Tankuna. Shekaru dari na farko, part 1
Tankuna. Shekaru dari na farko, part 1
Daidai shekaru 100 da suka gabata, a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1916, a filin Picardy da ke kogin Somme a arewa maso yammacin Faransa, tankunan Birtaniya da dama sun fara shiga fafatawar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tankin ya kasance cikin tsari bisa tsari kuma har yau yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen fama.
Dalilin bayyanar tankuna shi ne bukatar, wanda aka haifa a cikin fadace-fadacen jini a cikin ramukan laka na yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da sojojin bangarorin biyu suka zubar da jini mai yawa, sun kasa fita daga cikin matsananciyar matsayi.
Yakin mahara ya kasa karya hanyoyin yaki na gargajiya, kamar motoci masu sulke, wadanda ba za su iya bi ta shingen shingen waya da tarkacen ramuka ba. Na'urar da za ta iya yin hakan ta dauki hankalin Ubangiji na farko na Admiralty, Winston S. Churchill, kodayake wannan ba aikinsa ba ne. Zane na farko da aka yi la'akari da shi shine mota a kan dabaran "tare da ƙafafu", wato, goyon baya masu motsi da aka sanya a kusa da kewayen ƙafafun, wanda ya dace da filin. Manufar irin wannan dabaran na Brama J. Diplock, wani injiniya dan Birtaniya ne wanda ya gina taraktoci a kan titi tare da irin wadannan tayoyin a Kamfanin Sufuri na Pedrail nasa a Fulham, wani yanki na London. Tabbas, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin "matattu" masu yawa; ƙafafun da ke da "ƙafofin ƙafa" sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da kyau a kan hanya fiye da ƙafafu na al'ada.
Maine blacksmith Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) ya fara samar da kayan aikin caterpillar chassis akan taraktocin noma da ya gina. A kan tuƙi axle, ya shigar da saiti tare da caterpillars, kuma a gaban mota - maimakon gaban axle - tuƙi skids. A duk rayuwarsa, ya "bayar" 83 daga cikin wadannan taraktocin tururi, ya sanya su a cikin 1901-1917. Ya yi aiki a matsayin guduma domin aikin sa na Waterville Iron Works a Waterville, Maine, ya kera motoci sama da biyar a shekara na waɗannan shekaru goma sha shida. Daga baya, har zuwa 1934, ya "samar" dizal tarakta tarakta a daidai wannan taki.
Ci gaban ci gaban motocin da aka sa ido har yanzu yana da alaƙa da Amurka da injiniyoyin ƙira guda biyu. Daya daga cikinsu shine Benjamin Leroy Holt (1849-1920). A Stockton, California, akwai ƙaramin masana'antar kera motoci mallakar Holts, Kamfanin Wheel Wheel, wanda ya fara kera taraktoci don gonakin tururi a ƙarshen 1904. A cikin Nuwamba 1908, kamfanin ya gabatar da tarakta na farko na dizal, wanda Benjamin L. Holt ya tsara. Waɗannan motocin suna da aksal ɗin gaba wanda ya maye gurbin skids ɗin da aka yi amfani da su a baya da ƙafafu, don haka sun kasance rabin waƙoƙi kamar rabin waƙoƙin daga baya. A cikin XNUMX kawai, an sayi lasisi daga kamfanin Burtaniya Richard Hornsby & Sons, bisa ga abin da nauyin injin ya faɗi akan chassis ɗin da aka sa ido. Tun da yake ba a tava warware matsalar sarrafa bambance-bambancen tuki tsakanin waƙoƙin hagu da dama ba, an warware matsalolin juyawa ta hanyar amfani da takalmi na baya tare da tayoyin tuƙi, wanda karkacewar sa ya tilasta wa motar canza alkibla. .
Ba da da ewa ba samarwa ya kasance cikin sauri. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Kamfanin kera na Holt ya ba da tarakta fiye da 10 da sojojin Burtaniya, Amurka da Faransa suka saya. Kamfanin, wanda aka sake masa suna Holt Caterpillar Company a 000, ya zama babban kamfani mai tsire-tsire uku a Amurka. Abin sha'awa shine, sunan Ingilishi na caterpillar shine "waƙa" - wato, hanya, hanya; ga katapillar, wata irin hanya ce marar iyaka, kullum tana jujjuyawa a karkashin ƙafafun abin hawa. Amma mai daukar hoto na kamfanin Charles Clements ya lura cewa tarakta na Holt yana rarrafe kamar majiyar - tsutsa na malam buɗe ido na kowa. Wato "caterpillar" a turance. A saboda haka ne aka canza sunan kamfanin kuma wata mata ta bayyana a cikin alamar kasuwanci, ita ma tsutsa ce.
