Tsohon ilmin sunadarai a cikin sababbin launuka
A karshen watan Satumban 2020, jirgin ruwan ammonia (1) na farko a duniya ya tashi daga Saudi Arabiya zuwa Japan, wanda a cewar rahotannin manema labarai, za a yi amfani da shi wajen samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ba. Ga wanda ba a san shi ba, wannan na iya zama kamar ɗan ɓoye. Shin akwai sabon makamashin mu'ujiza?
Saudi Aramco, a bayan sufuri, ta samar man fetur ta hanyar canjin hydrocarbon (watau samfuran da aka samo daga man fetur) zuwa hydrogen sannan su canza samfurin zuwa ammonia, suna ɗaukar samfurin carbon dioxide. Don haka, ammoniya tana adana hydrogen, wanda kuma ake kira da "blue" hydrogen, sabanin "koren" hydrogen, wanda ya fito daga tushe mai sabuntawa maimakon burbushin mai. Hakanan ana iya kona shi azaman mai a cikin masana'antar wutar lantarki, mahimmanci ba tare da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ba.
Me yasa ya fi kyau adanawa yana jigilar hydrogen a cikin ammonia fiye da tsaftataccen hydrogen? "Ammoniya ya fi sauƙi a liquefy - yana daɗaɗɗa a rage ma'aunin Celsius 33 - kuma ya ƙunshi hydrogen sau 1,7 a kowace mita cubic fiye da hydrogen," a cewar wani bincike na bankin zuba jari HSBC da ke tallafawa sabuwar fasaha.
Saudi Arabia, wanda ya fi kowa fitar da mai a duniya, yana zuba hannun jari a fannin fasaha don fitar da hydrogen daga albarkatun mai da kuma canza samfurin zuwa ammonia. Kamfanin American Air Products & Chemicals Inc. a lokacin bazara sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kamfanin Saudiyya ACWA Power International da kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin gina birnin Neom (2) nan gaba, wanda masarautar ke son ginawa a gabar tekun Bahar Maliya. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, za a gina wata masana'antar ammonia da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan XNUMX bisa la'akari da makamashin hydrogen da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa.
2. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka gani na birnin Neom na Saudiyya mai zuwa.
An san hydrogen man fetur ne mai tsafta wanda idan ya kone ba ya haifar da komai sai tururin ruwa. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da shi azaman babban tushen makamashin kore. Duk da haka, gaskiyar ta ɗan fi rikitarwa. Gabaɗayan ma'auni na iskar hydrogen yana da tsabta kamar yadda ake amfani da shi don samar da shi. Idan aka yi la’akari da jimillar ma’aunin hayaki, ana fitar da irin nau’in iskar gas kamar koren hydrogen, hydrogen blue da kuma hydrogen mai launin toka. Green hydrogen Ana samar da shi ta amfani da hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa da kuma rashin carbon. Grey hydrogen, mafi yawan nau'in hydrogen a cikin tattalin arziki, ana samar da shi ne daga burbushin man fetur, ma'ana cewa ƙarancin iskar hydrogen ana yin diyya ta hanyar masana'antu. Blue hydrogen shine sunan da aka ba hydrogen da aka samu daga iskar gas kawai, wanda ke da ƙarancin iskar carbon dioxide kuma ya fi tsafta fiye da mafi yawan albarkatun mai.
Ammoniya wani sinadari ne mai dauke da kwayoyin hydrogen guda uku da kwayoyin nitrogen daya. A wannan ma'ana, yana "ajiye" hydrogen kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman abincin abinci don samar da "hydrogen mai dorewa". Ammoniya kanta, kamar hydrogen, ba ta fitar da carbon dioxide lokacin da aka kone a tashar wutar lantarki. Launi mai launin shuɗi a cikin sunan yana nufin ana samar da shi ta amfani da iskar gas (kuma a wasu lokuta, kwal). Ana la'akari da mafi kore nau'i na samar da makamashi kuma saboda ikon kamawa da sequester carbon dioxide (CCS) yayin tsarin juyawa. Aƙalla abin da kamfanin Aramco, wanda ke samar da irin wannan ke tabbatar.
Daga shudi zuwa kore
Masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa dabarar da aka kwatanta a sama mataki ne kawai na wucin gadi, kuma makasudin shine cimma ingantaccen samar da kore ammonia. Tabbas, wannan ba zai bambanta a cikin sinadarai ba, kamar yadda shuɗi ba ya bambanta a cikin sinadaran sinadaran da kowane ammonia. Ma'anar ita ce kawai tsarin samar da nau'in kore zai gaba daya mara watsi kuma ba zai rasa nasaba da albarkatun mai. Wannan na iya zama, alal misali, shuka don samar da hydrogen mai sabuntawa, wanda aka canza shi zuwa ammonia don sauƙin ajiya da sufuri.
A cikin Disamba 2018, Hukumar Canjin Makamashi ta Burtaniya ta buga wani rahoto, "haɗin gwiwar shugabannin kasuwanci, kuɗi da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daga sassan masana'antu waɗanda ke samarwa da amfani da makamashi." Manufa Mai yiwuwa. A cewar mawallafa, cikakken decarbonization na ammonia ta 2050 yana yiwuwa a fasaha da tattalin arziki, amma blue ammonia ba zai dame a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ba. A ƙarshe zai mamaye kore ammonia. Wannan ya faru ne saboda babban farashin kama 10-20% CO na ƙarshe, in ji rahoton.2 a cikin tsarin samarwa. Sai dai kuma wasu masu sharhi sun yi nuni da cewa, wadannan hasashe sun dogara ne akan yanayin fasaha. A halin yanzu, ana ci gaba da bincike kan sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ammonia.
Alal misali Matteo Masanti, Injiniya a Casale SA (wani memba na Ƙungiyar Makamashi ta Ammoniya), ya gabatar da sabon tsarin haƙƙin mallaka don "canza iskar gas zuwa ammonia yayin da rage fitar da COXNUMX".2 zuwa yanayi har zuwa 80% dangane da mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samu”. A taƙaice, ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin naúrar CDR (kauwar carbon dioxide) da aka yi amfani da shi don kama carbon dioxide daga iskar gas bayan konewa tare da "dabarun lalata lalatawar da aka rigaya".
Akwai wasu sabbin ra'ayoyi da yawa. Kamfanin Monolith Materials na Amurka yana ba da "sabon tsarin lantarki don canza iskar gas zuwa carbon a cikin nau'i na soot da hydrogen tare da inganci." Kwal ba barna ba ce a nan, amma wani abu ne wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'in kayayyaki masu mahimmanci na kasuwanci. Kamfanin yana son adana hydrogen ba kawai a cikin nau'in ammonia ba, har ma, alal misali, a cikin methanol. Hakanan akwai eSMR, hanyar da Haldor Topsoe daga Denmark ya ɓullo da ita amfani da wutar lantarki da ake samu daga hanyoyin da ake sabunta su a matsayin ƙarin tushen tsarin zafi a mataki na gyaran tururi na methane a cikin samar da hydrogen a wata shuka ammonia. An yi hasashen raguwar fitar da CO2 don samar da ammonia kusan 30%.
Kamar yadda ka sani, Orlen namu kuma yana yin aikin samar da hydrogen. Ya yi magana game da samar da kore ammonia a matsayin ajiyar makamashi a Majalisar Kimiyya ta Poland a watan Satumba na 2020, watau. 'yan kwanaki kafin tashin jigilar da aka ambata zuwa Japan. Jacek Mendelevsky, memban kwamitin Anwil daga kungiyar PKN Orlen. A gaskiya ma, yana yiwuwa blue ammoniabisa ga rabe-raben da ke sama. Ba a bayyana ba daga wannan bayanin cewa Anwil ya riga ya kera wannan samfurin, amma ana iya ɗauka cewa akwai shirye-shirye a Poland don samar da aƙalla blue ammonia.
