Fasaha a cikin kicin

Tare da labarin da ke ƙasa, za ku koyi mataki-mataki yadda fasaha ta samo asali a cikin dafa abinci, abin da ya faru a cikin ƙarni da kuma yadda yake kama a yau.

2,5 miliyan BC Ana daukar wuka a matsayin kayan aiki mafi tsufa na ɗan adam. Na farko kayan aikin dutse masu kama da wukake (1) da aka samu a wuraren al'adun Oldowan a Afirka, al'adun Paleolithic mafi tsufa. Sa'an nan kuma an yi wukake, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tare da shiga gilashin volcanic i sarewa tare da yankan gefuna da ƙasa da shekaru dubu 5 da suka gabata, ƙarfe ya bayyana a tarihin wayewa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, siffar da ingancin ruwan ruwa yana inganta kullum. Wukar tebur ba ta haɓaka ba har zuwa rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. A yau mun fi haduwa da wukake da bakin karfe.

1. Na farko dutse wuka ruwan wuka

Kututture dubu 13 Akwai tasoshin da aka yi da yumɓu mai siffar tukwane sannan a harba su (tukunoni na farko abubuwa ne da aka yi da dutse, harsashi na kunkuru, har ma da itace na musamman da aka shirya). Bayan lokaci, mutumin ya ci gaba hanyoyin samar da karfe Ya kuma fara yin tukwane da farantai da ita. A tsakiyar zamanai, an yi kwanon ƙarfe, tukwanen shayi da kasko, waɗanda suka ɗan yi kama da kayan aikin gida na kicin ɗin yau.

Kututture dubu 3 Misalai masu tsira na nau'ikan cokali daban-daban waɗanda Masarawa na dā suka yi amfani da su a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da: kayayyakin hauren giwa, duwatsu, zamewa i itace. Cokali na tagulla na farko da aka samu a China suna da kaifi kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman abin yanka. An yi cokali na Girka da na Roma da tagulla da azurfa.kuma ƙugiya yakan ɗauki siffar akwati mai nunawa. Kalmar Hellenanci da Latin don cokali, katantanwa, tana nufin harsashin katantanwa wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman cokali. Daga wannan kalmar ta zo da "ladle" na Yaren mutanen Poland. Kalmar Ingilishi (cokali) ta fito ne daga Anglo-Saxon, wanda ke nufin shard, slate daga bishiya ko haushi.

Romawa a kusa da karni na 2 AD sun kirkiro nau'i biyu na cokali. Na farko, ligula (XNUMX), yana da riko mai siffa mai siffar sanda da ƙwanƙwasa mara ƙanƙara, murabba'i, mai ɗan nuni. A cikin na biyu, wanda ake kira katantanwa, an tsara ladle a cikin nau'i na ƙaramin kwano. A ƙarshe Ligula ya rikide ya zama babban cokali kuma ya zama abin koyi ga nau'ikan ladle da ɗigo daban-daban. Irin da muka sani a yau (mafi tsayi tare da hutu) an samo shi ne kawai a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.

Shekaru 2400-1900 An samo kayan aikin ƙashi mai kama da cokali mai yatsa a wuraren binciken kayan tarihi a cikin al'adun Qijia na kasar Sin tun daga zamanin Bronze (Daular Shan). Bi da bi, zanen dutse daga kabarin Han na Gabas (a cikin Da-kua-liang, gundumar Suide, Shaanxi) ya nuna. cokali mai yatsu rataye a dakin cin abinci. Wadannan kayan yankan sun zo Turai a karni na 3 daga Gabas. A cewar almara, wata gimbiya Byzantine ta kawo su Italiya da ta auri 'yar Venetian doge. Duk da haka, ba a yarda da su ba, har ma ana ɗaukar amfani da su a matsayin zanga-zangar bidi'a da abin kunya. A ƙarshe sun zauna a kan tebur a Yammacin Turai kawai a farkon karni na XNUMX. (XNUMX).

3. Tsoffin cokali mai yatsu

2-1 nau'in. shirme Suna bayyana a China Sandunan abinciwanda muke amfani dashi a yau a sandunan sushi. A hankali, sun zama kayan aikin abinci da suka fi shahara a Asiya. Suna aiki kamar dunƙule kuma an yi su da itace, ƙarfe, hauren giwa har ma da filastik.

Yayi kyau. nau'in 1. shirme A wancan lokacin (ko watakila a baya) an riga an yi amfani da shi turmi - a cikin yankunan da daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Roman Empire, da kuma a cikin kasashen da Aztecs suke zama, wanda ya kira wannan kayan aiki molcahete (4). Shekaru aru-aru, ana amfani da tukwane da dutse, itace, ƙarfe, ko yumbu a matsayin mafita. Haka yake da Bludger. An samo nau'ikan waɗannan kayan aikin na farko a Indiya da Kudancin Asiya, da sauransu. A Turai, masana harhada magunguna (da shamans na kowane ratsi) sun yi amfani da su don yin magunguna da gaurayawan ganye.

4. Nau'in dutse turmi 

200 kuma China na iya ginawa akwatin wuta da aka rufe. A Turai, ra'ayin ginannen hearths bai zama tartsatsi ba har sai tsakiyar zamanai. Ƙoƙari na farko a rufaffiyar murhu bai yi nasara ba - hayaƙin yana cutar da idanu kuma ya taso makogwaro, akwai kuma mummunar haɗarin wuta, kuma jagorancin harshen wuta zuwa sama ya haifar da zubar zafi, wanda kuma ba shi da kyau. An ɗauki ƙarni da yawa don haɓaka akwatin wuta mai aiki, mai aminci, gabaɗaya rufaffiyar wuta.

300-400 daga cikinsu Suka baje dunƙule presses, An gabatar da shi cikin amfani da baya a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. Ana iya kiransa juyin juya hali cikin aminci, saboda ƙirƙira ta inganta ingantaccen tsarin samarwa (an san cewa ana buƙatar latsa mai ƙarfi sosai don samar da ruwan inabi daga inabi, cider daga apples, da man zaitun daga zaitun) da rage lokacin aiki. Na yau masu shayarwa - ko da yake sun dauki makamashi daga kanti, kuma ba aikin mutum ko dabba ba, har yanzu suna amfani da tsohuwar tsarin da aka tabbatar na dunƙule presses.

XVI p. Suna tashi farko graterszai yiwu a Faransa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sun zauna a cikin ɗakin dafa abinci, suna ɗaukar nau'i-nau'i iri-iri - daga mafi sauƙi tare da bango ɗaya, ta hanyar murabba'i, zuwa wasu zaɓuɓɓukan zamani da aka sani da mu.

Karni na XNUMX An gina na farko a Faransa. mai dafa abinci mai matsin lamba. Mahaliccinsa masanin kimiyya ne, likita da lissafi a cikin mutum daya - Denis Papin (5). An fara samar da injin dafa abinci a ma'aunin masana'antu kawai bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin, sun zama na'urar da ta shahara sosai a tsakanin iyalai matasa. A yau an manta da su an maye gurbinsu, misali. jiragen ruwa.

5. Tsohon matsi mai dafa abinci, watau. Daddy's boiler 1

1710 Ya bayyana jiko sha shiri dabara. A cikin gwaji na farko a Faransa, wannan yana nufin nutsar da kofi na ƙasa, yawanci ana rufe shi a cikin jakar lilin, a cikin ruwan zafi har sai an sami jiko da ake so.

1799 Hanyar shiri (wanda a cikin Faransanci na nufin "a cikin vacuum") ya bayyana a Amurka da Faransa - Ana rufe abinci a cikin jakar filastiksannan a sanya shi a cikin wankan ruwa ko tururi a yanayin da aka sarrafa daidai, ƙasa da wanda ake amfani da shi don dafa abinci na gargajiya kuma na dogon lokaci fiye da hanyoyin gargajiya.

1826-1834 James Sharp (6), ma'aikacin Northampton gasworks, ya tsara na farko murhun gaswanda daga baya aka sayar da shi ga kasuwa, inda aka fara kafa shi a gida a 1826. An sayar da kwafin na farko zuwa ɗakin dafa abinci na otal a 1834, amma duk da nasarar da suka samu, mahaliccinsu ya ji tsoron ƙaddamar da samar da cikakken sikelin. Ziyara ce kawai daga Ubangiji zuwa gidan Sharpe Frederick Spencer asalinwanda ke son abinci mai dafaffen gas ya shawo kan mai ƙirƙira cewa dole ne ya biya bukatun da ake da su. A 1836 ya kafa masana'anta tare da ma'aikata 35. Tandansa kuwa tanda ne a tsaye da ƙugiya a saman da ake rataye nama don gasa, tare da zoben ƙonawa a ƙasa.

7. Napier Vacuum Machine

1840 Tashi da wuri wanda ya kafa injin kofi, wato injin injina (7). Injin vacuum, ko da yake gabaɗaya sun fi rikitarwa don amfani da yau da kullun, ana kimanta su don samar da jiko mai haske kuma sun shahara har zuwa tsakiyar karni na ashirin, bayan haka kayan aikin kofi sun inganta. A cikin 30s, injinan espresso cikakke na atomatik tare da dumama lantarki sun bayyana. Mai tace kofi na farko ya fara kasuwa a 1972.

1850 Ba'amurke Joel Houghton ya ba da haƙƙin na'urar katako tare da wata dabarar juyawa da hannu wacce ke fesa ruwa akan jita-jita. Ya kasance na farko haƙƙin mallaka na tasa. Sannan a cikin wannan nau'in akwai na'urori masu inganci kuma masu amfani.

1858 Ezra Warner Halicci duniya ta farko iya budewa. A cikin 1925 William Lyman an kammala game da. wheel wheel. An daidaita wannan ƙirar zuwa nau'in gwangwani ɗaya kawai, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka gyara wannan gazawar ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sigar duniya.

1876 Injiniyan Bavaria kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Karl von Linde gina na'urar da aka daskare abinci a cikinta ta amfani da ammonia ruwa (8). Kankara da wannan na’ura ta kera ta zama tubali aka raba ga gidajen. Vikings kuma sun lura cewa naman da aka adana a cikin sanyi yana dadewa. Don haka ne aka tona ramuka na musamman a cikin mafi duhun bukkokin, aka cika da dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara, bayan da suka ajiye abinci a wurin, suka rufe komai da rufin katako da ƙasa, wanda ya ba da kariya ta zafi. . . Ee an haɓaka manufar kantin sanyi, abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci waɗanda - keɓaɓɓen sarari da mai sanyaya - ba su canza ba har yau. Sun zama sananne a farkon karni na XNUMX. kwandunan kankarainda aka yi amfani da tsarin keɓewa na musamman. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan da Linde ya ƙirƙira, na farko lantarki firiji. An ƙirƙiri sigar matsa lamba da ake amfani da ita a yau a cikin 1925.

8. Tsarin tsari na firiji Carl von Linde

1885 An bai wa Rufus M. Eastman lasisin Amurka na farko don na'urar da za a iya ɗaukar samfuri. lantarki mahaɗin.

1882-1893 A Duniya Dog Show a Chicago Friedrich Schindler ne adam wata олучено lambar zinare na murhun lantarki. Wanda ya ƙera shi ne magajin masana'antun masaku masu bunƙasa, amma ya fi sha'awar binciken fasaha. Da yake hamshakin attajiri ne, ya ziyarci nune-nunen nune-nunen duniya, inda aka gabatar da sabbin nasarorin da aka samu a fannin fasaha. A 1881, a irin wannan nuni a Paris, ya saya Thomas Edison Electric Generator tare da kaddamar da kwan fitila na farko da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar Ostiriya. Ina mamakin abin da Schindler ya dauka don taimakawa da abubuwan da ya kirkira Gabriela Narutowicz, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban farko na kasar Poland mai cin gashin kanta ... Ko da yake Schindler ya sami lambar yabo don kirkiro da shi, wani dan kasar Kanada ya kasance farkon wanda ya haɗa murhun da wutar lantarki. Thomas Ahern. An yi amfani da na'urarsa don sake dumama abinci a Windsor Hotel a Ottawa. Har ila yau, Ahern ya sami takardar izinin yin murhu na lantarki a Arewacin Amirka. Bayan shekaru hudu William Hadaway daga {asar Amirka, sun sami takardar shedar neman “kwarjin wutan lantarki da ake sarrafa ta ta atomatik”.

1893 Alfred Louis Bernardin haƙƙin mallaka na farko mabudin kwalba. An haɗe shi zuwa saman tebur ɗin dindindin. Bayan shekara guda, ya ba da izini ga wani samfurin irin wannan. William Painter - wanda ya kirkiro corona shutters, watau. iyalai. Har yanzu ana amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

1909 Na farko nasara injin ƙyafewa patents Frank Shaylor daga General Electric. Na'urarsa ba ta da akwatin da ke waje, na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da kuma na'urorin sarrafawa, haka kuma, tana da sashin dumama guda ɗaya kawai, don haka kowane gefen biredi ya kamata a soya shi daban, kamar a cikin kwanon rufi. injin ƙyafewaabin da muka sani a yau, watau tantance cewa gurasar tana shirye don ci da jefa shi, Charles Streit ne ya kirkiro shi a cikin 20s.

1922 Yaren mutanen Poland ta haihuwa Stefan Poplavski, yana gina injin shan madara. Yana dauke da wata doguwar kwantena, a kasan akwai wukake da aka sanya ta. Na irin wannan mahautsini yana jin daɗin babban shahararsa har yau.

1922 Arthur Leslie Big ginawa Kettle na lantarki. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, damuwar General Electric ya kawo kamfanin zuwa kasuwa Kettle na lantarki tare da kashewa ta atomatik.

1938 An dauke shi wanda ya kirkiro Teflon. Roy Plunkettwanda ya yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na DuPont. A yayin da ake gudanar da bincike kan iskar gas da aka daskare, ya nuna cewa daya daga cikin samfuran an rufe shi da wani farin foda wanda ba a san shi ba a baya - Teflon. Kafin a gabatar da shi da yawa a cikin samar da kayan abinci, ya bayyana, alal misali, a cikin aikin Manhattan, wanda manufarsa shine ƙirƙirar. Bam bam din.

1945 A cikin aiwatar da aiki akan na'urorin radar, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗari Microwave. Mahaliccinsa injiniyan Amurka ne kuma mai ƙirƙira Percy Spencer asalin. Ya lura da cewa sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, wani ma'aunin cakulan ya narke a cikin aljihunsa. Popcorn shine abinci na farko da masanin kimiyyar ya dumama a cikin microwave da gangan. A cikin 1947, Raytheon ya ƙaddamar da tanda na microwave na farko na Radarange a kasuwa. Tsayinsa ya kai mita 1,5, nauyinsa ya haura kilogiram 300 kuma kudinsa ya kai $5. daloli.

9. Ɗaya daga cikin tanda na farko na microwave

1952 George Stephen, Weber Brother Metal Works welder, ƙirƙira samfurin gasaa halin yanzu muna amfani. Ya ɓullo da samfurin šaukuwa tare da rufin aiki wanda ke kare abinci daga yiwuwar ruwan sama, da grates daga hayaki.

1976 Ƙaddamar da hankali combi steamer - ci gaban ra'ayin tanda convection, wanda aka ƙara aikin tururi ɗakin. Magoya bayan sun tilasta iska mai zafi ta cikin ɗakin, yana haifar da motsi a kwance. Daga nan sai iskar ta ratsa cikin abubuwan tacewa wadanda ke cire tarkacen mai daga gare su kuma a mayar da su ga magoya baya. Daidaitawar iska da rage ragewa suna ba da garantin rashin ƙarfi na wari (babban masu ɗauke da su masu kitse ne) da daidaiton zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin. Ana ƙara tururi zuwa ɗakin zazzagewar iska, wanda ke hanzarta maganin zafi kuma yana hana abinci daga rasa danshi.

Sabbin fasaha a cikin kicin

Intanet na abubuwa

Kamfanoni da yawa suna ba da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke haɓaka basirar kayan aikin da muke da su ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba. Bari ya zama misali SmartThingQ Kamfanin LG. Ana iya haɗa wannan na'urar zagaye da na'urori masu jituwa kamar injin wanki, firji, murhun microwave ko kwandishan. Yana yin rajistar wasu abubuwan motsa jiki, kamar yanayin zafi ko matakan girgiza, kuma yana ba da rahoton su ga mai amfani ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kan wayar hannu ko kwamfutar hannu (idan suna aiki akan Android). Mai sana'anta ya ba da tabbacin cewa motar SmartThingQ da aka haɗa da injin wanki zai ba da rahoto, alal misali, ƙarshen sake zagayowar, kuma firikwensin daga firiji zai haifar da sanarwa game da ranar karewa na abinci. Hakanan yana iya yin sigina, alal misali, buɗe firij yayin rashi.

Smart kitchen kayan aikin

Idan muna da matsala wajen aunawa da auna kayan abinci, Smart faɗuwar sikelin ta amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu, wannan zai taimake mu mu cimma daidaitattun daidaito. Kwano mai ma'ana mai ma'ana Pantelligent sanye take da na'urori masu auna firikwensin, godiya ga wanda koyaushe zamu san idan zafin frying daidai ne. Ko da alluran “wawa” ba wauta ba ne idan ana kiran ta da GKilo kuma tana iya auna yankan guda har zuwa gram guda.

Tsayin kwamfutar hannu

Tebura da teburin dafa abinci ba wuri ne mafi kyau don kwamfutar hannu ba - ban da haka, hannayen ma'aikacin kicin ba koyaushe suke da tsabta ba. Duk da haka yana da wani makawa yanki na kayan aiki lokacin da muke bukatar mu lilo girke-girke ko duba TV nuna yayin dafa abinci… Abin farin, akwai riga da yawa daban-daban model na kwamfutar hannu tsaye daga daban-daban masana'antun. Dole ne kawai ku zaɓi mafi dacewa.

Injin kofi mai sarrafa murya

Ga masu fasaha, yana tafiya ba tare da faɗi cewa dole ne a kunna na'urori ba kuma sarrafa murya. Saboda haka, alal misali, ana iya saita na'urar kofi na kofi na Hamilton Beach Voice Activated 12 Cup Coffeemaker don shirya wani nau'in kofi a wani lokaci, a cikin wani adadi, ba shakka.

Mobile Apps don dafa abinci

Wani bayyananne ga wadanda suka saba da shi. Akwai marasa adadi daga cikinsu. Suna ba ku damar sarrafa kayan dafa abinci na nesa, sarrafa tsarin dafa abinci tare da girke-girke mai ma'amala, kuma, a ƙarshe, wanda yake da kyau ga ƙaramin tsarar chefs, raba sakamakon ƙoƙarin ku na dafa abinci akan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa.

Kitchen karni na XNUMX.

CookPlat tukunyar tukunyar yumbu ne mai gilashin da za a iya ɗauka tare da kai, ɗauka a cikin kaya kuma a dafa shi a ko'ina. Sai dai idan, ba shakka, abin ya faru a can samar da wutar lantarki. Mahimmanci, na'urar tana da tsari na zamani, don haka idan ya cancanta, zaka iya siffanta nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan farantin, dole ne a cikin yanayin da aka ba. Wani amfani shine juriya na ruwa, godiya ga wanda CookPlat alal misali, ana iya wanke shi lafiya a cikin injin wanki tare da sauran jita-jita. Matosai na lantarki da kwasfa suna da tsari mara kyau, wanda ke sa tattarawa ya fi sauƙi.

Refrigerator tare da intanet

Yau firiji da m kofa touch allon. Misali, ƙirar LG InstaView ko Samsung Family Hub ƙirar firiji suna ba ku damar yin odar kayan abinci ta wannan kofa, kunna kiɗa, ko barin da aika saƙonni ga membobin dangi godiya ga tsarin kwamfuta. Kyamarorin da ke cikin na'urar suna ba mu damar ganin daga nesa idan wani abu ya ɓace, wanda tabbas yana da amfani lokacin da muke siyayya. Har ila yau, kayan aikin LG yana nan kuma samfurin Samsung yana ba da girke-girke bisa abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu.

Fries na Faransa a cikin iska

Muna son soyayyen faransa, amma ga danginmu da lafiyarmu, wannan ba shine mafi kyawun abinci ba. Don haka Phillips ya ƙirƙira Injin soya na Faransa - Airfryer, wanda muke amfani da karamin teaspoon na man fetur don dafa dankali don soya, kuma kayan aiki suna ba da iska mai zafi. Fat da adadin kuzari a cikin irin wannan abinci tabbas sun yi ƙasa da yadda aka saba. Kowa yakamata yayiwa kansa hukunci.

3D printer

BlinBot za mu buga kowane pancake da muke so. Za a iya sauke namu ƙira ko ƙirar pancake da aka samu daga kasuwa ta amfani da katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai cirewa. yawanci kayan zaki. ChefJet, halitta ta 3D Systems, kwafi daga sukari ko icing kuma shine "alkalami" na lantarki don rubutu da zane tare da cakulan.