira shi Einstein-Rosen Bridge, mai suna bayan masana kimiyya da suka yi lissafin lissafin da ke kwatanta wannan halitta ta zato. A cikin shekarun baya an kira shi tsutsa, wanda aka fi sani da Ingilishi da mafi ƙarancin suna "wormhole".

Bayan gano quasars, an ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankali na makamashin da ke tattare da waɗannan abubuwa na iya zama sakamakon farin rami. Duk da la'akari da yawa na ka'idoji, yawancin masana taurari ba su ɗauki wannan ka'idar da mahimmanci ba. Babban rashin lahani na duk nau'ikan fararen rami da aka haɓaka zuwa yanzu shine cewa dole ne a sami wani nau'in samuwar kewaye da su. filin gravitational mai ƙarfi sosai. Lissafi sun nuna cewa lokacin da wani abu ya fada cikin farin rami, yakamata ya sami sakin kuzari mai ƙarfi.

Duk da haka, ƙididdige ƙididdiga na masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa ko da fararen ramuka, sabili da haka wormholes, sun kasance, za su kasance marasa ƙarfi sosai. A taƙaice, kwayoyin halitta ba za su iya ratsawa ta cikin wannan “wormhole” ba, domin da sauri za ta wargaje. Kuma ko da jiki zai iya shiga cikin wata, sararin samaniya mai kamanceceniya, zai shigar da shi a cikin nau'i na barbashi, wanda, watakila, zai iya zama abu don sabuwar duniya, daban-daban. Wasu masana kimiyya ma suna jayayya cewa Big Bang, wanda ya kamata ya haifar da sararin samaniya, daidai ne sakamakon gano wani farin rami.

adadin holograms

Yana ba da yawa na exoticism a cikin ra'ayi da hasashe. ilimin lissafi. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, ya ba da wasu fassarori masu yawa ga abin da ake kira Makarantar Copenhagen. Ra'ayoyi game da igiyar jirgin sama ko vacuum azaman matrix mai ƙarfi-bayanan bayanai na gaskiya, wanda aka keɓe shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, suna aiki akan gefan kimiyya, wani lokacin ma kaɗan bayansa. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan lokutan sun sami karfi mai yawa.

Misali, kuna gina wasu yanayi don haɓaka sararin samaniya, kuna ɗaukar saurin haske mai canzawa, ƙimar kullun Planck, ko ƙirƙirar saɓani akan jigon nauyi. Ana yin juyin juya hali na dokar gravitation na duniya, alal misali, ta hanyar zargin cewa ma'auni na Newton ba sa aiki a nesa mai nisa, kuma adadin ma'auni dole ne ya dogara da girman sararin samaniya a halin yanzu (kuma karuwa tare da girma). An hana lokaci ta gaskiya a wasu ra'ayoyi, da kuma sararin samaniya a wasu.

Mafi sanannun hanyoyin jimla sune Concepts daga David Bohm (9). Ka'idarsa ta ɗauka cewa yanayin tsarin jiki yana dogara ne akan aikin igiyar ruwa da aka ba a cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin, kuma tsarin da kansa a kowane lokaci yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da za a iya daidaitawa (wanda shine matsayi na dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin ko kuma). Jihohin duk fage na zahiri). Zato na ƙarshe ba ya wanzu a cikin daidaitaccen fassarar ma'aunin ƙididdiga, wanda ya ɗauka cewa har zuwa lokacin aunawa, ana ba da yanayin tsarin ne kawai ta hanyar aikin igiyar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da paradox (wanda ake kira Schrödinger's cat paradox). . Juyin halittar tsarin tsarin ya dogara da aikin igiyar ruwa ta hanyar abin da ake kira ma'aunin igiyoyin jirgi. Louis de Broglie ne ya kirkiro ka'idar sannan Bohm ya sake ganowa kuma ya inganta shi. Ka'idar de Broglie-Bohm a zahiri ba ta cikin gida ba ce saboda ma'aunin motsi na matukin jirgi ya nuna cewa saurin kowane barbashi har yanzu ya dogara da matsayin dukkan barbashi a sararin samaniya. Tunda wasu sanannun ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi na gida ne, kuma hulɗar da ba ta cikin gida ba tare da alaƙa tana haifar da rikice-rikice, yawancin masana kimiyya suna ganin hakan ba zai yiwu ba.

10. Hologram na sararin samaniya

A cikin 1970, Bohm ya gabatar da nisa mai nisa hangen nesa na duniya-hologram (10), bisa ga abin da, kamar yadda a cikin hologram, kowane bangare ya ƙunshi bayanai game da gaba ɗaya. Bisa ga wannan ra'ayi, injin ba kawai tafki ne na makamashi ba, har ma da tsarin bayanai mai sarkakiya wanda ke dauke da bayanan holographic na duniya.

A cikin 1998, Harold Puthoff, tare da Bernard Heisch da Alfons Rueda, sun gabatar da mai fafatawa a gasa ga jimla electrodynamics - stochastic electrodynamics (SED). Vacuum a cikin wannan ra'ayi wani tafki ne na makamashi mai rudani wanda ke haifar da barbashi na yau da kullun suna bayyana da ɓacewa. Suna yin karo da ɓangarorin gaske, suna dawo da kuzarinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da canje-canje akai-akai a matsayinsu da kuzarinsu, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin rashin tabbas.

An tsara fassarar igiyar ruwa a cikin 1957 ta Everett da aka ambata. A cikin wannan fassarar, yana da ma'ana don yin magana jihar vector ga dukan duniya. Wannan vector ba ya rushewa, don haka gaskiya ta kasance mai ƙayyadaddun ƙaddara. Duk da haka, wannan ba shine gaskiyar da yawanci muke tunani akai ba, amma abun da ke cikin duniyoyi da yawa. An kasu kashi na jiha zuwa jerin jahohi masu wakiltar sararin samaniyar da ba za a iya ganin juna ba, tare da kowace duniya tana da takamaiman girma da dokar ƙididdiga.

Babban zato a farkon wannan tafsirin su ne kamar haka;

• yi bayani game da yanayin ilimin lissafi na duniya - ainihin duniyar ko kowane keɓantaccen ɓangarenta ana iya wakilta ta da jerin abubuwan lissafi;
• postulate game da bazuwar duniya - ana iya ɗaukar duniya azaman tsarin da na'ura.

Ya kamata a kara da cewa sifa "quantum" ya bayyana na ɗan lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Sabon Zamani da kuma sufi na zamani.. Misali, sanannen likita Deepak Chopra (11) ya inganta ra'ayi da ya kira warkar da adadi, yana nuna cewa da isasshen ƙarfin tunani, zamu iya warkar da dukkan cututtuka.

A cewar Chopra, ana iya zana wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi daga ilimin lissafi, wanda ya ce ya nuna cewa duniyar zahiri, ciki har da jikinmu, shine martanin mai kallo. Muna ƙirƙirar jikinmu kamar yadda muke ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar duniyarmu. Chopra ya kuma bayyana cewa "imani, tunani, da motsin zuciyarmu suna haifar da halayen sinadarai masu dorewa a cikin kowane tantanin halitta" kuma "duniya da muke rayuwa a cikinta, gami da kwarewar jikinmu, an ƙaddara gaba ɗaya ta yadda muke koyan gane ta." Don haka rashin lafiya da tsufa yaudara ce kawai. Ta hanyar ikon sani, za mu iya cimma abin da Chopra ya kira "jiki na har abada, har abada matasa hankali."

Duk da haka, har yanzu babu wani tabbataccen hujja ko shaida cewa injiniyoyin ƙididdiga suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wayewar ɗan adam ko kuma tana ba da haɗin kai kai tsaye cikin sararin samaniya. Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani, gami da injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa, ya kasance gabaɗayan jari-hujja da ragi, kuma a lokaci guda yana dacewa da duk abubuwan lura na kimiyya.