Supercapacitors - super har ma da matsananci

Batun ingancin baturi, gudu, iya aiki da aminci yanzu yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin duniya. A ma'anar cewa rashin ci gaba a wannan yanki yana barazanar durkushe duk wayewarmu ta fasaha.

Kwanan nan mun yi rubutu game da fashewar baturan lithium-ion a cikin wayoyi. Ƙarfin su har yanzu da rashin gamsuwa da jinkirin caji sun fusata Elon Musk ko duk wani mai sha'awar abin hawa na lantarki fiye da sau ɗaya. Mun yi shekaru da yawa muna jin labarin sabbin abubuwa daban-daban a wannan yanki, amma har yanzu babu wani ci gaba da zai ba da wani abu mafi kyau a cikin amfanin yau da kullun. Sai dai kuma, an jima ana ta cece-kuce game da cewa ana iya maye gurbin batir da capacitors masu saurin caji, ko kuma sigarsu ta “super”.

Me yasa talakawa capacitors ba sa fatan samun nasara? Amsar mai sauki ce. kilogram na fetur yana da kusan awanni 4. kuzari. Baturi a cikin samfurin Tesla yana da kusan sau 30 ƙarancin kuzari. Kilogram na adadin capacitor shine kawai 0,1 kWh. Babu bukatar bayyana dalilin da ya sa talakawa capacitors ba su dace da wani sabon rawa. Ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin lithium-ion na zamani zai kasance ya fi girma sau ɗari da yawa.

Supercapacitor ko ultracapacitor nau'in capacitor ne na electrolytic wanda, idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya na lantarki capacitors, yana da ƙarfin lantarki mai girma (a kan tsari na farad dubu da yawa), tare da ƙarfin aiki na 2-3 V. Babban fa'idar supercapacitors shine gajeren lokacin caji da caji idan aka kwatanta da sauran na'urorin ajiyar makamashi (misali baturi). Wannan yana ba ku damar ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki zuwa 10 kW a kowace kilogiram na nauyin capacitor.

Ofaya daga cikin samfuran ultracapacitors da ake samu akan kasuwa.

Nasarorin da aka samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje

'Yan watannin baya-bayan nan sun kawo bayanai da yawa game da sabbin samfuran supercapacitor. A ƙarshen 2016, mun koyi, alal misali, cewa ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Central Florida ta kirkiro. sabon tsari don ƙirƙirar supercapacitors, adana ƙarin makamashi da jurewa fiye da 30 XNUMX. zagayowar caji/fitowa. Idan muka musanya batura da waɗannan na'urori masu ƙarfi, ba wai kawai za mu iya yin cajin wayar hannu a cikin daƙiƙa ba, amma hakan zai iya isa fiye da mako guda na amfani, Nitin Chowdhary, memba na ƙungiyar bincike, ya shaida wa kafofin watsa labarai. . Masana kimiyyar Florida sun ƙirƙira manyan capacitors daga miliyoyin microwires da aka lulluɓe da abu mai girma biyu. Matsakaicin igiyoyin kebul suna da kyaun jagoranci na wutar lantarki, suna ba da damar yin caji da sauri da fitarwa na capacitor, kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ba da damar adana makamashi mai yawa.

Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Tehran da ke Iran, waɗanda ke samar da sifofi na tagulla a cikin maganin ammoniya a matsayin kayan lantarki, suna manne da irin wannan ra'ayi. Biritaniya, su kuma, sun zaɓi gels kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin ruwan tabarau. Wani kuma ya ɗauki polymers zuwa taron bitar. Bincike da tunani ba su da iyaka a duniya.

Masana kimiyya da hannu a Aikin ELECTROGRAPH (Graphene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications), wanda EU ta ba da kuɗaɗe, yana aiki akan yawan samar da kayan lantarki na graphene da aikace-aikacen ion ruwa masu dacewa da muhalli a cikin ɗaki. Masana kimiyya suna tsammanin hakan graphene zai maye gurbin carbon da aka kunna (AC) ana amfani dashi a cikin na'urorin lantarki na supercapacitors.

Masu binciken sun samar da graphite oxides a nan, suka raba su cikin zanen gado na graphene, sa'an nan kuma sanya zanen gadon a cikin babban capacitor. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin lantarki na AC, graphene electrodes suna da ingantattun kaddarorin mannewa da mafi girman ƙarfin ajiyar kuzari.

Fasinjojin shiga - tram ɗin yana caji

Cibiyoyin kimiyya sun tsunduma cikin bincike da kwatance, kuma Sinawa sun yi amfani da na'urori masu karfin gaske a aikace. A kwanan baya ne birnin Zhuzhou na lardin Hunan ya kaddamar da jirgin kasa na farko da kasar Sin ta kera ta hanyar amfani da manyan motoci (2), wanda ke nufin ba ya bukatar layin da ya wuce. Ana amfani da tram ɗin ta pantographs da aka sanya a tasha. Cikakken caji yana ɗaukar kusan daƙiƙa 30, don haka yana faruwa yayin hawan fasinjoji da saukar jirgin. Wannan yana ba da damar motar ta yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 3-5 ba tare da ikon waje ba, wanda ya isa ya isa tasha na gaba. Bugu da kari, yana dawo da kusan kashi 85% na kuzari yayin taka birki.

Yiwuwar amfani da aikace-aikacen supercapacitors suna da yawa - daga tsarin makamashi, ƙwayoyin mai, ƙwayoyin hasken rana zuwa motocin lantarki. Kwanan nan, hankalin ƙwararru ya tashi don yin amfani da supercapacitors a cikin motocin lantarki na matasan. Tantanin man fetur na polymer diaphragm yana cajin babban ƙarfin aiki, wanda sai ya adana makamashin lantarki da ake amfani da shi don kunna injin. Za'a iya amfani da hawan caji mai sauri/fitarwa na SC don sassaukar da mafi girman ƙarfin da ake buƙata na tantanin mai, yana samar da aikin kusan iri ɗaya.

Da alama mun riga mun kan kofa na babban juyin juya hali. Kwarewa ta nuna, duk da haka, yana da kyau a hana wuce gona da iri don kada a ruɗe kuma kar a bar ku da cire tsohon baturi a hannunku.