Supermarine Seafire ch.1

NAS 899 a kan HMS Indomitable a shirye-shiryen Operation Husky; Scapa Flow, Yuni 1943. Abin lura shine haɓakar lif, wanda ya ba da damar jirgin ya hau jirgin sama tare da fuka-fuki marasa nadawa.

Seafire na ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan mayaka da yawa da FAA (Fleet Air Arm) ta yi amfani da su tare da nasara ko ƙaranci a cikin jiragen ruwan Royal Navy a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tarihi ya yi masa hukunci sosai. Shin ya cancanta?

Kima na Seafire babu shakka ya rinjayi gaskiyar cewa babu wani mayaƙin FAA da ake tsammanin zai yi nasara kamar jirgin sama, wanda a cikin ainihin sigar ta kasance mai sauƙin daidaitawa na almara Spitfire. Fitilar da kuma shaharar na karshen, musamman bayan yakin Biritaniya a 1940, sun yi girma sosai har Seafire ya zama kamar "kaddara ta yi nasara". Duk da haka, bayan lokaci, ya zama cewa jirgin, wanda yake shi ne kyakkyawan mai shiga tsakani na kasa, ba shi da amfani sosai ga sabis a kan masu sufurin jiragen sama, tun da kawai ƙirarsa ba ta la'akari da takamaiman bukatun mayakan jiragen sama ba. Abubuwa na farko…

Koyi daga kuskure

Sojojin ruwa na Biritaniya sun shiga yaki tare da rashin fahimta game da amfani da jiragenta na jirgin sama. Jiragen saman Royal Navy dole ne su yi aiki mai nisa daga filayen jiragen sama na abokan gaba don su kasance daga kewayon yawancin jiragensu. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran mayakan FAA za su katse jiragen ruwa masu tashi, ko kuma watakila jirgin leken asiri mai dogon zango, wanda zai yi kokarin bin diddigin motsin jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy.

Da alama idan aka fuskanci irin wannan maƙiyi, babban gudun mawaƙa, iya motsa jiki ko yawan hawan hawan ya kasance abin alatu da ba dole ba. An yi amfani da jiragen sama tare da tsawon lokacin tashi, wanda ya ba da damar ci gaba da sintiri na sa'o'i da yawa a kusa da jiragen ruwa. Duk da haka, an gane cewa ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa ya zama dole, wanda ya ɗora wa mayaƙin tare da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na biyu (ƙwarewar Amurka da Jafananci a wannan batun kawai ya tabbatar wa Birtaniya cewa jirgin sama yana iya tafiya shi kadai). Kamar dai hakan bai wadatar ba, an aiwatar da wasu sabbin dabaru guda biyu na kuskure.

A cewar na farko, sakamakon wanda shi ne jirgin Blackburn Roc, mayaƙin ba ya buƙatar makamai masu linzami na tsaye, tun da turret da ke kan gefensa zai ba da dama mai yawa. Bisa ga ra'ayi na biyu, wanda ya haifar da jirgin Blackburn Skua, mayaƙin jirgin sama na iya zama "duniya", wato, yana iya yin rawar da bam mai nutsewa.

Dukkan wadannan nau'ikan jiragen biyu ba su yi nasara ba a matsayin mayakan, musamman saboda rashin aikinsu - a cikin yanayin Skua, sakamakon sasantawa da yawa3. Admiralty ya fahimci hakan ne kawai a ranar 26 ga Satumbar 1939, Skua tara daga cikin jirgin dakon jirgin Ark Royal suka yi karo da kwale-kwalen Dornier Do 18 na Jamus guda uku a kan Tekun Arewa. Kuma a lokacin da shekara ta gaba (18 ga Yuni, 13) a lokacin yakin Norwegian, Skua ya shiga Trondheim don bam a cikin jirgin ruwan Scharnhorst kuma ya yi tuntuɓe a kan mayakan Luftwaffe a can, matukan jirgi na Jamus sun harbe takwas daga cikinsu ba tare da asara ba.

shiga tsakani Churchill

Bukatar neman maye gurbin jirgin Roc da Skua da sauri ya haifar da daidaitawa na P.4 / 34 samfurin nutse bam, wanda RAF ya ƙi, don bukatun FAA. Don haka, an haifi Fairey Fulmar. Yana da ƙaƙƙarfan gini (wanda yake da kyawawa musamman a cikin sabis na jirgin) da kuma kyakkyawan lokacin jirgin sama don mayakan wancan lokacin (fiye da sa'o'i huɗu). Bugu da kari, yana dauke da bindigogin mashinan layi guda takwas masu karfin ammo ninki biyu na guguwar, wanda hakan ma ya iya yin artabu da dama a cikin wani dogon sintiri. Duk da haka, ya kasance mayaƙin kujeru biyu bisa ƙira na bama-bamai na Fairey Battle, don haka babban gudun, silin, motsa jiki da ƙimar hawan suma ba su dace da mayaƙan kujeru ɗaya ba.

Da wannan a zuciyarsa, a farkon Disamba 1939, FAA ta kusanci Supermarine tare da buƙatar cewa Spitfire ya dace da sabis na iska. Sa'an nan, a cikin Fabrairu 1940, Admiralty ya nemi izini ga ma'aikatar Air don gina 50 "naval" Spitfires. Duk da haka, lokacin yin hakan ya kasance abin takaici sosai. Yakin ya ci gaba kuma RAF ba za ta iya iyakance samar da mafi kyawun mayaki ba. A halin yanzu, an yi kiyasin cewa haɓakawa da samar da waɗannan mayaka 50 na FAA, saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙirar su (fuka-fukan da aka naɗe), zai rage samar da Spitfires da kwafin 200. A ƙarshe, a ƙarshen Maris 1940, Winston Churchill, lokacin Ubangijin Admiralty na farko, an tilasta masa yin murabus.

daga wannan aikin.

A lokacin da Fulmarians suka shiga hidima a cikin bazara na 1940, FAA ta karbi yawancin mayakan Gladiator na Teku. Duk da haka, su, kamar dai dai tsohon samfurin tushen ƙasar, ba su da ɗan yuwuwar yaƙi. Matsayin jirgin saman sojan ruwa na Royal Navy ya inganta sosai tare da karɓar "Martlets", kamar yadda asalin Birtaniyya da ake kira Grumman F4F Wildcat mayakan Amurka, kuma a tsakiyar 1941 nau'in "teku" na Hurricane. Koyaya, FAA ba ta daina ƙoƙarin samun "su" Spitfire ba.

Seafire na farko - Mk IB (BL676) - an dauki hoton a cikin Afrilu 1942.

Farashin IB

Wannan bukatu na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy na samun mayaki mai sauri a cikin jirgin ya tabbatar, ko da yake ya yi latti, amma ta kowane hali ya dace. A lokacin da ake gudanar da ayyuka a tekun Mediterrenean, jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya sun kasance a cikin kewayon masu tayar da bama-bamai da masu tayar da bama-bamai na Luftwaffe da Regia Aeronautica, wanda mayakan FAA na wancan lokaci sukan kasa cimma su!

A ƙarshe, a cikin kaka na 1941, Admiralty ya sayar da Spitfires 250 don Ma'aikatar Air, ciki har da 48 a cikin bambancin VB da 202 VC. A cikin Janairu 1942, Spitfire Mk VB (BL676) na farko da aka gyara, sanye take da ƙugiya ta ventral don shigar da layin birki da ƙugiya don ɗaga jirgin sama a cikin jirgin, ya yi jerin gwanon gwaji da saukowa a cikin Illustrias. wani jirgin sama a anka a cikin Firth na Clyde kusa da bakin tekun Scotland. An sanya wa sabon jirgin sunan "Seafire", wanda aka takaita da "Sea Spitfire" don kaucewa rashin fahimta.

Gwaje-gwajen kan jirgin na farko sun nuna bayyanannen koma baya na Seafire - rashin kyan gani daga kokfit gaba. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon dogon hancin da jirgin ya yi wanda ya rufe tudun jirgin, da kuma DLCO4 a cikin “maki uku” na saukowa (launi guda ɗaya na duk ƙafafu na saukowa guda uku). Tare da hanyar saukowa daidai, matukin jirgin bai ga bene na mita 50 na ƙarshe ba - idan ya yi hakan, yana nufin cewa wutsiyar jirgin ya yi tsayi da yawa kuma ƙugiya ba zai kama igiya ba. Don haka, an shawarci matukan jirgi da su ci gaba da tafiya mai lankwasa. Af, matukin jirgin na FAA daga baya sun yi “masu girma da nauyi” mayaƙan Vought F4U Corsair iri ɗaya, wanda Amurkawa ba za su iya jurewa ba.

Bugu da ƙari, shigar da ƙugiya masu saukarwa da ɗagawa (da ƙarfafa tashar jiragen sama a waɗannan wurare), sauya fasalin Spitfire Mk VB zuwa Seafire Mk IB ya haɗa da maye gurbin gidan rediyo, da kuma shigar da tsarin tantance jihar. transponder da mai karɓar siginar jagora daga nau'ikan tashoshi na 72 da aka sanya a kan dillalan jiragen sama na Royal Navy. A sakamakon wannan canji, ma'aunin nauyi na jirgin ya karu da 5% kawai, wanda, tare da karuwar juriya na iska, ya haifar da raguwa a matsakaicin saurin da 8-9 km / h. A ƙarshe an sake gina 166 Mk VB Spitfires don FAA.

An yarda da Seafire Mk IB na farko a matsayin FAA kawai a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1942. Da farko, jiragen wannan nau'in, saboda shekarun su da digiri na sabis, dole ne su ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin sassan horo - yawancin su an sake gina su a matsayin misali. Mk VB daga ma tsofaffi Mk I Spitfires! Duk da haka, a lokacin, buƙatar sojojin ruwa na Royal Navy na jiragen sama ya yi yawa - baya ga ayarin motocin, lokacin da aka fara sauka a Arewacin Afirka (Operation Torch) yana gabatowa - cewa dukkanin tawagar ta 801st NAS (Naval Air Squadron) suna da kayan aiki na Seafire. Mk IB yana tsaye akan jirgin dakon jirgin Furious. Rashin fikafikan nadawa da abin da aka makala ba shi da wata matsala, saboda Furious yana da manyan abubuwan hawa na bene mai siffar T, amma katafilan ba su kasance ba.

Shekara guda bayan haka, lokacin da aka aika mafi yawan sabon nau'in Seafires don rufe wuraren saukarwa a Salerno, an kwashe rabin dozin tsohuwar Mk IBs daga 'yan wasan makaranta. An mika su ne don bukatun Sashen Amurka na 842, wanda aka ajiye a kan jirgin dakon jirgin Fencer, wanda ya rufe ayarin motocin a Arewacin Atlantic da kuma cikin USSR.

Makaman na Mk IB iri daya ne da na Spitfire Mk VB: guda biyu na Hispano Mk II mai tsawon mm 20 tare da mujallar ganga mai zagaye 60 kowanne da bindigogin Browning 7,7 mm hudu dauke da harsasai 350. A karkashin fuselage zai yiwu a rataye wani ƙarin man fetur tank damar 136 lita. Ana daidaita ma'aunin saurin teku don nuna gudun cikin kulli, ba mil a kowace awa ba.

Farashin IIC

A lokaci guda tare da juyawa na Mk VB Spitfire zuwa Royal Navy, wani bambance-bambancen Seafire dangane da Spitfire Mk VC ya fara samarwa. Bayar da Mk IIC na farko ya fara ne a lokacin rani na 1942, a daidai lokacin da Mk IBs na farko.

Ba a halicci sabon Seafires daga sake gina jirgin da aka gama ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin Mk IB, amma ya bar shagon a cikin tsari na ƙarshe. Amma ba su da fuka-fuki masu nadawa - sun bambanta da Mk IB galibi a cikin firam ɗin catapult. Hakika, suna da duk siffofin Spitfire Mk VC - sun kasance masu sulke kuma suna da fuka-fuki da aka daidaita don shigar da bindigogi na biyu (wanda ake kira nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in)) yana da fuka-fuki da aka daidaita don shigar da bindigogi na biyu (wanda ake kira nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in)) yana da wani tsari mai ƙarfi don ɗaukar bama-bamai. Don wannan dalili, Spitfire Mk VC chassis ya ƙarfafa, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yana da kyakkyawan yanayin da Seafire, ya ba da damar yin amfani da tankunan mai na ventral tare da damar 205 lita.

da karfe 1,5.

A gefe guda, Mk IB sun kasance masu sauƙi fiye da Mk IIC - nauyin hana su ya kasance 2681 da 2768 kg, bi da bi. Bugu da ƙari, Mk IIC an sanye shi da katafault anti-resistance. Tun da duka jiragen biyu suna da tashar wutar lantarki iri ɗaya (Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), na ƙarshen yana da mafi munin aiki. A matakin teku, Seafire Mk IB yana da babban gudun kilomita 475 / h, yayin da Mk IIC ya kai kilomita 451 kawai. An ga irin wannan raguwa a cikin adadin hawan - 823 m da 686 m a minti daya, bi da bi. Yayin da Mk IB zai iya kaiwa tsayin mita 6096 a cikin mintuna takwas, Mk IIC ya ɗauki fiye da goma.

Wannan faɗuwar faɗuwar aiki ya sa Admiralty yayi watsi da yuwuwar sake fasalin Mk IIC tare da bindigu na biyu. Wani nau'in diyya shi ne daga baya an gabatar da ciyar da bindigu daga tef, ba daga ganga ba, wanda ya ninka musu nauyin harsasai. A tsawon lokaci, injunan Seafire Mk IB da IIC sun haɓaka matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin su zuwa 1,13 atom, ɗan ƙara saurin gudu a matakin jirgin da hawa.

Af, daga ejection nozzles, wanda ya rage matsakaicin gudun Mk IIC da kusan 11 km / h, da farko akwai kadan hankali. Jiragen saman Burtaniya a wancan lokacin, ban da sabbin na'urori (irin su Illustrious), ba su da irin waɗannan na'urori, kuma katafilolin da ke cikin jigilar jiragen rakiyar jiragen sama na Amurka (wanda aka tura zuwa Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Lend-Lease) ba su dace ba. tare da haɗe-haɗe na Seafire.

An yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalar rage harin ta hanyar shigar da gwaji na abin da ake kira. RATOG (na'urar tashi daga jet). An sanya rokoki masu ƙarfi a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin kwantena da aka gyara a gindin fuka-fuki biyu.

Tsarin ya juya ya zama mai wahalar amfani da shi kuma yana da haɗari - yana da sauƙin tunanin sakamakon harba makami mai linzami daga gefe ɗaya kawai. A ƙarshe, an zaɓi mafita mai sauƙi. Seafire, kamar Spitfire, yana da matsayi guda biyu kawai na ƙasa: karkata (kusan a kusurwar dama) don saukowa ko ja da baya. Domin saita su a kusurwar da ta fi dacewa don tashi sama da digiri 18, an saka ƙullun katako a tsakanin filaye da fifukan, wanda matukin jirgin ya jefa a cikin teku bayan tashinsa, a ɗan lokaci kaɗan.

Seafire L.IIC da LR.IIC

Yaƙi na farko na Sifires, wanda ya faru a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a ƙarshen 1942, ya tabbatar da buƙatar gaggawa don inganta ayyukansu. Junkers Ju 88, babban abokin gaba na Royal Navy, yana da kusan matsakaicin iyakar gudu (470 km/h) kamar Seafire Mk IB kuma tabbas ya fi Mk IIC sauri. Don yin mafi muni, ƙirar Spitfire (saboda haka Seafire) ya kasance mai sassauƙa sosai cewa saukowa mai “wuya” a kan wani jirgin sama ya haifar da nakasu na bangarorin injin kaɗa da murfi na akwatunan harsasai, ƙyanƙyashe fasaha, da dai sauransu. wanda ke haifar da ƙarin raguwar aiki.

Fitilar teku tare da injin Merlin 45 sun haɓaka matsakaicin matsakaicin 5902 m, kuma jiragen ruwa tare da injin Merlin 46 a tsayin 6096 m. A lokaci guda, yawancin yaƙin jiragen ruwa na iska an gudanar da su a ƙasa da mita 3000. A saboda wannan dalili. Admiralty ya zama sha'awar a cikin engine Merlin 32, wanda tasowa iyakar iko a tsawo na 1942 m. har zuwa 1,27 HP Don yin cikakken amfani da shi, an shigar da farfela mai kaifi huɗu.

Tasirin ya ban sha'awa. Sabuwar Seafire, mai suna L.IIC, na iya kaiwa gudun kilomita 508/h a matakin teku. Bayan da ya tashi a gudun 1006 m a minti daya, a cikin minti 1524 kawai an kai 1,7 m. A cikakken maƙura, adadin hawan ya ƙaru zuwa mita 539 a minti daya. Bugu da kari, L.IIC yana da gajeriyar bakin teku ko da ba tare da tsawaita ba fiye da na Seafires na baya tare da kara girman digiri 1402. Saboda haka, an yanke shawarar maye gurbin duk injunan Merlin 18 a cikin Seafire Mk IIC tare da Merlin 46. An fara canzawa zuwa ma'aunin LIIC a farkon Maris 32. Tawagar farko (1943th NAS) ta sami jerin jiragen sama na sabon sigar a tsakiyar watan Mayu.

Bin misalin RAF, wanda ya cire fuka-fukan wasu daga cikin su Mk VC Spitfires, an gyaggyara da dama na L.IIC Seafires ta wannan hanya. Amfanin wannan maganin shine tabbas mafi girman saurin juyi da ɗan ƙaramin tsayi (da 8 km/h) a matakin jirgin. A daya bangaren kuma, jiragen da aka cire fukafukai, musamman wadanda ke da cikakkun alburusai da tankin mai na waje, sun fi juriya da tuƙi da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin iska, wanda kawai ya fi gajiyar tashi. Tun da ana iya yin wannan gyare-gyaren cikin sauƙi ta ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa, shawarar tashi tare da ko ba tare da nasiha ba an bar ta ga ikon shugabannin squadron.

An kera jimillar jiragen sama 372 Seafire IIC da L.IIC - Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) ya samar da raka'a 262 da Westland Aircraft guda 110. Standard IICs sun kasance a cikin sabis har zuwa Maris 1944, kuma daidaitattun IICs har zuwa ƙarshen waccan shekarar. Kimanin 30 Seafire L.IICs an haɓaka su tare da kyamarorin F.24 guda biyu (wanda aka saka a cikin fuselage, ɗaya a tsaye, ɗayan diagonally), ƙirƙirar nau'in binciken hoto, wanda aka sanya LR.IIC.