Stuletnia Kommuna
Jirgin ceto don jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa "Commune" a faretin tuta. Hoto na zamani. Hoton Vitaly Vladimirovich Kostrichenko
A wannan watan Yuli ne aka yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da kaddamar da jirgin ruwan ceto na musamman na Commune, wanda a da ake kira Volkhov. Labarinsa yana da ban mamaki ta hanyoyi da yawa - ya tsira daga yakin duniya biyu, yakin cacar baki, da rushewar daular tsarist da magajinsa, Tarayyar Soviet. Ba kamar sabbin jiragen ruwa na zamani da aka yi gaggawar soke su ba, wannan tsohon soja har yanzu yana kan hidima, kasancewarsa ne kawai rukunin taimako na rundunar Tsarist. Babu wani jirgin ruwa a duniya da zai yi alfahari da samun irin wannan abu.
Ficewar Faransa daga tsarin soji na NATO a shekarar 1966 ya kara kaimi wajen samun 'yancin kai a fagen kare kasar daga harin da Tarayyar Soviet ta kai. A halin yanzu, riga a cikin 1956, aikin kan makaman nukiliya ya tsananta, wanda farar hula Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA - kwamitin makamashin nukiliya wanda ya wanzu tun 1945). Sakamakon haka shine nasarar fashewar babbar “na’urar” nukiliya ta Gerboise Bleue a Algiers a 1960. A cikin wannan shekarar, Shugaba Janar Charles de Gaulle ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar Force de Frappe (a zahiri, yajin aikin, wanda ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin ƙarfin hanawa). Manufarsu ita ce samun 'yancin kai daga babban manufar da NATO ke bi. A cikin 1962, an ƙaddamar da shirin na Coelacanthe, wanda manufarsa shine ƙirƙirar jirgin ruwa mai linzami na ballistic da ake kira Sous-marin Nucléaire Lanceur d'Engins (SNLE). Irin waɗannan rukunin za su zama tushen wani sabon reshe na soja, Force Océanique Stratégique, ko dabarun teku, wanda wani yanki ne na Force de Frappe. 'Ya'yan itacen Coelacanthe shine Le Redoutable da aka ambata a farkon. Duk da haka, kafin wannan, an yi kayan aikin jirgin ruwa na nukiliya a Faransa.
A shekara ta 1954, an fara zane na farko da aka yi wa hari tare da irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki (SNA - Sous-marin Nucléaire d'Attaque). Ya kamata ya kasance yana da tsayin mita 120 da ƙaura na kusan tan 4000. A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1955, an fara gininsa a Arsenal da ke Cherbourg a ƙarƙashin sunan Q 244. Duk da haka, aikin injin ya ci gaba a hankali. Rashin yuwuwar samun wadataccen uranium ya haifar da buƙatar amfani da babban injin ruwa akan uranium na halitta. Duk da haka, wannan bayani ba a yarda da shi ba saboda girman shigarwar, wanda ya wuce ƙarfin shari'ar. Tattaunawa da Amurkawa don samun fasahar da ta dace, ko ma mafi wadatar uranium, ba ta yi nasara ba. A cikin wannan halin da ake ciki, a cikin Maris 1958, an "dakatad da aikin". Dangane da ƙaddamar da shirin Coelacanthe da aka ambata, an yanke shawarar kammala Q 244 a matsayin gwajin gwaji don gwada makamai masu linzami. An yi amfani da tsarin motsa jiki na al'ada kuma an sanya wani babban tsari a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa wanda ke rufe saman na'urorin harba roka guda huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu samfurin da aka dace da Le Redoutable. An ci gaba da aiki a cikin 1963 a ƙarƙashin sabon ƙirar Q 251. An shimfiɗa keel a ranar 17 ga Maris. An kaddamar da Gymnot daidai shekara guda, a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1964. An ba da izini a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1966, an yi amfani da shi don harba makamai masu linzami na M-1, M-2, M-20 da roka na farko mai matakai uku na sabon tsara. makamai masu linzami - M-4.
Nasarar Le Redoutable ta dogara ne, a wani bangare, akan farkon ci gaban na'ura mai sarrafa ruwa na farko na tushen ƙasa tare da motsin jirgin ruwa. Samfurin sa PAT 1 (Prototype Terre 1) an ƙirƙira shi ne saboda ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na CEA da ƙwararrun Marine Nationale a wurin gwajin Cadarache kusa da Marseille. An fara aiki kafin ƙaddamar da Coelacanthe a cikin Afrilu 1962, kuma ƙasa da shekara guda bayan haka, PAT 1 ya sami taron mai. An fara farawa na farko na shigarwa a tsakiyar 1964. A cikin lokaci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, tsarin ya ci gaba da aiki, wanda ya dace da gudu na kimanin kilomita 10. mm a hakikanin yanayi. Gwajin nasara na RAT 1 da ƙwarewar da aka tara ya sa ya yiwu a gina ƙaddamar da manufa don haka ya buɗe hanyar ƙirƙirar SNLE na farko, sannan SNS. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wajen horar da kwararru kan aikin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya a cikin jiragen ruwa.
