Supermarine Spitfire Fitaccen jarumin RAF.
Kwafi na zamani na samfurin farko na Supermarine 300, wanda kuma ake kira F.37/34 ko F.10/35 zuwa ƙayyadaddun ma'aikatar Air, ko K5054 zuwa lambar rajista na RAF.
Supermarine Spitfire yana daya daga cikin shahararrun jirgin sama na yakin duniya na biyu, yana aiki tun daga farkon yakin har zuwa ranar karshe na rikici, har yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan jiragen sama na RAF. Takwas daga cikin tawaga goma sha biyar na Rundunar Sojan Sama na Poland a Burtaniya su ma sun tashi Spitfires, don haka shi ne nau'in da ya fi yawa a cikin jirginmu. Menene sirrin wannan nasarar? Ta yaya Spitfire ya bambanta da sauran ƙirar jirgin sama? Ko watakila hatsari ne?
Rundunar Sojan Sama (RAF) a cikin 30s da farkon rabin 1930s sun sami tasiri sosai daga ka'idar Gulio Due na lalata abokan gaba da manyan hare-hare ta iska. Babban mai ba da goyon baya ga yin amfani da jiragen sama na kai hare-hare don lalata abokan gaba ta hanyar tashin bama-bamai ta sama shi ne babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin saman Royal na farko, Janar Hugh Montagu Trenchard, daga baya Viscount kuma shugaban 'yan sandan London. Trenchard ya yi aiki har zuwa Janairu 1933, lokacin da Janar John Maitland Salmond ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ke da ra'ayi iri ɗaya. Janar Edward Leonard Ellington ne ya gaje shi a watan Mayu na XNUMX, wanda ra'ayinsa game da amfani da Rundunar Sojan Sama bai bambanta da na magabata ba. Shi ne ya zabi fadada RAF daga rundunonin bama-bamai guda biyar zuwa rundunonin yaki guda biyu. Manufar "yakin iska" wani jerin hare-hare ne a kan filayen jiragen sama na abokan gaba da aka tsara don rage jiragen makiya a kasa lokacin da aka san abin da suke yi. Su kuma mayaka, sai sun neme su ta iska, wanda a wasu lokutan musamman da daddare, kamar neman allura ne a cikin magudanar ruwa. A wannan lokacin, babu wanda ya hango zuwan na'urar radar, wanda zai canza yanayin gaba daya.
A farkon rabin shekarun 30, akwai nau'ikan mayaka guda biyu a Burtaniya: mayakan yanki da mayakan interceptor. Tsohuwar za su kasance da alhakin tsaron iska na wani yanki dare da rana, kuma wuraren kallon gani da ke yankin Birtaniyya ya kamata a nufa da su. Sabili da haka, waɗannan jiragen an sanye su da rediyo kuma, ƙari, suna da iyakar saurin sauka don tabbatar da aiki lafiya da dare.
A gefe guda kuma, mai shiga tsakani dole ne ya yi aiki a kan hanyoyin kusa da bakin teku, da nufin kai hari ta iska bisa ga alamun na'urorin saurare, sannan ya gano wadannan hare-haren. An san cewa hakan zai yiwu ne kawai a cikin rana. Haka nan kuma babu wani bukatu na sanya gidan rediyon, tunda babu wuraren kallo a teku. Mai shiga tsakani mai fafutuka bai bukaci dogon zango ba, iyakar gano jiragen abokan gaba da ke amfani da na'urorin saurare bai wuce kilomita 50 ba. Maimakon haka, suna buƙatar hawan hawan dutse mai yawa da matsakaicin adadin hawan don samun damar kai hari ga maharan abokan gaba tun kafin gabar da aka kaddamar da mayakan yankin, yawanci a bayan allon gobarar jiragen sama da aka tura a bakin tekun.
A cikin 30s, an dauki mayaƙin Bristol Bulldog a matsayin mayaki na yanki, kuma Hawker Fury a matsayin mai shiga tsakani. Yawancin marubutan a kan jirgin na Burtaniya ba su bambanta tsakanin wadannan nau'ikan mayaka ba, suna ba da ra'ayi cewa Burtaniya, saboda wasu dalilai da ba a sani ba, tana sarrafa nau'ikan mayaka iri-iri iri-iri.
Mun yi rubuce-rubuce game da waɗannan nuances na koyarwa sau da yawa, don haka mun yanke shawarar ba da labarin mayaƙin Supermarine Spitfire daga wani kusurwa daban-daban, farawa da mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga ƙirƙirar wannan jirgin sama mai ban mamaki.
Mawallafi Henry Royce
Daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun nasarar Spitfire ita ce tashar wutar lantarki, injin injin Rolls-Royce Merlin, wanda aka kirkira a yunƙurin irin wannan fitaccen mutum kamar Sir Henry Royce, wanda, duk da haka, bai jira nasarar ba. na "dansa".
An haifi Frederick Henry Royce a shekara ta 1863 a wani ƙauyen Ingilishi kusa da Peterborough, kimanin kilomita 150 daga arewacin London. Mahaifinsa ya yi aikin injin niƙa, amma lokacin da ya yi fatara, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa London don neman burodi. A nan, a shekara ta 1872, mahaifin F. Henry Royce ya rasu, kuma bayan shekara ɗaya kawai ya yi makaranta, Henry ɗan shekara 9 ya sami abin da zai ci. Ya sayar da jaridu a kan titi kuma ya ba da telegram a kan kuɗi kaɗan. A cikin 1878, lokacin yana 15, matsayinsa ya inganta yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai koyo a cikin tarurrukan bita na Great Northern Railway a Peterborough kuma, godiya ga taimakon kuɗi na uwarsa, ya dawo makaranta na tsawon shekaru biyu. Yin aiki a waɗannan bita ya ba shi ilimin kanikanci, wanda ya ba shi sha'awar sosai. Injiniyan injiniya ya zama sha'awarsa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki a wata masana'antar kayan aiki da ke Leeds kafin ya koma Landan inda ya shiga Kamfanin Lantarki da Lantarki.
A shekara ta 1884, ya rinjayi abokinsa da su bude wani taron bita don shigar da hasken lantarki a cikin gidaje, ko da yake shi da kansa yana da fam 20 kawai don zuba jari (a lokacin yana da yawa). Taron, wanda aka yiwa rajista a matsayin FH Royce & Kamfanin a Manchester, ya fara haɓaka sosai. Ba da daɗewa ba taron ya fara samar da dynamos na kekuna da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. A cikin 1899, ba wani taron bita ba, amma an buɗe ƙaramin masana'anta a Manchester, mai rijista a matsayin Royce Ltd. Har ila yau, ya samar da kurayen lantarki da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. Duk da haka, karuwar gasa daga kamfanonin kasashen waje ya sa Henry Royce ya canza sheka daga masana'antar lantarki zuwa masana'antar inji, wanda ya fi sani. Ya kasance juyi na motoci da motoci, wanda mutane suka fara tunani da gaske.
A cikin 1902, Henry Royce ya sayi ƙaramin motar Faransa Decauville don amfanin kansa, sanye take da injin konewa na ciki 2-cylinder 10 hp. Tabbas, Royce yana da maganganu da yawa a kan wannan motar, don haka ya tarwatsa ta, ya bincika ta a hankali, ya sake gyara ta kuma ya maye gurbinta da sababbi da yawa bisa ga ra'ayinsa. Tun daga shekara ta 1903, a kusurwar bene na masana'anta, shi da mataimakansa guda biyu sun gina injuna iri ɗaya da aka haɗa daga sassan Royce da aka sake sarrafa su. Daya daga cikinsu an mayar da shi ga abokin aikin Royce kuma mai gidan Ernest Claremont, kuma daya daga cikin daraktocin kamfanin, Henry Edmunds ya saya. Ya ji daɗin motar sosai kuma ya yanke shawarar saduwa da Henry Royce tare da abokinsa, direban tsere, dillalin mota da mai sha'awar jirgin sama Charles Rolls. An yi taron ne a watan Mayun 1904, kuma a watan Disamba an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya wadda Charles Rolls zai sayar da motocin da Henry Royce ya kera, da sharadin a kira su Rolls-Royce.
A cikin Maris 1906, Rolls-Royce Limited (mai zaman kansa na ainihin kasuwancin Royce da Kamfanin) an kafa, wanda aka gina sabuwar masana'anta a Derby, a tsakiyar Ingila. A cikin 1908, sabon samfurin Rolls-Royce 40/50 ya bayyana, wanda ake kira Ghost Silver. Ya kasance babban nasara ga kamfanin, kuma injin, wanda Henry Royce ya goge, ya sayar da kyau duk da farashinsa.
Masanin sha'awar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama Charles Rolls sau da yawa ya nace cewa kamfanin ya shiga cikin kera jiragen sama da injuna na jirgin sama, amma Henry Royce mai kamala bai so ya shagala ba ya mai da hankali kan injunan motoci da motocin da aka gina bisa tushensu. An rufe shari'ar lokacin da Charles Rolls ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1910 yana da shekaru 32 kacal. Shi ne dan Biritaniya na farko da ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama. Duk da mutuwarsa, kamfanin ya riƙe sunan Rolls-Royce.
Lokacin da yakin duniya na daya ya barke a shekara ta 1914, gwamnati ta umarci Henry Royce ya fara kera injunan jirage. Masana'antar Jirgin Sama ta Jihar Royal ta ba da umarnin injin in-layi mai nauyin hp 200 daga kamfanin. Dangane da martani, Henry Royce ya kirkiro injin Eagle, wanda yayi amfani da goma sha biyu (V-twin maimakon in-line) maimakon silinda shida, ta hanyar amfani da mafita daga injin mota na Silver Ghost. Na'urar wutar lantarki da ta samo asali tun daga farko ta haɓaka 225 hp, wanda ya zarce abubuwan da ake buƙata, kuma bayan haɓaka saurin injin daga 1600 zuwa 2000 rpm, injin ɗin ya samar da 300 hp. An fara samar da wannan rukunin wutar lantarki ne a rabin na biyu na shekara ta 1915, a lokacin da yawancin injunan jirage ba su kai 100 HP ba! Nan da nan bayan wannan, wani ƙaramin sigar mayakan ya bayyana, wanda aka sani da Falcon, wanda ya haɓaka 14 hp. da ikon 190 lita. An yi amfani da waɗannan injunan a matsayin tashar wutar lantarki na sanannen mayaƙin Bristol F2B. A kan wannan rukunin wutar lantarki, an ƙirƙiri injin in-line 6-lita 7-Silinda mai ƙarfin 105 hp. - Hauk. A cikin 1918, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in Eagle mai girman lita 35, wanda ya kai ƙarfin da ba a taɓa gani ba na 675 hp a lokacin. Rolls-Royce ta sami kanta a fagen injunan jirage.
A lokacin tsakanin yakin, Rolls-Royce, ban da kera motoci, ya kasance a cikin kasuwancin mota. Henry Royce ba wai kawai ya ƙirƙiri ingantattun mafita ga injunan ƙonewa na ciki da kansa ba, har ma ya kawo ƙwararrun masu zane-zane. Ɗayan shine Ernest W. Hyves, wanda, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Henry Royce, ya tsara injunan Eagle da abubuwan da suka samo asali har zuwa dangin R, ɗayan shine A. Cyril Lawsey, babban mai zane na shahararren Merlin. Ya kuma yi nasarar kawo injiniya Arthur J. Rowledge, babban injiniyan injiniya na Napier Lion. ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙirar ƙirar aluminium ya faɗi tare da sarrafa Napier kuma ya koma Rolls-Royce a cikin 20s, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka injin flagship na kamfanin na 20s da 30s, injin 12-cylinder V-twin. Kestrel . inji. Ita ce injin Rolls-Royce na farko da ya yi amfani da shingen aluminium gama gari zuwa silinda shida a jere. Daga baya, ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban dangin Merlin.
Kestrel ya kasance injiniya mai nasara na musamman - injin V-twin 12-Silinda 60-twin tare da shingen silinda na aluminum, ƙaura na lita 21,5 da nauyin kilogiram 435, tare da ikon 700 hp. in modified versions. Kestrel ya cika da caji mai hawa daya, mai saurin kwampreso guda daya, haka kuma, an matsa masa tsarin sanyaya don kara inganci, ta yadda ruwa a yanayin zafi ya kai 150 ° C kada ya koma tururi. A kan tushensa, an ƙirƙiri sigar girma na Buzzard, tare da ƙarar lita 36,7 da nauyin kilogiram 520, wanda ya haɓaka ƙarfin 800 hp. Wannan injin bai yi nasara ba kuma kaɗan ne aka samar. Koyaya, bisa ga Buzzard, an ƙirƙira injunan nau'ikan R, waɗanda aka kera don tseren jirgin sama (R for Race). Saboda wannan dalili, waɗannan su ne ƙayyadaddun wutar lantarki tare da manyan revs, babban matsawa da girma, aikin "juyawa", amma a farashin karko.
