Kamfanin Ganomag ya samar da matsakaicin matsakaicin sulke na ma'aikata a cikin 1940. An yi amfani da chassis na tarakta ton uku na rabin hanya a matsayin tushe. Kamar dai yadda lamarin yake ma'aikaci mai haske mai sulke, a cikin ƙananan hawan da aka yi amfani da caterpillars tare da haɗin allura da katako na roba na waje, wani tsari mai banƙyama na ƙafafun hanyoyi da axle na gaba tare da ƙafafun ƙafa. Watsawa tana amfani da akwatin gear guda huɗu na al'ada. An fara daga 1943, an saka ƙofofin shiga a bayan kwandon. An samar da matsakaitan masu ɗaukar makamai a cikin gyare-gyare 23 dangane da makamai da manufa. Misali, an samar da manyan motocin yaki masu sulke da ke daura damarar hawa sulke mai tsawon milimita 75, bindigar anti-tanki mm 37, turmi mm 8, bindigar hana jiragen sama 20 mm, fitilar binciken infrared, injin wuta da sauransu. Masu ɗaukar makamai masu sulke na wannan nau'in suna da ƙarancin motsi da rashin iya tafiyar da aiki a ƙasa. Tun daga 1940, an yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin sojoji masu motsi, kamfanonin sapper da sauran rukunin tanki da ƙungiyoyi masu motsi. (Dubi kuma "Mai ɗaukar kaya masu sulke masu haske (mota ta musamman 250)")
Daga tarihin halitta
An kera wannan tankar ne a lokacin yakin duniya na farko a matsayin hanyar da za ta bi ta hanyar kariya ta dogon lokaci a Gaban Yammacin Turai. Kamata ya yi ya karya layin tsaro, ta haka ne ya share fagen shiga fagen daga. Tankunan na iya yin hakan, amma sun kasa ƙarfafa nasarar su saboda ƙarancin motsin su da rashin amincin sashin injin. Abokan gaba yawanci suna da lokaci don canja wurin ajiyar kuɗi zuwa wurin nasara kuma su toshe ratar da aka samu. Sakamakon rashin gudu irin na tankunan, sojojin da suka kai harin cikin sauki suna tare da su, amma sun kasance cikin sauki ga kananan bindigogi, turmi da sauran manyan bindigogi. Rukunan sojojin sun yi asara mai yawa. Don haka turawan ingila suka fito da wani jirgin ruwa na Mk.IX, wanda aka kera don jigilar sojojin kasa da kasa guda goma sha biyu a fadin filin daga karkashin kariyar sulke, duk da haka, har zuwa karshen yakin, sun yi nasarar kera wani samfurin ne kawai, kuma ba su gwada shi ba. a cikin yanayin yaƙi.
A cikin shekarun tsaka-tsakin, tankunan yaki a mafi yawan sojojin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fito kan gaba. Amma ka'idojin amfani da motocin yaki a yakin sun kasance mabambanta. A cikin 30s, yawancin makarantu na gudanar da yakin tankuna sun tashi a duniya. A Biritaniya, sun yi gwaji da yawa tare da rukunin tankuna, Faransawa suna kallon tankuna ne kawai a matsayin hanyar tallafawa sojoji. Makarantar Jamus, wadda fitaccen wakilinta shine Heinz Guderian, ta fi son rundunonin sulke, waɗanda suka haɗa da tankunan tankuna, sojoji masu motsa jiki da ƙungiyoyin tallafi. Irin wannan runduna za su kutsa cikin kariya daga abokan gaba kuma su ci gaba da kai hari a cikin zurfin bayansa. A zahiri, raka'o'in da ke cikin rundunonin dole ne su yi tafiya cikin sauri iri ɗaya kuma, a zahiri, suna da damar kashe hanya iri ɗaya. Ko da mafi alhẽri, idan goyon bayan raka'a - sappers, manyan bindigogi, mayaƙa - kuma motsa a karkashin murfin nasu makamai a cikin wannan yaki formations.
Ka'idar ta kasance mai wuyar aiwatarwa. Masana'antar Jamus sun fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani tare da fitar da sabbin tankuna da yawa kuma ba za a iya raba hankalinsu da yawan kera motocin dakon kaya ba. A saboda wannan dalili, na farko haske da tanki na Wehrmacht aka sanye take da wheeled motoci, nufi maimakon "ka'idar" sulke ma'aikatan dakon kaya domin safarar sojojin. Sai dai a jajibirin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin sun fara karbar manyan makamai masu sulke da yawa. To amma ko a karshen yakin, adadin sojojin da ke dauke da sulke ya isa bataliyar bataliyar sojan kasa guda daya a kowace bangaren tankokin yaki da su.
Masana'antar Jamus gabaɗaya ba za ta iya samar da cikakken ma'aikatan dakon kaya masu sulke da yawa ko ƙasa da haka ba, kuma motocin da ke da ƙafafu ba su cika buƙatun ƙara ƙarfin ƙetare ba kwatankwacin ƙarfin tankuna. Amma Jamusawa sun ƙware wajen kera motocin da ke kan hanya, an gina taraktoci na farko na manyan bindigogi a Jamus a shekara ta 1928. An ci gaba da gwaje-gwaje tare da motocin rabin-track a cikin 1934 da 1935, lokacin da samfuran sulke na sulke. motocin dakon kaya dauke da igwa 37-mm da 75-mm a cikin hasumiya masu juyawa. Ana dai kallon wadannan motocin a matsayin wata hanya ta yaki da tankunan yaki na abokan gaba. Motoci masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda, duk da haka, ba su shiga cikin samar da yawa ba. tun lokacin da aka yanke shawarar mayar da hankalin masana'antu wajen samar da tankuna. Bukatar Wehrmacht na tankuna yana da mahimmanci kawai.
Hansa-Lloyd-Goliath Werke AG daga Bremen ne ya kirkiri tarakta mai nauyin ton 3 a asali daga Bremen a cikin 1933. Nau'in samfurin farko na 1934 yana da injin silinda mai girman Borgward shida mai karfin silinda na lita 3,5, an sanya taraktan. HL KI 2 Serial samar da tarakta ya fara a 1936, a cikin nau'i na HL KI 5 bambance-bambancen, 505 tractors aka gina a karshen shekara. Haka kuma an gina wasu nau'ikan taraktoci masu cin rabin hanya, da suka hada da motocin da ke da tashar wutar lantarki ta baya - a matsayin wani dandali na yuwuwar kera motoci masu sulke. A 1938, da karshe version na tarakta ya bayyana - HL KI 6 tare da Maybach engine: wannan inji samu nadi Sd.Kfz.251. Wannan zaɓin ya kasance cikakke a matsayin tushe don ƙirƙirar jigilar ma'aikata masu sulke da aka tsara don jigilar ƙungiyar sojoji. Hanomag daga Hanover ya amince da sake fasalin ƙirar asali don shigar da sulke mai sulke, ƙirar da kerawa wanda Büssing-NAG daga Berlin-Obershönevelde ne ya yi. Bayan kammala duk da zama dole aiki a shekarar 1938, da farko samfurin "Gepanzerte Mannschafts Transportwagen" ya bayyana - wani sulke sufuri abin hawa. An karɓi motocin ɗaukar kaya masu sulke na Sd.Kfz.251 na farko a cikin bazara na 1939 ta 1st Panzer Division da ke Weimar. Motocin sun isa kammala kamfani daya kacal a cikin rundunonin sojoji. A 1939, da Reich masana'antu samar 232 Sd.Kfz.251 sulke ma'aikata dako, a 1940 da samar girma ya riga 337 motoci. A shekara ta 1942, samar da sulke na shekara-shekara na masu ɗaukar makamai ya kai alamar guda 1000 kuma ya kai kololuwar sa a cikin 1944 - 7785 masu ɗaukar makamai. Duk da haka, a ko da yaushe masu sulke masu sulke ba su da wadata.
Yawancin kamfanoni sun haɗa da samar da injunan Sd.Kfz.251 - "Schutzenpanzerwagen", kamar yadda aka kira su bisa hukuma. Adler, Auto-Union da Skoda ne suka samar da chassis, Ferrum, Scheler und Beckmann, Steinmuller ne suka samar da kayan sulke. An gudanar da taron na ƙarshe a masana'antar Wesserhütte, Vumag da F. Shihau." A cikin shekarun yaƙi, an gina jimillar 15252 masu ɗaukar makamai masu sulke na gyare-gyare huɗu (Ausfuhrung) da bambance-bambancen 23. Jirgin ruwan Sd.Kfz.251 mai sulke ya zama mafi girman samfurin motocin sulke na Jamus. Wadannan injunan suna aiki a ko'ina cikin yakin da kuma ta kowane bangare, suna ba da babbar gudummawa ga blitzkrieg na shekarun yakin farko.
Gabaɗaya, Jamus ba ta fitar da Sd.Kfz.251 masu sulke masu sulke zuwa ƙawayenta ba. Koyaya, wasu daga cikinsu, galibi gyara D, Romania ta karɓi su. Motoci daban-daban sun ƙare a cikin sojojin Hungarian da Finnish, amma babu wani bayani game da amfani da su a cikin tashin hankali. An yi amfani da rabin waƙoƙin Sd.Kfz. 251 da Amurkawa. Yawanci sun sanya bindigogin Browning M12,7 mai nauyin mm 2 akan motocin da aka kama yayin fadan. Daruruwan sojoji masu sulke suna sanye da ko dai T34 "Calliope", wanda ya ƙunshi bututun jagora guda 60 don harba rokoki marasa jagora.
Sd.Kfz.251 kamfanoni daban-daban ne suka samar da su, a Jamus da kuma a cikin ƙasashen da aka mamaye. A sa'i daya kuma, tsarin hadin gwiwa ya samu bunkasuwa sosai, wasu kamfanoni na hada-hada ne kawai, yayin da wasu ke samar da kayayyakin gyara, da kuma kammala musu kayayyakin da ake bukata.
Bayan karshen yakin, an ci gaba da samar da jiragen yaki masu sulke a Czechoslovakia ta Skoda da Tatra a karkashin sunan OT-810. Wadannan injuna suna dauke da injunan diesel Tatra silinda 8, kuma an rufe hasumiyansu gaba daya.
Daga tarihin halitta
Mai ɗaukar makamai Sd.Kfz. 251 Ausf. A
Gyaran farko na Sd.Kfz.251 mai ɗaukar makamai masu sulke. Ausf.A mai nauyin ton 7,81. A tsarinta, motar wani firam ne da aka yi masa walda, wanda aka yi masa walda farantin sulke daga ƙasa. Rumbun sulke, wanda aka yi shi ne ta hanyar walda, an haɗa shi daga sassa biyu, layin rarraba ya wuce bayan sashin kulawa. An rataye ƙafafun gaba a kan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. An yi tambarin ƙafar ƙafar ƙarfe da aka yi wa hatimi sanye da karukan roba, ƙafafun gaban ba su da birki. Motsin katapillar ya ƙunshi ƙafafun titin ƙarfe guda goma sha biyu (rollers shida a kowane gefe), dukkan ƙafafun hanyoyin suna da tayoyin roba. Dakatar da ƙafafun hanya - mashaya torsion. Motocin tuƙi na wurin gaba, tashin hankali na waƙoƙin an daidaita su ta hanyar motsa ramuka na wurin baya a cikin jirgin sama a kwance. Waƙoƙi don rage nauyin waƙoƙin an yi su ne da ƙira mai gauraya - rubber-metal. Kowace waƙa tana da haƙorin jagora guda ɗaya a saman ciki, da kuma tashin roba a saman saman. An haɗa waƙoƙin da juna ta hanyar ɗigon mai mai.
An narkar da kwandon ne daga faranti na sulke mai kauri daga 6 mm (kasa) zuwa mm 14,5 (goshi). An shirya ƙaton ƙyanƙyasar ganye biyu a cikin saman murfin murfin don samun damar shiga injin. A ɓangarorin murfin Sd.Kfz. 251 Ausf.A, an yi maƙallan samun iska. Ana iya buɗe ƙyanƙyasar hagu tare da lefa ta musamman ta direba kai tsaye daga taksi. An bude dakin fada a saman, kujerun direba da kwamanda ne kawai aka lullube da rufin. Ƙofar shiga da fita zuwa ɗakin faɗa an samar da kofa biyu ne a bangon bangon tarkacen. A cikin dakunan fada, an ɗora benaye guda biyu tare da tsayin daka a gefe. A gaban bangon ɗakin, an shirya ramuka biyu na lura ga kwamanda da direba tare da wasu tubalan lura. A cikin ɓangarorin sashin kulawa, an shirya ƙaramin abin lura ɗaya. A cikin rukunin yaƙin akwai pyramids na makamai da kuma tarkace na sauran kadarori na sojoji. Don kariya daga mummunan yanayi, an yi niyyar shigar da rumfa a sama da wurin fada. Kowane gefe yana da na'urorin lura guda uku, gami da na'urorin kwamanda da na direba.
Jirgin da ke dauke da sulke na dauke da injin sanyaya ruwa mai silinda 6 tare da tsarin cikin layi na 100 hp. a gudun shaft na 2800 rpm. Maybach, Norddeutsche Motorenbau da kuma Auto-Union ne suka kera injinan, wanda aka sanye da Carburetor na Solex-Duplex, jiragen ruwa guda huɗu sun tabbatar da aikin carburetor a matsanancin karkatar da motar. An shigar da injin injin a gaban kaho. An ba da iska zuwa radiyo ta cikin masu rufewa a cikin farantin sulke na sama na murfin kuma an saki ta cikin ramukan da ke gefen murfin. An ɗora maƙalar da bututun shaye-shaye a bayan motar hagu ta gaba. An watsa karfin juyi daga injin zuwa watsawa ta hanyar kama. Watsawa ya ba da gudu biyu na baya da takwas.
Injin an sanye shi da wani birki na hannu da nau'in inji da kuma birki na huhu da aka sanya a cikin ƙafafun tuƙi. An sanya compressor na pneumatic zuwa hagu na injin, kuma an dakatar da tankunan iska a ƙarƙashin chassis. Juyawa tare da babban radius an yi su ta hanyar juya ƙafafun gaba ta hanyar jujjuya sitiya; a kan juyi tare da ƙananan radiyo, an haɗa birki na ƙafafun tuƙi. An sanye da tuƙi tare da alamar matsayi na gaba.
Kayayyakin motar sun kunshi manyan bindigogin Rheinmetall-Borzing MG-7,92 masu girman 34mm guda biyu, wadanda aka dora su a gaba da bayan budadden wurin fadan.
Mafi sau da yawa, Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A rabin sa ido na sulke ma'aikatan da aka yi a cikin Sd.Kfz.251 / 1 versions - wani jirgin ruwa safarar. Sd.Kfz.251/4 - manyan bindigogi da kuma Sd.Kfz.251/6 - umurnin abin hawa. An samar da ƙananan gyare-gyare Sd.Kfz. 251/3 - Motocin sadarwa da Sd.Kfz 251/10 - masu ɗaukar makamai masu sulke dauke da bindigar 37-mm.
Serial samar na Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A conveyors da aka za'ayi a masana'antu na Borgvard (Berlin-Borsigwalde, chassis lambobi daga 320831 zuwa 322039), Hanomag (796001-796030) da kuma Hansa-Lloyd-Goliath) 320285 (har zuwa XNUMX).
Mai ɗaukar makamai Sd.Kfz. 251 Ausf. B
Wannan gyare-gyaren ya shiga cikin samarwa da yawa a tsakiyar 1939. Masu jigilar kayayyaki, mai suna Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B, an samar da su ta nau'i da yawa.
Babban bambance-bambancen su da gyaran da aka yi a baya sune:
rashin wuraren kallo na kan jirgin ga mayaƙan sa kai,
canji a wurin eriyar tashar rediyo - ya motsa daga reshe na gaba na motar zuwa gefen sashin fada.
Injin na jerin abubuwan samarwa daga baya sun sami garkuwa mai sulke don bindigar MG-34. A cikin aikin samar da yawan jama'a, an yi amfani da sulke na iskar injin. An kammala samar da motoci na gyaran Ausf.B a ƙarshen 1940.
Mai ɗaukar makamai Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.S
Idan aka kwatanta da Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A da Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B, tsarin Ausf.C yana da bambance-bambance da yawa, yawancin su ya faru ne saboda sha'awar masu zanen don sauƙaƙe fasahar samar da na'ura. An yi sauye-sauye da dama ga ƙira bisa ga kwarewar yaƙi da aka samu.
Sd.Kfz. 251 Ausf mai ɗaukar kaya masu sulke, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi don samar da jama'a, an bambanta shi ta hanyar gyare-gyaren zane na ɓangaren gaba na ƙwanƙwasa (ɗakin injin). Farantin sulke na gaba guda ɗaya ya samar da ingantaccen kariya ta injin. An matsar da fitilun zuwa gefen injin ɗin kuma an rufe su da murfi masu sulke. Akwatunan ƙarfe masu kullewa tare da kayan gyara kayan aiki da sauransu sun bayyana akan shingen, an ɗaura akwatunan zuwa ƙarshen shingen kuma sun kai kusan ƙarshen fenders. Bindigar mai suna MG-34 da ke gaban budadden dakin fada tana da garkuwa mai sulke da ke ba da kariya ga wanda ya harba. An samar da masu ɗaukar makamai na wannan gyare-gyare tun farkon 1940.
Motocin da suka fito daga bangon shagunan taro a 1941 suna da lambobin chassis daga 322040 zuwa 322450. Kuma a cikin 1942 - daga 322451 zuwa 323081. Weserhütte a cikin Bad Oyerhausen, "Takarda" a Görlitz, "Fbling Schiehausen". Adler ne ya kera chassis a Frankfurt, Auto-Union a Chemnitz, Hanomag a Hannover da Skoda a Pilsen. Tun 1942, Stover a Stettin da MNH a Hannover sun shiga kera motocin sulke. An yi ajiyar wuri a kamfanoni na HFK a Katowice, Laurachütte-Scheler und Blackmann a Hindenburg (Zabrze), Mürz Zuschlag-Bohemia a Czech Lipa da Steinmüller a Gummersbach. Samar da injin guda ɗaya ya ɗauki kilogiram 6076 na ƙarfe. Kudin Sd.Kfz 251/1 Ausf.С shine 22560 Reichsmarks (misali: farashin tanki ya tashi daga 80000 zuwa 300000 Reichsmarks).
Mai ɗaukar kaya masu sulke Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.D
Gyaran ƙarshe, wanda a waje ya bambanta da na baya, a cikin gyare-gyaren ƙirar baya na abin hawa, da kuma a cikin akwatunan kayan gyara, wanda ya dace da jikin mai sulke. A kowane bangare na jikin motar daukar sulke akwai irin wadannan akwatuna guda uku.
Sauran sauye-sauyen ƙira sun haɗa da: maye gurbin raka'a na kallo tare da ramukan kallo da kuma canjin siffar bututun mai. Babban canjin fasaha shi ne yadda aka fara yin jikin jirgin dakon kaya masu sulke ta hanyar walda. Bugu da ƙari, sauƙaƙan fasaha da yawa sun ba da damar yin saurin aiwatar da ayyukan kera na'urori masu mahimmanci. Tun 1943, 10602 Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.D raka'a aka samar a daban-daban bambance-bambancen karatu daga Sd.Kfz.251 / 1 to Sd.Kfz.251/23
