Masu samar da gishiri, part 4 Bromine

Wani abu daga dangin halogen shine bromine. Ya mamaye wuri tsakanin chlorine da aidin (tare suna samar da dangin halogen), kuma kadarorinsa matsakaici ne idan aka kwatanta da maƙwabta a sama da kasan ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, duk wanda ya yi tunanin cewa wannan wani abu ne marar ban sha'awa zai yi kuskure.

Misali, bromine shine kawai ruwa a tsakanin wadanda ba karfe ba, kuma launinsa shima ya kasance na musamman a duniyar abubuwan. Babban abu, duk da haka, ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje masu ban sha'awa tare da shi a gida.

- Wani abu yana wari a nan! -

...... Inji likitan kimiya na Faransa Joseph Gay-Lussaclokacin da a lokacin rani na 1826, a madadin Faransa Academy, ya duba rahoton game da gano wani sabon kashi. An fi sanin marubucin littafin Antoine Balad. Shekara guda da ta gabata, wannan ma'aikacin apothecary mai shekaru 23 ya binciko yuwuwar yin Iodine daga mafitacin noma da ya ragu daga kristal na gishirin dutse daga ruwan teku (hanyar da ake amfani da ita don yin gishiri a yanayi mai dumi kamar Tekun Bahar Rum ta Faransa). Chlorine ya kumfa ta cikin maganin, yana kawar da aidin daga gishiri. Ya karbi kashi, amma ya lura da wani abu dabam - fim din ruwa mai launin rawaya tare da wari mai karfi. Ya raba sannan ya hade. Ragowar ya zama ruwa mai duhu mai launin ruwan kasa, sabanin kowane abu da aka sani. Sakamakon gwajin Balar ya nuna cewa wannan sabon abu ne. Don haka, ya aika da rahoto zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci kuma ya jira hukuncinta. Bayan da aka tabbatar da gano Balar, an ba da suna ga sinadarin. bromine, wanda aka samo daga Girkanci bromos, i.e. wari, saboda kamshin bromine baya jin dadi (1).

Tsanaki Wari mara kyau ba shine kawai rashin amfani da bromine ba. Wannan kashi yana da illa kamar yadda halogens mafi girma, kuma, sau ɗaya a kan fata, ya bar raunuka masu wuyar warkewa. Don haka babu yadda za a yi a samu sinadarin bromine a cikin tsantsar tsantsarsa sannan ka guji shakar kamshin maganinsa.

ruwan teku kashi

Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin bromine da ke cikin duniya. Fuskantar sinadarin chlorine yana haifar da sakin bromine, wanda ke jujjuyawa tare da iskar da ake busa ruwa. A cikin mai karɓa, bromine yana raguwa sannan kuma an tsarkake shi ta hanyar distillation. Saboda gasa mai rahusa da ƙarancin amsawa, ana amfani da bromine ne kawai lokacin da ake buƙata. Abubuwan amfani da yawa sun shuɗe, kamar su bromide na azurfa a cikin daukar hoto, abubuwan ƙara mai gubar, da abubuwan kashe gobarar halon. Bromine wani abu ne na batir bromine-zinc, kuma ana amfani da mahadinsa azaman magunguna, rini, ƙari don rage ƙonewar robobi, da samfuran kariya daga shuka.

A cikin sinadarai, bromine baya bambanta da sauran halogens: yana samar da karfi hydrobromic acid HBr, gishiri tare da bromine anion da wasu acid oxygen da gishiri.

Bromine Analyst

Halayen halayen bromide anion sunyi kama da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi don chlorides. Bayan ƙara wani bayani na azurfa nitrate AgNO₃ Hazo mara kyau na AgBr yana hazo, duhu a cikin haske saboda bazuwar photochemical. Hazo yana da launin rawaya (ya bambanta da farin AgCl da rawaya AgI) kuma ba shi da ƙarfi sosai lokacin da aka ƙara maganin ammonia na NH._3aq (wanda ke bambanta shi da AgCl, wanda yake da narkewa sosai a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi) (2). 

2. Kwatanta launuka na azurfa halides - a ƙasa za ku iya ganin lalatarsu bayan bayyanar haske.

Hanya mafi sauƙi don gano bromides ita ce oxidize su kuma ƙayyade kasancewar bromine kyauta. Don gwajin za ku buƙaci: potassium bromide KBr, potassium permanganate KMnO₄, sulfuric acid bayani (VI) H₂SO₄ da sauran kaushi (misali, fenti bakin ciki). Zuba ƙaramin adadin KBr da KMnO a cikin bututun gwaji.₄sannan sai 'yan digo na acid. Abin da ke ciki nan da nan ya zama rawaya (asali shi purple ne daga ƙarar potassium permanganate):

2 Mun₄ +10KBr +8H₂SO4 → 2MnSO₄ + 6 dubu₂SO₄ +5Br₂ + 8H₂Game da Ƙara hidima

3. Bromine cirewa daga ruwa Layer (kasa) launuka da Organic sauran ƙarfi Layer ja-kasa (saman).

da sauran ƙarfi da girgiza vial don haɗa abin da ke ciki. Bayan cirewa, za ku ga cewa Layer Layer ya ɗauki launin ja mai launin ruwan kasa. Bromine yana narkar da mafi kyau a cikin ruwa marasa ƙarfi kuma yana tafiya daga ruwa zuwa sauran ƙarfi. Lamarin da aka gani ganima (3). 

Ruwan bromine a gida

ruwan bromine Maganin ruwa ne da aka samo ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar narkar da bromine a cikin ruwa (kimanin 3,6 g na bromine a kowace g 100 na ruwa). Yana da reagent da aka yi amfani da shi azaman wakili mai laushi mai laushi kuma don gano yanayin mahaɗar kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, bromine kyauta abu ne mai haɗari, kuma banda haka, ruwan bromine ba shi da kwanciyar hankali (bromine yana ƙafe daga bayani kuma yana amsawa da ruwa). Sabili da haka, yana da kyau a sami ɗan ƙaramin aiki kuma nan da nan amfani da shi don gwaje-gwaje.

Kun riga kun koyi hanyar farko don gano bromides: oxidation wanda ke haifar da samuwar bromine kyauta. A wannan lokacin, ƙara ɗigon H zuwa maganin potassium bromide KBr a cikin flask.₂SO₄ da kuma wani ɓangare na hydrogen peroxide (3% H₂O₂ amfani dashi azaman maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta). Bayan ɗan lokaci, cakuda ya zama rawaya:

2KBr+H₂O₂ +H₂SO₄ →K₂SO₄ + A'a₂ + 2H₂O

Ruwan bromine da aka samu haka ya gurɓace, amma X shine kawai damuwa.₂O₂. Saboda haka, dole ne a cire shi tare da manganese dioxide MnO.₂wanda zai bazu wuce haddi hydrogen peroxide. Hanya mafi sauƙi don samun fili ta fito ne daga ƙwayoyin da za a iya zubarwa (wanda aka ƙulla a matsayin R03, R06), inda yake cikin nau'in duhu mai cike da kofin zinc. Sanya tsunkule na taro a cikin flask, kuma bayan amsawa, zubar da supernatant, kuma reagent yana shirye.

Wata hanyar ita ce electrolysis na maganin ruwa mai ruwa na KBr. Don samun ingantacciyar maganin bromine mai tsabta, wajibi ne a gina diaphragm electrolyzer, watau. kawai raba beaker tare da guntun kwali mai dacewa (ta haka za ku rage hadawar samfuran amsawa akan wayoyin). Za a yi amfani da sandar graphite da aka ɗauko daga tantanin halitta 3 da aka ambata a sama azaman ingantacciyar lantarki, da ƙusa na yau da kullun azaman lantarki mara kyau. Madogarar wutar lantarki baturi ce mai tsabar kudi 4,5 V. Zuba maganin KBr a cikin beaker, saka electrodes tare da wayoyi da aka makala, kuma haɗa baturin zuwa wayoyi. Kusa da ingantacciyar wutar lantarki, maganin zai zama rawaya (wannan shine ruwan bromine ɗin ku), kuma kumfa hydrogen za su fito a mummunan lantarki (4). Akwai kamshin bromine sama da gilashin. Zana maganin tare da sirinji ko pipette.

4. Kwayoyin diaphragm na gida a hagu da kuma kwayar halitta guda ɗaya a cikin samar da ruwan bromine (dama). The reagent tara a kusa da tabbatacce lantarki; hydrogen kumfa ana iya gani a kan korau electrode.

Kuna iya adana ruwan bromine na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin akwati da aka rufe sosai, an kare shi daga haske da wuri mai sanyi, amma yana da kyau a gwada shi nan da nan. Idan kun yi takaddun sitaci aidin bisa ga girke-girke daga sashe na biyu na sake zagayowar, sanya digo na ruwan bromine akan takarda. Wani wuri mai duhu zai bayyana nan da nan, yana nuna alamar samuwar iodine kyauta:

2KI + Br.₂ → i₂ + KVg

Kamar yadda ake samun bromine daga ruwan teku ta hanyar kawar da shi daga bromides tare da wakili mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (), haka bromine yana kawar da iodine mai rauni fiye da shi daga iodides (ba shakka, chlorine kuma zai maye gurbin iodine).

Idan ba ku da takardar sitaci, sai a zuba maganin potassium iodide a cikin bututun gwaji sannan a ƙara digo kaɗan na ruwan bromine. Maganin ya yi duhu, kuma lokacin da aka ƙara alamar sitaci (dakatar da garin dankalin turawa a cikin ruwa), ya juya launin shuɗi - sakamakon yana nuna bayyanar iodine kyauta (5). 

5. Gano sinadarin bromine. A sama - sitaci aidin takarda, a kasa - wani bayani na potassium iodide tare da sitaci nuna alama (a hagu - reagents ga dauki, a dama - sakamakon hadawa da mafita).

Gwaje-gwajen kicin guda biyu.

Daga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa tare da ruwan bromine, Ina ba da shawarar biyu don abin da za ku buƙaci reagents daga kicin. Da farko, a fitar da kwalbar man fulawa.

7. Ra'ayin ruwan bromine tare da man kayan lambu. Ana iya ganin saman saman man fetur (hagu) da ƙasan Layer na ruwa mai cike da bromine kafin amsawa (hagu). Bayan amsawa (dama), Layer na ruwa ya zama mai launi.

sunflower ko man zaitun. Zuba ɗan ƙaramin man kayan lambu a cikin bututun gwaji tare da ruwan bromine sannan a girgiza abin da ke cikin ta yadda reagents su haɗu sosai. Yayin da emulsion na labile ya rushe, mai zai kasance a saman (kasa da ruwa fiye da ruwa) da kuma ruwan bromine a kasa. Koyaya, layin ruwan ya rasa launin rawaya. Wannan tasirin "ya haramta" maganin ruwa kuma yana amfani da shi don amsawa tare da sassan mai (6). 

Man kayan lambu yana ƙunshe da adadin fatty acid mai yawa (haɗe da glycerin don samar da mai). Ana haɗe ƙwayoyin bromine zuwa ɗakuna biyu a cikin ƙwayoyin waɗannan acid, suna samar da daidaitattun abubuwan bromine. Canji a cikin launi na ruwan bromine yana nuna cewa mahaɗin kwayoyin da ba su da tushe suna cikin samfurin gwaji, watau. mahadi waɗanda ke da alaƙa biyu ko sau uku tsakanin carbon atoms (7). 

Don gwajin dafa abinci na biyu, shirya soda burodi, watau sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO.₃, da sukari guda biyu - glucose da fructose. Kuna iya siyan soda da glucose a kantin kayan miya, da fructose a kantin masu ciwon sukari ko kantin abinci na lafiya. Glucose da fructose suna samar da sucrose, wanda shine sukari na kowa. Bugu da kari, sun yi kama da kaddarorin kuma suna da tsari iri ɗaya, kuma idan wannan bai isa ba, cikin sauƙin shiga juna. Gaskiya ne, akwai bambance-bambance a tsakanin su: fructose yana da dadi fiye da glucose, kuma a cikin bayani ya juya jirgin sama na haske a cikin sauran shugabanci. Koyaya, don ganowa, zakuyi amfani da bambancin tsarin sinadarai: glucose shine aldehyde, kuma fructose shine ketone.

7. Reaction na ƙari na bromine zuwa ɗaure

Kuna iya tunawa cewa an gano rage sukari ta amfani da gwajin Trommer da Tollens. Duban waje na bulo Cu ajiya₂O (a cikin ƙoƙari na farko) ko madubi na azurfa (a cikin na biyu) yana nuna kasancewar rage mahadi, irin su aldehydes.

Koyaya, waɗannan yunƙurin ba su bambanta tsakanin glucose aldehyde da fructose ketone ba, tunda fructose zai canza tsarinsa da sauri a cikin matsakaicin amsawa, ya zama glucose. Ana buƙatar reagent mai bakin ciki.

Halogens kamar 

Akwai rukuni na mahadi masu kama da kamanni a cikin kaddarorin masu kama da juna. Suna samar da acid na tsarin HX na gaba ɗaya da gishiri tare da X-anions mononegative, kuma waɗannan acid ba su samuwa daga oxides. Misalan irin waɗannan pseudohalogens sune hydrocyanic acid HCN mai guba da HSCN thiocyanate mara lahani. Wasu daga cikinsu ma suna samar da kwayoyin diatomic, irin su cyanogen (CN).₂.

Anan ne ruwan bromine ke shiga cikin wasa. Yi mafita: glucose tare da ƙari na NaHCO₃ da fructose, kuma tare da ƙari na yin burodi soda. Zuba maganin glucose da aka shirya a cikin bututun gwaji guda ɗaya tare da ruwan bromine, da fructose a cikin ɗayan, shima da ruwan bromine. Bambanci a bayyane yake a bayyane: ruwan bromine ya canza launi a ƙarƙashin aikin maganin glucose, kuma fructose bai haifar da wani canji ba. Za a iya bambanta sugars guda biyu kawai a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin alkaline (wanda aka samar da sodium bicarbonate) kuma tare da wakili mai laushi mai laushi, watau ruwan bromine. Yin amfani da maganin alkaline mai ƙarfi (wajibi don gwajin Trommer da Tollens) yana haifar da saurin jujjuya sukari ɗaya zuwa wani da canza launin ruwan bromine shima ta hanyar fructose. Idan kuna son sani, maimaita gwajin ta amfani da sodium hydroxide maimakon soda burodi.