Matsakaicin tanki T-34
Matsakaicin tanki T-34
An samar da babban motsi ta injin dizal mai ƙarfi da manyan waƙoƙi. Babban ƙira na ƙira ya sa ya yiwu a kafa serial samar da T-34 a shuke-shuke bakwai na inji na kayan aiki daban-daban. A lokacin babban yakin basasa, tare da karuwar yawan tankunan da aka samar, an warware aikin inganta tsarin su da kuma sauƙaƙe fasahar masana'antu. Samfurin farko na welded da simintin gyare-gyare, waɗanda ke da wuyar ƙira, an maye gurbinsu da mafi sauƙi na turret hexagonal. An samu karuwar rayuwar injin ne ta hanyar samar da ingantattun na'urorin tsaftace iska, ingantattun tsarin man shafawa da kuma gabatar da gwamna mai inganci. Sauya babban clutch tare da mafi ci gaba da kuma gabatar da akwatin gear mai sauri guda biyar maimakon guda hudu ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwa a matsakaicin gudu. Ƙarfafa waƙoƙi da ƙwanƙwasa waƙa suna inganta amincin ƙasƙanci. Don haka, amincin tanki gaba ɗaya ya ƙaru, yayin da aka rage ƙarancin masana'anta. A cikin duka, fiye da 52 tankunan T-34 da aka samar a lokacin yakin shekaru, wanda dauki bangare a duk fadace-fadace.
Tarihin halittar tanki T-34A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1937, Kharkov Steam Locomotive Shuka mai suna bayan Comintern (lambar shuka 183) an ba da shi tare da buƙatun dabara da fasaha don ƙira da kera sabon tanki mai sa ido na BT-20. Don cim ma wannan aikin, ta hanyar yanke shawara na Babban Darakta na 8 na Kwamitin Jama'a na Masana'antu na Tsaro, an ƙirƙiri wani ofishin ƙira na musamman a masana'antar, wanda ke ƙarƙashin babban injiniyan kai tsaye. Ya karbi sunan masana'anta A-20. A cikin tsarin nata, an samar da wani tanki, kusan daidai da A-20 dangane da nauyi da girma. Babban bambancinsa shine rashin abin tuƙi.
A sakamakon haka, a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1938, a taron kwamitin tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet, an gabatar da ayyuka guda biyu: tankin A-20 mai tayar da ƙafar ƙafa da kuma tanki na A-32. A watan Agusta, an yi la'akari da su duka biyu a wani taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an amince da su kuma a farkon rabin shekara mai zuwa an yi su da karfe.
Dangane da bayanan fasaha da bayyanarsa, tankin A-32 ya ɗan bambanta daga A-20. Ya juya ya zama ton 1 ya fi nauyi (nauyin yaƙi - 19 tons), yana da girman gaba ɗaya da siffar ƙwanƙwasa da turret. Gidan wutar lantarki ya kasance irin wannan - diesel V-2. Babban bambance-bambancen shine rashin motsin dabaran, kauri daga cikin sulke (30 mm maimakon 25 mm don A-20), igwa 76 mm (an fara shigar da mm 45 akan samfurin farko), kasancewar biyar. ƙafafun hanya a gefe ɗaya a cikin chassis.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen haɗin gwiwa na injinan biyu a watan Yuli-Agusta 1939 a filin horo a Kharkov kuma sun bayyana kamanceceniya da halayensu na fasaha, da farko masu ƙarfi. Matsakaicin saurin motocin yaƙi akan waƙoƙi iri ɗaya ne - 65 km / h; matsakaicin saurin gudu shima kusan daidai yake, kuma saurin aiki na tankin A-20 akan ƙafafun da waƙoƙi bai bambanta sosai ba. Dangane da sakamakon gwajin, an kammala cewa A-32, wanda ke da tazara don haɓaka taro, yakamata a kiyaye shi tare da ƙarin sulke mai ƙarfi, bi da bi, ƙara ƙarfin sassa ɗaya. Sabuwar tanki ta sami lambar A-34.
A watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 1939, an gwada na'urori biyu A-32, lodi har zuwa 6830 kg (har zuwa taro na A-34). A kan waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, a ranar 19 ga Disamba, Red Army ta karɓi tanki A-34 a ƙarƙashin alamar T-34. Har zuwa farkon yakin, jami'an kwamandan tsaron jama'a ba su da wani kwakkwaran ra'ayi game da tankin T-34, wanda aka riga aka yi amfani da shi. Gudanar da shuka No. 183 bai yarda da ra'ayin abokin ciniki ba kuma ya yi kira ga wannan yanke shawara ga ofishin tsakiya da commissariat na jama'a, yana ba da ci gaba da samarwa da ba da tankunan T-34 na sojojin tare da gyare-gyare da garanti mai nisan mil zuwa 1000. km (daga 3000). K. E. Voroshilov ya kawo karshen takaddama, ya yarda da ra'ayin shuka. Duk da haka, babban abin da aka lura da shi a cikin rahoton kwararru na NIBT Polygon - ba a gyara matsa lamba ba.
A cikin sigar asali, tankin T-34 da aka samar a cikin 1940 ya bambanta ta hanyar ingantaccen ingancin sarrafa saman sulke. A lokacin yaƙi, dole ne su yi sadaukarwa don yawan kera motar yaƙi. Shirin samar da asali na 1940 ya tanadi samar da 150 serial T-34s, amma a watan Yuni wannan adadin ya karu zuwa 600. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi amfani da kayan aiki duka a Plant No. 183 da kuma Stalingrad Tractor Plant (STZ). , wanda ya kamata ya kera motoci 100. Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya zama mai nisa daga gaskiya: Satumba 15, 1940, kawai 3 serial tankuna aka samar a KhPZ, da kuma Stalingrad T-34 tankuna bar factory bitar kawai a 1941.
Motoci uku na farko da aka kera a watan Nuwamba-Disamba 1940 sun yi harbi mai tsanani da gwaje-gwajen nisan miloli akan hanyar Kharkov-Kubinka-Smolensk-Kiev-Kharkov. Jami'an NIBT Polygon ne suka gudanar da gwajin. Sun gano kurakuran ƙira da yawa wanda ya sa suka nuna shakku kan tasirin yaƙin na injinan da ake gwadawa. GABTU ta gabatar da rahoto mara kyau. Bugu da ƙari, an shigar da farantin sulke a manyan kusurwoyi na karkata, kaurin sulke na tankin T-34 na shekarar 1940 ya zarce mafi yawan motocin da ke wancan lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da shi shine L-11 guntu mai tsayi.
Na biyu samfur A-34
Da farko an shigar da igwa mai girman 76-mm L-11 mai tsayin ganga 30,5 a cikin tankin, kuma tun daga watan Fabrairun 1941, tare da L-11, sun fara shigar da igwa F-76 mai nauyin 34-mm tare da tsawon ganga 41 calibers. A lokaci guda, sauye-sauyen sun shafi abin rufe fuska kawai na sashin jujjuyawar bindiga. A ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1941, an samar da tankunan T-34 kawai tare da bindigar F-34, wanda aka samar a shuka No. 92 a Gorky. Bayan da aka fara na Great Patriotic War, da GKO doka No. 1, da Krasnoye Sormovo shuka (Plant No. 34 na Jama'ar Commissariat na masana'antu) an haɗa zuwa samar da tankuna T-112. A lokaci guda, Sormovites an yarda su shigar da sassan jirgin da aka kawo daga Kharkov a kan tankuna.
Saboda haka, a cikin kaka na 1941 STZ zauna kawai manyan manufacturer na tankuna T-34. A lokaci guda, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙaddamar da sakin matsakaicin adadin abubuwan da aka gyara a Stalingrad. Karfe mai sulke ya fito ne daga shukar Krasny Oktyabr, an yi wa sulke masu sulke a filin jirgin ruwa na Stalingrad (shuka mai lamba 264), shukar Barrikady ce ta ba da bindigogi. Don haka, an shirya kusan cikakken tsarin samar da kayayyaki a cikin birni. Haka abin yake a Gorky da Nizhny Tagil. Ya kamata a lura cewa kowane masana'anta ya yi wasu canje-canje da ƙari ga ƙirar motar daidai da ƙarfin fasaharta, don haka tankunan T-34 daga tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da halayen halayensu.
A cikin duka, an kera tankunan T-35312 34 a wannan lokacin, ciki har da na flamethrower 1170. Akwai tebur samar T-34, wanda ya bambanta da ɗan a cikin adadin tankuna samar: 1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
kawai
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T-34 tanki aka halitta a kan wani gogaggen matsakaici A-32 da kuma shiga sabis a watan Disamba 1939. Zane na talatin da huɗu yana nuna alamar ƙididdigewa a cikin ginin tanki na gida da na duniya. A karon farko, abin hawa a zahiri ya haɗu da sulke na hana igwa, makamai masu ƙarfi da ingantaccen chassis. Ana ba da sulke mai sulke ba kawai ta hanyar amfani da faranti na sulke na kauri mai girma ba, har ma ta hanyar tunaninsu. A lokaci guda kuma, an gudanar da haɗakar da zanen gado ta hanyar hanyar walƙiya ta hannu, wanda a yayin samarwa ya maye gurbin ta atomatik. Tankin dai yana dauke ne da igwa mai lamba 76,2mm L-11, wanda nan da nan aka maye gurbinsa da mafi karfi na F-32, sannan kuma F-34. Don haka, dangane da makamai, ya dace da tanki mai nauyi KV-1.
