Boeing XB-15 bama-bamai
Prototype XB-15 (35-277) yayin gwajin kayan abu a filin Wright a 1938. A lokacin gwajin jirgin, shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma kuma mafi nauyi da aka kera a Amurka.
Boeing ya gina shi a tsakiyar 15s, XB-15 shine farkon ƙarni na gaba na Amurka mai ɗaukar bama-bamai mai dogon zango. Ƙirƙirar ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon tattaunawa game da dabarun rawar da masu tayar da bama-bamai suka taka da kuma yaƙi da jiragen sama a gaba ɗaya a rikicin soja na gaba. Yayin da XB-XNUMX ya kasance injin gwaji, ya fara haɓaka wannan nau'in jirgin sama a Amurka.
A karshen yakin duniya na daya, da yawa daga cikin manyan hafsoshi na Sojojin Amurka (Air Service) a Turai sun ga yiwuwar amfani da masu tayar da bama-bamai a matsayin makamin da ke da matukar muhimmanci, mai iya lalata karfin soja da tattalin arzikin makiya a baya. . gaba. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Brig. Janar William "Billy" Mitchell, babban mai goyon bayan samar da sojojin sama mai zaman kansa (wato mai zaman kansa daga sojoji), kuma a cikin tsarinsu na da karfi mai tayar da bama-bamai. Duk da haka, bayan kawo karshen yakin, babu wata fasaha ko kuma manufar siyasa a Amurka don aiwatar da shawarwarin Mitchell. Duk da haka, dagewar Mitchell ya haifar da kungiyar a cikin 1921-1923 na yunƙurin zanga-zangar da yawa na bombard jiragen ruwa da jirgin sama. A lokacin farkon su, wanda aka gudanar a watan Yulin 1921 a Tekun Chesapeake, maharan Mitchell sun yi nasarar jefa bama-bamai a tsohon jirgin yakin Jamus Ostfriesland, wanda ke nuna yadda maharan ke da karfin narka jiragen yaki masu sulke a cikin teku. Duk da haka, wannan bai canza tsarin da Ma'aikatar Yaki da Majalisa ke yi ba zuwa masu tayar da bama-bamai da kuma bunkasa jiragen sama na soja gaba daya. Sukar da Mitchell ya yi a bainar jama'a game da manufofin tsaron Amurka da na manyan hafsoshi da yawa a cikin sojoji da na ruwa ya kai ga shari'arsa a gaban kotun soja, sakamakon haka, ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a watan Fabrairun 1926.
Ra'ayin Mitchell, duk da haka, ya sami ɗimbin gungun magoya baya a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USAAC), ko da yake ba mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne kamar yadda yake. Daga cikin su akwai malamai da dama da dama daga Makarantar Dabarun Sojan Sama, wanda aka fi sani da "Mafia Bomber". Sun tsara ka'idar kai harin bam a matsayin wata hanya mai inganci ta yin tasiri da tasiri da sakamakon yaki ta hanyar kai hari da lalata abubuwa daga iska wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga ayyukan masana'antu da sojojin makiya. Wannan ba sabon sabon ra'ayi ba ne - labarin game da muhimmiyar rawar da jirgin sama ke takawa wajen warware yaƙe-yaƙe ya fito ne daga Janar Italiyanci Giulio Due a cikin littafinsa "Il dominio dell'aria" ("The Kingdom of the Air"), wanda aka buga don a karon farko a cikin 1921 kuma a cikin wani ɗan gyara na 1927 Ko da yake shekaru da yawa ka'idar bama-bamai ba ta sami izini a hukumance daga rundunar sojojin saman Amurka ko 'yan siyasa a Washington ba, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar. manufar haɓakawa da amfani da bama-bamai masu ban sha'awa.
Sakamakon waɗannan tattaunawa, a ƙarshen 544s da 1200s, an tsara zato na gaba ɗaya don nau'ikan masu tayar da bama-bamai guda biyu. Ɗayan - in mun gwada da sauƙi, mai sauri, mai ɗan gajeren zango da kaya mai nauyin kilogiram 1134 (fam 2500) - za a yi amfani da shi don kai hari kai tsaye a fagen fama, ɗayan kuma yana da nauyi, mai tsayi, bam. tare da ɗaukar nauyin aƙalla kilogiram 2 (fam 3) - don lalata wuraren da ake hari a ƙasa a baya mai nisa na gaba ko a kan maƙasudin teku a nesa mai nisa daga gabar tekun Amurka. Da farko an sanya na farko a matsayin mai tayar da bam a rana, na biyu kuma a matsayin mai tayar da bam a cikin dare. Dole ne maharin na ranar ya kasance da makami mai kyau domin samun damar kare kai daga hare-haren mayaka. A daya bangaren kuma, idan mutum ya kai harin da daddare, kananan makamai za su yi rauni sosai, tun da ya kamata duhun dare ya ba da isasshen kariya. Duk da haka, an yi watsi da irin wannan rarrabuwar da sauri kuma an kammala cewa duka nau'ikan jiragen sama su kasance na duniya kuma an daidaita su don amfani a kowane lokaci na rana, dangane da bukatun. Ba kamar Curtiss mai motsi ba (B-4) da Keystone (B-5, B-6, B-XNUMX da B-XNUMX) jirage masu saukar ungulu sannan a cikin sabis, duka sabbin masu tayar da bama-bamai za su kasance jiragen saman ƙarfe na zamani.
