Tankettes - abin da aka manta a cikin ci gaban dakaru masu sulke

Morris-Martel One Man Tankette na farko an gina shi a cikin adadin kwafi takwas. An dakatar da haɓakar sa don neman irin wannan ƙirar Carden-Loyd.

Tankar tanka karamar motar fada ce, yawanci dauke da bindigu kawai. A wani lokaci ana cewa wannan ƙaramin tanki ne, mai nauyi fiye da tankunan haske. To sai dai kuma a hakikanin gaskiya wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi yunkurin narka sojojin na kasa, inda aka samar musu da abin hawa da zai ba su damar raka tankunan yaki a harin. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa an yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da waɗannan motocin tare da tankunan haske - tare da lalacewa. Sabili da haka, an watsar da wannan shugabanci na ci gaban wedges da sauri. Duk da haka, ci gaban waɗannan injuna a wani matsayi na daban yana ci gaba har yau.

Wurin haifuwar tankar dai ita ce Biritaniya, mahaifar tankin, wanda ya bayyana a fagen fama na yakin duniya na farko a shekarar 1916. Burtaniya ta fi tsakiyar lokacin tsaka mai wuya, watau. har zuwa 1931-1933 matakai na injiniyoyi na sojojin ƙasa da haɓaka koyaswar amfani da makamai masu linzami da sauri. Daga baya, a cikin XNUMXs, kuma musamman a cikin rabin na biyu na shekaru goma, Jamus da USSR sun mamaye ta.

Carden-Loyd One Man Tankette shine samfurin farko na tankin kujeru guda ɗaya, wanda John Carden da Vivian Loyd suka shirya (an gina kwafi biyu, sun bambanta da cikakkun bayanai).

Nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na farko, Biritaniya tana da rukunin runduna biyar (birgeds uku na birged da manyan bindigogi na rukuni kowanne), sojojin dawakai ashirin (ciki har da masu zaman kansu shida, shida na sojan doki uku da kuma wasu takwas da aka jibge a wajen tsibiran Burtaniya) da tankunan bataliyoyin runduna hudu. Koyaya, tuni a cikin XNUMXs an sami tattaunawa mai yawa game da injinan sojojin ƙasa. Kalmar "masu aikin injiniya" an fahimci shi sosai - a matsayin gabatarwar injunan konewa na ciki a cikin sojojin, duka a cikin nau'i na motoci, da kuma, alal misali, chainsaws a injiniyanci ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na diesel. Duk wannan ya kamata ya ƙara ƙarfin yaƙi na sojojin kuma, sama da duka, ƙara motsin su a fagen fama. Tashin hankali, duk da bakin cikin kwarewar yakin duniya na farko, an dauke shi a matsayin mai yanke hukunci don nasarar kowane aiki a matakin dabara, aiki ko ma dabara. Mutum na iya cewa "duk da haka", amma kuma ana iya cewa saboda kwarewar yakin duniya na farko ne rawar da ake takawa wajen yaki ta dauki irin wannan fitaccen wuri. An gano cewa yaƙe-yaƙe na matsayi, dabarun kasancewa yaƙin lalata da lalata albarkatun ƙasa, kuma daga ra'ayi na ɗan adam, kawai "takalma", ba ya haifar da yanke hukunci na rikici. Biritaniya ba za ta iya ba da damar yin yaƙin halaka ba (watau matsayi), tun da abokan hamayyar nahiyoyi na Birtaniyya suna da ƙarin albarkatun abin duniya da ma'aikata, wanda ke nufin cewa albarkatun Birtaniyya sun ƙare a baya.

Sabili da haka, motsi ya zama dole, kuma ya zama dole a kowane hali don nemo hanyoyin da za a tilasta shi a kan abokan gaba. Ya zama dole a samar da ra'ayoyi don nassi (tilasta) ayyukan motsa jiki da kuma manufar yaƙi da kanta. A Birtaniya, an gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na ka'idoji da ayyuka a kan wannan batu. A cikin watan Satumba na 1925, a karon farko tun 1914, an gudanar da manyan hanyoyin dabara na bangarorin biyu da suka shafi bangarori da dama. A yayin wannan yunƙurin, an ƙirƙiro wani katafaren injina mai suna Mobile Force, wanda ya ƙunshi rundunonin sojan doki guda biyu da kuma rundunar sojojin da ke ɗauke da manyan motoci. Motsin dawakai da na kawanya ya zamana ya banbanta ta yadda duk da cewa sojojin da ke kan manyan motoci sun fara tafiya gaba, amma nan gaba sai da aka yi ta tashi daga filin daga. Sakamakon haka ne sojojin dakaru suka isa filin daga a lokacin da aka gama.

Carden-Loyd Mk III tankette, juyin halitta na Mk II tare da ƙarin ƙafafun saukarwa kamar Mk I * (wanda aka gina).

Ƙarshen atisayen ya kasance mai sauƙi: Sojojin Burtaniya suna da hanyoyin fasaha na injina, amma rashin ƙwarewar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha (a hade tare da ja-in-ja) yana nufin cewa yin amfani da tsarin sojoji bai yi nasara ba. Ya zama dole a samar da atisaye kan zirga-zirgar dakaru ta hanya, ta yadda wannan tafiyar za ta tafi lami lafiya, kuma sassan da aka kawo su tunkari fagen fama cikin tsari mai kyau, tare da samun dukkan hanyoyin da suka dace na yaki da kuma fakewa. Wani batu kuma shi ne daidaita yadda ake tafiyar da ƙungiyoyin sojojin ƙasa da manyan bindigogi (da sapper, sadarwa, leƙen asiri, abubuwan hana jiragen sama, da dai sauransu), tare da sulke masu sulke suna tafiya a kan waƙoƙi, sabili da haka sau da yawa daga hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su. Irin wannan ƙaddamarwa an zana shi ne daga babban motsi na 1925. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da aikin ra'ayi game da batun motsi na sojoji a zamanin injiniyoyinsu.

Carden-Loyd Mk IV wani tanki ne na mutum biyu bisa ga samfuran da suka gabata, ba tare da rufi ko turret ba, tare da ƙafafun hanyoyi guda huɗu a kowane gefe da ƙarin ƙafafun digo.

A watan Mayun 1927, an ƙirƙiri brigade na farko na injiniyoyi a Biritaniya. An kafa ta ne bisa tushen Brigade na Infantry Brigade na 7, wanda daga ciki - a matsayin wani yanki na sojojin da ke motsa jiki - Bataliya ta 2 ta Cheshire Regiment ta ware. Ragowar sojojin na brigade: Flanking Reconnaissance Group (ƙungiyar leken asirin reshe) wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin motoci masu sulke guda biyu daga bataliyar Bataliya ta 3 ta Royal Tank Corps (RTK); Babban rukunin bincike shine kamfanoni guda biyu, ɗayan yana da tankokin 8 na Carden Loyd da ɗayan tare da tankokin Morris-Martel 8 daga bataliyar RTC ta 3; Bataliya ta 5 ta RTC tare da tankuna 48 na Vickers Medium Mark I; Battalion Gun Injin Inji - Bataliya ta 2nd Somerset Light Infantry Battalion tare da Vickers babban bindigu, jigilar su akan Crossley-Kégresse rabin hanyoyin da manyan motocin Morris masu taya 6; 9th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, tare da batura uku na 18-pounder QF filin bindigogi da 114,3 mm howitzers, biyu daga cikinsu da Dragon tractors ne suka ja da daya kuma Crossley-Kégresse rabin-tracks ja; Baturi na 20, Brigade na 9th Field, Royal Artillery - Brich Gun baturin gwaji; baturi mai haske na na'urorin hawan dutse mai tsawon mm 94 wanda Burford-Kégresse tractors rabin hanya ke ɗauka; Kamfanin filin injiniyoyi na Royal Engineers akan motocin Morris masu tayoyi 6. Kwamandan wannan runduna ta makanikai shi ne Kanar Robert J. Collins, wanda kuma shi ne kwamandan runduna ta 7 ta Infantry Brigade da ke wannan sansanin da ke Camp Tidworth da ke Salisbury Plain.

Carden-Loyd Mk VI ita ce tanki na farko da ya yi nasara don zama ƙirar al'ada a cikin aji wanda wasu suka bi.

Darussan farko na sabon samuwar a cikin 3rd Infantry Division, karkashin umurnin Major W. John Burnett-Swart, ya nuna gauraye sakamako. Yana da wahala a haɗa motsin abubuwa daban-daban ta motocin da ke da kadarori daban-daban.

Ayyukan da sojojin da suka ƙware na mechanized sun nuna cewa ƙoƙarin da ake yi don kawai mechanize ƙirar sojan da ke akwai, tare da manyan bindigogin da ke haɗe da su da kuma sojojin da ke tallafawa a cikin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin bincike, sappers, sadarwa da sabis, ba sa kawo sakamako mai kyau. Dole ne a kafa dakaru masu injina bisa sabbin ka'idoji kuma a ba da su yadda ya kamata domin iya yaki da rundunonin rundunonin tankuna, da sojoji masu motsa jiki, da makami, da kuma hidimomin motoci, amma a adadi mai yawa sun yi daidai da bukatun yakin wayar hannu.

Daga cikin tankunan Carden-Loyd sun zo ne da jirgin sama mai sulke mai haske mai ɗaukar hoto Universal Carrier, wanda shine mafi yawan abin hawa sulke a yakin duniya na biyu.

Tankitki Martella da Carden-Loyda

Duk da haka, ba kowa ne ya so ya sarrafa sojoji a cikin wannan tsari ba. Sun yi imani cewa bayyanar tanki a fagen fama gaba daya ya canza hotonsa. Daya daga cikin manyan jami'an Royal Mechanized Corps daga baya, Giffard Le Quen Martel, kyaftin na sappers a 1916 (daga baya Laftanar-Janar Sir G. C. Martel; 10 Oktoba 1889 - 3 Satumba 1958), ya kasance da ra'ayi daban-daban.

GQ Martel dan Birgediya Janar Charles Philip Martel ne wanda ke kula da dukkan masana'antun tsaron gwamnati ciki har da ROF a Woolwich. GQ Martel ya sauke karatu daga Royal Military Academy, Woolwich a 1908 kuma ya zama laftanar na biyu na injiniyoyi. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya yi yaki a cikin sojojin injiniya-sapper, yana aiki, a cikin wasu abubuwa, a cikin gine-ginen kagara da kuma cin nasarar su ta hanyar tankuna. A shekara ta 1916, ya rubuta wata takarda mai suna "The Tank Army" inda ya ba da shawarar sake baiwa sojojin gaba dayan motoci makamai. A cikin 1917-1918, Brig. Fuller lokacin zana tsare-tsaren yin amfani da tankuna a cikin hare-hare na gaba. Bayan yakin, ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin injiniya, amma sha'awar tankuna ya kasance. A cikin brigade na gwaji a Camp Tidworth, ya umurci wani kamfani na injin sappers. Tuni a farkon rabin XNUMXs, ya yi gwaji tare da haɓakar gadoji na tanki, amma har yanzu yana sha'awar tankuna. Tare da sojojin da ke kan kasafin kuɗi mai tsauri, Martel ya juya zuwa haɓaka ƙananan tankunan tanki guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa duk wani sojan ƙasa da na doki.

Samfuran tankuna na Yaren mutanen Poland (hagu) TK-2 da TK-1 da Carden-Loyd Mk VI na Biritaniya tare da gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren da aka saya don gwaji da injin asali na wannan nau'in; tabbas 1930

Anan yana da daraja komawa zuwa ga bayanin 1916 da ganin abin da GQ Martel ya bayar a lokacin. To, ya yi hasashen cewa duk sojojin ƙasa za a mai da su babban runduna guda ɗaya. Ya yi imanin cewa sojan da ba shi da makamai ba shi da damar tsira a fagen fama da bindigogin injuna da manyan bindigogi suka mamaye. Don haka ya yanke shawarar cewa a samar da manyan tankunan yaki guda uku. Ya yi amfani da kwatankwacin sojojin ruwa - jiragen ruwa ne kawai suka yi yaƙi a kan teku, galibi suna da sulke, amma takamaiman kwatankwacin sojoji, watau. babu sojoji ta yin iyo ko cikin kananan jiragen ruwa. Kusan duk motocin yaƙi na yaƙin ruwa tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX ana sarrafa dodanni na ƙarfe da injina masu girma dabam (mafi yawan tururi saboda girmansu).

Saboda haka, GQ Martel ya yanke shawarar cewa a cikin zamanin da ake samun wutar lantarki mai saurin walƙiya daga bindigogin maharba da kuma bindigogi masu saurin harbi, ya kamata duk sojojin ƙasa su canza zuwa motoci irin na jiragen ruwa.

GQ Martel yana ba da nau'ikan motocin yaƙi guda uku: tankunan lalata, tankunan yaƙi da tankunan yaƙi (tankunan tafiya).

Nau'in motocin da ba sa yaƙi ya kamata ya haɗa da tankunan samar da kayayyaki, watau. motoci masu sulke don jigilar alburusai, mai, kayayyakin gyara da sauran kayayyaki zuwa fagen fama.

Dangane da tankunan yaki, babban adadin yawansu shine tankunan yaki. Tabbas, ba lallai ne su zama masu lalata tankuna ba, kamar yadda sunan zai iya nunawa - kawai kwatankwacin yakin sojojin ruwa ne. Ya kamata ya zama tanki mai haske da ke ɗauke da bindigogi, wanda a zahiri ake amfani da shi don injinan sojoji. Raka'a halakar tanki ya kamata su maye gurbin classic dawakai da mayaƙan doki da kuma yin ayyuka masu zuwa: a cikin yankin "dawakai" - bincike, rufe reshe da kuma aiwatar da gawarwaki a bayan layin abokan gaba, a cikin yankin "ƙarancin" - ɗaukar yankin kuma sintiri a yankunan da aka mamaye, yakar nau'ikan nau'ikan makiya, shiga tsakani da rike muhimman abubuwa na kasa, sansani da ma'ajiyar makiya, da kuma rufe tankunan yaki.

Ya kamata tankunan yaki su zama babban karfi mai daukar hankali da yin ayyukan da suka dace na sojojin da ke dauke da makamai, da wani bangare na manyan bindigogi. Ya kamata a raba su kashi uku daban-daban: nauyi tare da ƙarancin gudu, amma makamai mai ƙarfi a cikin nau'in bindiga mai zuwa, da haske - da sauri, kodayake da mafi karancin sulke da makamai. Ya kamata su biyun su gudanar da bincike a bayan makaman masu sulke, da kuma bibiyar da lalata tankunan makiya. Kuma a ƙarshe, "tankunan torpedo", wato, masu lalata tankunan yaƙi, tare da manyan makamai, amma ƙarancin sulke don mafi girma. Ya kamata a ce tankunan da suka yi kaca-kaca da tankunan yaki su ci karo da tankunan yakin, su lalata su, su kuma fita daga cikin makamansu kafin a hallaka su da kansu. Don haka, a yakin ruwa, za su kasance takwarorinsu na nesa da manyan jiragen ruwa; a yakin kasa, kwatankwacin ya taso tare da tunanin Amurka na baya-bayan nan na lalata tankuna. GK Martel ya ɗauka cewa "tankin torpedo" a nan gaba za a iya amfani da shi da wani nau'in harba roka, wanda zai fi tasiri wajen kai hari da makamai. Tunanin cikakken injina na sojoji a ma'anar samar da sojoji kawai da motoci masu sulke shi ma ya jawo hankalin Kanar W. (daga baya Janar) John F.C. Fuller, shahararren masanin ilimin amfani da sojojin Burtaniya.

A cikin aikinsa na baya-bayan nan, Kyaftin kuma daga baya Major Giffard Le Ken Martel ya inganta ka'idar gina masu lalata tanki, watau. arha, kanana, motoci masu sulke masu hawa 1/2, dauke da manyan bindigogi, wadanda za su maye gurbin nagartattun sojoji da na doki. Lokacin, a cikin 1922, Herbert Austin ya nuna wa kowa ƙaramin motarsa ​​mai arha mai injin 7 hp. (saboda haka sunan Austin Bakwai), GQ Martel ya fara inganta manufar irin wannan tanki.

A shekarar 1924, har ma ya kera irin wannan mota a garejin nasa, ta hanyar amfani da farantin karfe da sassa na motoci daban-daban. Shi da kansa ya kasance ƙwararren makaniki kuma, a matsayin sapper, yana da ilimin injiniya da ya dace. Da farko, ya gabatar da motarsa ​​ga abokan aikinsa na soja da nishaɗi fiye da sha'awa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ra'ayin ya sami ƙasa mai kyau. A cikin Janairu 1924, a karon farko a tarihi, an kafa gwamnatin jam'iyyar Labour mai ra'ayin hagu a Burtaniya, karkashin jagorancin Ramsay MacDonald. Gaskiya ne, gwamnatinsa ta kasance har zuwa ƙarshen shekara, amma injin ya fara aiki. Kamfanonin motoci guda biyu - Morris Motor Company na Cowley, karkashin jagorancin William R. Morris, Lord Nuffield, da Crossley Motors na Gorton a wajen Manchester - an ba su aikin kera motoci bisa manufa da zane na GQ Martel.

Jimlar tankokin Morris-Martel guda takwas an gina su, ta amfani da chassis da aka gano daga Roadless Traction Ltd. da injin Morris mai karfin 16 hp, wanda ya ba da damar motar ta kai gudun kilomita 45 cikin sa'a. A cikin nau'in kujeru guda, motar ya kamata ta kasance dauke da bindigogi, kuma a cikin nau'in kujeru biyu, har ma an shirya bindigar gajere mai tsayi 47 mm. Motar ta fito daga sama kuma tana da silhouette mai girman gaske. Samfurin Crossley daya tilo yana da injin Crossley mai silinda hudu mai karfin hp 27. kuma yana da ƙanƙara a ƙarƙashin tsarin Kègresse. An janye wannan samfurin a cikin 1932 kuma an ba shi Kwalejin Kimiyya na Soja ta Royal a matsayin nuni. Duk da haka, ba ta tsira ba har yau. Dukkanin injunan biyu - na Morris da Crossley - an yi su da rabi, saboda dukkansu suna da ƙafafun tuka motar a bayan motar da aka sa ido. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar motar.

Sojoji ba sa son ƙirar Martel, don haka na zauna a kan waɗannan matattarar Morris-Martel guda takwas. Manufar ita kanta, duk da haka, ta kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai saboda ƙarancin farashi na motoci iri ɗaya. Wannan ya ba da bege ga shigar da sabis na babban adadin "tankuna" a ƙananan farashi don kulawa da siyan su. Duk da haka, ƙwararren mai tsarawa, injiniya John Valentine Cardin ya gabatar da mafificin mafita.

John Valentine Cardin (1892-1935) injiniya ne mai hazaka wanda ya koyar da kansa. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya yi aiki a cikin Guard Corps na Army Corps, yana aiki da tarakta na Holt da sojojin Birtaniya ke amfani da su don jawo manyan bindigogi da kuma samar da tireloli. A lokacin da yake aikin soja, ya kai matsayin kyaftin. Bayan yakin, ya halicci nasa kamfanin samar da kananan motoci a kananan jerin, amma a 1922 (ko 1923) ya sadu da Vivian Loyd, tare da wanda suka yanke shawarar samar da kananan motocin sa ido ga sojojin - a matsayin tarakta ko don sauran amfani. A cikin 1924 sun kafa Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. a Chertsey a yammacin London, gabas da Farnborough. A cikin Maris 1928, Vickers-Armstrong, babban damuwa, ya sayi kamfanin su, kuma John Carden ya zama darektan fasaha na Vickers Panzer Division. Vickers ya riga ya sami mafi shahara kuma mafi girman tanki na Carden-Loyd duo, Mk VI; An kuma ƙirƙiri tankin Vickers E mai nauyin ton 6, wanda aka fitar da shi zuwa ƙasashe da yawa kuma an ba shi lasisi a Poland (ci gabansa na dogon lokaci shine 7TP) ko a cikin USSR (T-26). Sabon ci gaba na John Carden shine abin hawa mai haske na VA D50, wanda aka ƙirƙira kai tsaye bisa tushen tankin Mk VI kuma wanda shine samfurin jigilar jirgin sama mai haske na Bren Carrier. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1935, John Cardin ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama a kan jirgin saman Belgian Sabena.

Abokin aikinsa Vivian Loyd (1894-1972) ya yi karatun sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a cikin manyan bindigogi na Burtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Nan da nan bayan yakin, ya kuma gina ƙananan motoci a cikin ƙananan jerin kafin ya shiga kamfanin Carden-Loyd. Ya kuma zama maginin tanka a Vickers. Tare da Cardin, shi ne mahaliccin dangin Bren Carrier kuma daga baya Universal Carrier. A cikin 1938, ya tafi ya kafa nasa kamfanin, Vivian Loyd & Co., wanda ya yi ɗan ƙaramin girma Loyd Carrier crawler tractors; kimanin 26 aka gina a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu (yawancin wasu kamfanoni da ke ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Loyd).

An gina tanki na farko a masana'antar Cardin-Loyd a lokacin hunturu na 1925-1926. Ita ce ƙugiya mai sulke mai sauƙi tare da injin baya a bayan direban, tare da waƙoƙin da aka makala a gefe. Ƙananan ƙafafun titin ba a ɗaure su ba, kuma saman caterpillar yana zamewa a kan sililin ƙarfe. An bayar da tuƙi ta wata dabarar da aka ɗora a cikin fuselage na baya, tsakanin waƙoƙin. An gina samfura uku, kuma nan da nan aka gina na'ura ɗaya a cikin ingantaccen sigar Mk I *. A cikin wannan motar, yana yiwuwa a shigar da ƙarin ƙafafun a gefe, waɗanda aka kori ta hanyar sarkar daga gaban motar gaba. Godiya gare su, motar za ta iya tafiya a kan ƙafafu uku - ƙafafun tuƙi biyu a gaba da ƙananan sitiya guda ɗaya a baya. Wannan ya ba da damar ci gaba da bin hanyoyi yayin barin fagen fama da kuma ƙara motsi a kan hanyoyin da aka buge. Hasali ma, tanki ne mai tagulla. Motocin Mk I da Mk I * sun kasance motocin kujeru guda ɗaya, kama da na Mk II da aka haɓaka a ƙarshen 1926, waɗanda ke nuna amfani da ƙafafun titi da aka dakatar da su daga makamai masu dakatarwa, da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Bambancin wannan injin tare da ikon shigar da ƙafafun bisa ga tsarin Mk I * ana kiransa Mk III. Samfurin ya yi gwaji mai zurfi a cikin 1927. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, wani nau'in tanki mai kujeru biyu tare da ƙananan ƙugiya ya bayyana. An sanya ma'aikatan motar guda biyu a kowane gefen injin, godiya ga abin da motar ta sami siffa mai siffar murabba'i mai tsayi mai kama da nisa na motar. Wani ma'aikacin jirgin ne ya mallaki tankar, ɗayan kuma ya yi amfani da makamansa a cikin nau'in bindiga. Ƙarƙashin motar da ke da waƙa ya fi gogewa, amma tuƙi har yanzu ƙafa ɗaya ce a baya. Injin ya kora gears na gaba, wanda ya juyar da motsi zuwa waƙoƙin. Har ila yau, yana yiwuwa a haɗa ƙarin ƙafafun zuwa gefe, wanda aka aika da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sarkar daga ƙafafun motar gaba - don tuki a kan hanyoyi masu datti. Motar ta bayyana a karshen shekarar 1927, kuma a farkon shekarar 1928, motoci takwas masu lamba Mk IV suka shiga cikin kamfanin bataliyar tanki ta 3, wanda ke cikin Brigade na Gwajin Mechanized. Waɗannan su ne na farko na Carden-Loyd wedges da sojoji suka saya kuma aka sanya su cikin sabis.

Samfurin 1928 Mk V shine na ƙarshe da Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd ya haɓaka. Ya sha bamban da motocin da suka gabata masu babban sitiyari da tsawaita wayoyi. Duk da haka, ba sojoji ne suka saya ba.

Carden-Loyd karkashin alamar Vickers

Vickers ya riga ya haɓaka sabon samfurin tanki, Mk V*. Babban bambanci shine canji mai tsauri a cikin dakatarwar. An yi amfani da manya-manyan ƙafafun hanyoyi akan tudun roba, an dakatar da su bi-biyu akan bogi tare da shanyewar girgiza tare da maɓuɓɓugan ganye a kwance. Wannan bayani ya juya ya zama mai sauƙi da tasiri. An kera motar a cikin kwafi tara, amma sigar ta gaba ta zama ci gaba. Maimakon sitiyari a baya, yana amfani da clutches na gefe don samar da bambancin wutar lantarki zuwa waƙoƙin. Don haka, an gudanar da jujjuyawar na'urar kamar yadda motocin yaƙi na zamani suke bi - saboda saurin gudu na biyun ko ta hanyar dakatar da ɗayan waƙoƙin. Keken dokin ba zai iya motsawa a kan ƙafafun ba, akwai nau'in caterpillar kawai. Motar ta kasance injunan Ford abin dogaro sosai, wanda aka samo shi daga sanannen Model T, mai ƙarfin 22,5 hp. Man fetur a cikin tankin ya kai lita 45, wanda ya isa ya yi tafiya kusan kilomita 160. Matsakaicin gudun shine 50 km / h. Makamin motar yana hannun dama: bindigar Lewis ce mai sanyaya iska mai tsawon mita 7,7 ko kuma bindigar Vickers mai sanyaya ruwa.

daidai gwargwado.

Ita ce wannan na'ura ta fara samar da yawan jama'a. A cikin manyan rukunin guda biyu masu kwafi 162 da 104, an ba da jimillar motoci 266 a cikin sigar asali tare da samfura da zaɓi na musamman, kuma an kera wasu 325. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan motocin kamfanin na Woolwich Arsenal ne ya kera su. Vickers sun sayar da wedges guda ɗaya na Mk VI tare da lasisin samarwa zuwa ƙasashe da yawa (Fiat Ansaldo a Italiya, Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne a Poland, Masana'antar Jiha ta USSR, Škoda a Czechoslovakia, Latil a Faransa). Kasashen waje mafi girma da suka karɓi motocin da Burtaniya ta kera ita ce Thailand, wacce ta karɓi motocin Mk VI 30 da Mk VIb 30. Bolivia, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Japan da Portugal kowanne ya sayi motoci 5 da aka gina a Burtaniya.

T-35 mai nauyi na Soviet wanda ke kewaye da tankuna (tankunan da ba su da haske) T-27. Maye gurbin T-37 da T-38 amphibious tankunan leken asiri tare da makaman da aka sanya a cikin turret mai juyawa.

A cikin Burtaniya, an yi amfani da tankuna na Vickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI da farko a cikin sassan binciken. Duk da haka, a kan tushen su, an halicci tanki mai haske Mk I, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin sigogi masu zuwa a cikin 1682s. Tana da dakatarwar tankin da aka haɓaka azaman magaji ga Mk VI wanda Scout Carrier, Bren Carrier da dangin Carrier na Universal Carrier masu ɗaukar kaya suka sauko, rufaffiyar saman rufaffiyar da turret mai jujjuya tare da bindiga ko injin bindiga. bindiga mai nauyi. Bambancin ƙarshe na tankin haske na Mk VI an gina shi a cikin adadin motocin XNUMX da aka yi amfani da su a yaƙi a lokacin farkon yakin duniya na biyu.

An yi amfani da tankokin Jafananci nau'in 94 a lokacin yakin Sino-Japan da kuma lokacin farko na yakin duniya na biyu. An maye gurbinsa da nau'in 97 tare da bindigar 37 mm, wanda aka samar har zuwa 1942.

Taƙaitawa

A yawancin ƙasashe, ba a aiwatar da aikin samar da lasisin tankunan ba kai tsaye ba, amma an gabatar da nasu gyare-gyare, galibi suna canza ƙirar injin ɗin sosai. Italiyawa sun gina motoci 25 daidai bisa ga tsare-tsaren Carden-Loyd da ake kira CV 29, sai kuma kusan 2700 CV 33s da haɓaka CV 35s, na ƙarshen tare da bindigogi biyu. Bayan siyan injunan Carden-Loyd Mk VI guda biyar, Japan ta yanke shawarar haɓaka irin nata ƙirar. Kamfanin kera motoci na Ishikawajima (yanzu Isuzu Motors) ne ya kera motar, wanda daga nan ne ya kera nau’in nau’in 167 guda 92 ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin Carden-Loyd da yawa. Ci gaban su shine na'ura mai rufin da aka rufe da kuma turret guda daya tare da bindigar injin 6,5 mm guda daya wanda Hino Motors ya kera a matsayin Nau'in 94; An ƙirƙiri guda 823.

A cikin Czechoslovakia a cikin 1932, kamfanin ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) daga Prague yana haɓaka motar da ke ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Carden-Loyd. Motar da aka sani da Tančík vz. 33 (labari wz. 33). Bayan gwada Carden-Loyd Mk VI da aka saya, Czechs sun yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi canje-canje da yawa ga injinan. Samfura guda huɗu na ingantattun vz. 33 tare da injunan 30 hp Prague. An gwada su a 1932, kuma a cikin 1933 an fara samar da injuna 70 na irin wannan nau'in. An yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

sojojin Slovak.

A Poland, daga Agusta 1931, sojojin sun fara samun TK-3 wedges. An rigaye su da samfura biyu, TK-1 da TK-2, waɗanda suka fi kusanci da ainihin Carden-Loyd. TK-3 ya riga ya kasance yana da rukunin yaƙi da aka rufe da sauran abubuwan ingantawa da aka gabatar a ƙasarmu. A cikin duka, a cikin 1933, an gina kusan motoci 300 na irin wannan nau'in (ciki har da 18 TKF, da samfuran TKV da bindiga mai sarrafa kansa na TKD), sannan, a cikin 1934-1936, motoci 280 da aka gyara sosai. An isar da su ga Rundunar Sojan Poland TKS tare da ingantattun sulke da kuma tashar wutar lantarki a cikin nau'in injin Fiat 122B na Poland tare da 46 hp.

An gudanar da manyan nau'o'in na'urori masu girma bisa tushen Carden-Loyd a cikin USSR a karkashin sunan T-27 - ko da yake dan kadan ne fiye da samarwa a Italiya kuma ba mafi girma a duniya ba. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an kuma gyaggyara ƙirar asali ta hanyar haɓaka motar, inganta watsa wutar lantarki da kuma gabatar da injin GAZ AA 40 na kansa. Makamin ya ƙunshi bindigar injin DT mai nauyin 7,62mm guda ɗaya. An gudanar da samarwa a cikin 1931-1933 a shuka No. 37 a Moscow da kuma a GAZ shuka a Gorki; An gina jimlar motocin T-3155 27 da ƙarin 187 a cikin bambance-bambancen ChT-27, inda aka maye gurbin na'urar da injin wuta. Wadannan manyan motoci sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa farkon shiga yakin duniya na biyu na USSR, wato har zuwa bazara da kaka na 1941. Duk da haka, a lokacin an fi amfani da su a matsayin tarakta don yin amfani da bindigogi masu sauƙi da kuma motocin sadarwa.

Faransa ce ke da yawan samar da tankokin yaki a duniya. A nan ma, an yanke shawarar haɓaka ƙaramin abin hawa mai bin diddigi dangane da hanyoyin fasaha na Carden-Loyd. Duk da haka, an yanke shawarar kera motar don kada a biya Birtaniya lasisi. Renault, Citroen da Brandt sun shiga gasar sabuwar mota, amma a ƙarshe, a cikin 1931, an zaɓi ƙirar Renault UE tare da Renault UT biyu mai rarrafe crawler don samar da jerin abubuwa. Matsalar, duk da haka, ita ce, yayin da a duk sauran ƙasashe na asali na Carden-Loyd tankettes ana kula da su azaman motocin yaƙi (wanda aka yi niyya da farko don ƙungiyoyin bincike, kodayake a cikin USSR da Italiya an bi su azaman hanyar arha don ƙirƙirar tallafin sulke. rundunan sojoji), a Faransa ne tun farkon lokacin da Renault UE ya kamata ya zama tiraktan manyan bindigogi da kuma motar jigilar harsasai. Kamata ya yi a jawo kananan bindigu da turmi da ake amfani da su wajen samar da sojoji, musamman na tankokin yaki da na jiragen sama, da kuma turmi. Har zuwa 1940, 5168 daga cikin waɗannan injunan an gina su da ƙarin 126 a ƙarƙashin lasisi a Romania. Kafin barkewar rikici, shi ne mafi girman tanki.

Duk da haka, motar Birtaniya, wanda aka ƙirƙira kai tsaye a kan tankunan Carden-Loyd, ya karya cikakkun bayanan shahara. Abin sha'awa shine, kyaftin din ya shirya masa rawar a 1916. Martela - wato, abin hawa ne don jigilar sojojin ƙasa, ko kuma a maimakon haka, an yi amfani da shi don sarrafa na'urori na bindigogi, ko da yake an yi amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban: daga leken asiri zuwa tarakta na makami mai haske, motocin samar da kayan yaki, kwashe magunguna. , sadarwa, sintiri, da sauransu. Farkon sa yana komawa ga samfurin Vickers-Armstrong D50, wanda kamfanin da kansa ya haɓaka. Ya kamata ya kasance mai ɗaukar bindigar na'ura don tallafawa sojojin ƙasa, kuma a cikin wannan rawar - a ƙarƙashin sunan Carrier, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1 - sojojin sun gwada samfurinsa. Motocin samarwa na farko sun shiga sabis tare da sojojin Birtaniyya a cikin 1936: Mai ɗaukar Mashin Mashin (ko Bren Carrier), Jirgin sojan doki da Mai ɗaukar Scout. An bayyana ‘yan banbance-banbance tsakanin motocin ne bisa manufar da aka nufa da su – a matsayin abin hawa na injunan bindigu, a matsayin abin hawa na injinan sojan doki da kuma a matsayin abin hawa na leken asiri. Koyaya, tunda ƙirar waɗannan injinan kusan iri ɗaya ne, sunan Universal Carrier ya bayyana a cikin 1940.

A tsakanin shekarun 1934 zuwa 1960, kusan 113 daga cikin wadannan motoci an gina su a masana'antu daban-daban na Burtaniya da Kanada, wanda ya zama cikakken tarihin motoci masu sulke a duniya a duk tarihinsu. Waɗannan kekunan kekuna ne da suka yi wa sojojin ƙaƙaf ɗin injina; an yi amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban. Daga irin wadannan motocin ne bayan yakin, ana amfani da manyan motocin yaki masu sulke da yawa wajen jigilar sojojin kasa da kuma tallafa musu a fagen daga. Idan ba a manta ba, jirgin saman fasinja na kasa da kasa, shi ne jirgin dakon kaya na farko da aka fara ganowa a duniya. Masu jigilar kayayyaki na yau, ba shakka, sun fi girma da nauyi, amma manufarsu iri ɗaya ce - don jigilar sojojin ƙasa, da kare su gwargwadon iko daga wutar maƙiyi da kuma ba su tallafin wuta lokacin da suka shiga yaƙi a wajen motar.

Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa ƙulle-ƙulle ne matattu a ci gaban dakaru masu sulke da injiniyoyi. Idan muka bi da su kamar tankuna, a matsayin wani arha maimakon wani fama abin hawa (da tankettes hada da, misali, Jamus Panzer I haske tankuna, wanda fama darajar da gaske low), to, a, shi ne matattu karshen ci gaban da motocin yaki. Sai dai ba a ce tankunan tankunan ba su zama tankuna na yau da kullun ba, wanda wasu sojojin da suka yi kokarin amfani da su a madadin tankunan sun manta da su. Wad'annan ya kamata su zama motocin sojoji ne. Domin kuwa a cewar Fuller, Martel da Liddell-Hart, sai da sojojin da suka je suka yi yaki da motoci masu sulke. Ga "masu lalata tanki" a cikin 1916, akwai ayyukan da a yanzu sojojin da ba a ba da izini ba a kan motocin yaki - kusan iri ɗaya ne.

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