Masu wasan chess

Guda da guntu-guntu da aka saba amfani da su a gasa da matches na dara sune Staunton guda. Nathaniel Cooke ne ya tsara su kuma aka sa masa suna bayan Howard Staunton, babban ɗan wasan dara na tsakiyar 1849, wanda ya sanya hannu kuma ya ƙidaya saiti ɗari biyar na farko da aka yi a XNUMX ta hannun dangin Jaques na London. Ba da daɗewa ba waɗannan ɓangarorin suka zama daidaitattun guntu-guntu da adadi da ake amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya.

Don shimfiɗar jaririn dara, mai suna asali Chaturangadauke India. A cikin karni na XNUMX AD, an kawo Chaturanga zuwa Farisa kuma an canza shi zuwa hira. Bayan mamaye Farisa da Larabawa suka yi a karni na XNUMX, chatrang ya sami ƙarin canje-canje kuma ya zama sananne da suna. hira. A cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth, chess ya isa Turai. Saiti kaɗan ne kawai suka tsira har yau. guntun dara na tsakiya. Mafi shahara sune Sandomierz chess da Lewis chess..

Sandomierz Ches

Saitin chess na Sandomierz ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan dara 29 (saitin ya ɓace guda uku kawai) daga karni na XNUMX, da zarar an binne shi a ƙarƙashin bene na ƙaramin bukka a kan St James's Street. Yankuna tsayin su ba su wuce 2 cm ba, yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da su don tafiya. An yi su ne daga ɗigon barewa a salon Larabci (1). An samo su a cikin 1962 a Sandomierz yayin binciken binciken archaeological wanda Jerzy da Eliga Gonsowski suka jagoranta. Su ne mafi daraja abin tunawa a cikin tarin archaeological na Gundumar Museum a Sandomierz.

Chess ya zo Poland a karni na 1154, lokacin mulkin Bolesław Wrymouth. A cewar wata hasashe, Yarima Henryk na Sandomierz zai iya kawo su Poland daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin XNUMX, ya shiga cikin yakin neman zabe zuwa kasa mai tsarki don kare Urushalima daga Saracens.

Chess tare da Lewis

2. Yankan chess daga tsibirin Lewis

A cikin 1831, an samo sassa 93 da aka sassaƙa daga haƙoran walrus da haƙoran whale a tsibirin Scotland na Lewis a Uig Bay (2). Dukkanin alkaluman sassaka ne masu siffar mutum, kuma masu tashi sun yi kama da duwatsun kabari. Wataƙila duk waɗannan an yi su ne a Norway a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX (a lokacin tsibiran Scotland na Norway ne). An ɓoye su ko sun ɓace yayin jigilar su daga Norway zuwa ƙauyuka masu arziki a gabar gabashin Ireland.

A halin yanzu, abubuwan baje koli 82 suna cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Biritaniya da ke Landan, sauran 11 kuma suna cikin gidan tarihi na kasa na Scotland a Edinburgh. A cikin fim ɗin 2001 Harry Potter da Dutsen Falsafa, Harry da Ron suna wasan wizard dara tare da guntuwar da aka yi daidai da guntuwa da guntuwa daga tsibirin Lewis.

Yankan chess na karni na XNUMX.

Ƙara yawan sha'awar chess a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX da na XNUMX ya haifar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar samfurin duniya na yanki. A zamanin da, an yi amfani da nau'i daban-daban. Rubutun Turanci waɗanda aka fi amfani da su hatsin sha'ir (3) - da sunan kunnuwan sha'ir na ado da siffofi na Tsar da Hetman, ko St. George (4) – daga shahararren kulob din dara a Landan.

An yi amfani da samfuran irin wannan a Jamus sosai. Selenium (5) - mai suna Gustav Selen. Wannan shi ne sunan saƙo na Augustus the Younger, Duke na Brunswick, marubucin littafin "Chess, ko Royal Game" ("), wanda aka buga a 1616. Wannan kyakkyawan tsari na gargajiya kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa lambun lambu ko siffar tulip. A Faransa, bi da bi, guda da pawns, wanda aka buga a cikin shahararrun Kafe Regency a cikin Paris (6 da 7).

6. Yankan Chess na samfurin Regence na Faransa.

7. Saitin ayyuka na Regent na Faransa.

Kafe Regency

Wannan wani babban gidan cin abinci na chess ne a kusa da Louvre a Paris, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1718, wanda yarima Philippe d'Orléans ke yawan ziyarta. Ya taka leda a ciki da sauransu Legal de Kermeur (marubucin daya daga cikin fitattun kananun chess da ake kira "Legal Checkmate"), an dauke shi a matsayin dan wasa mafi karfi a Faransa har sai da dalibin dara ya ci shi a 1755. Francois Philidor ne adam wata. A 1798 ya buga dara a nan. Napoleon Bonaparte.

A shekara ta 1858, Paul Morphy ya buga wani shahararren wasa a Café de la Régence ba tare da ya kalli hukumar a kan 'yan wasan chess takwas masu karfi ba, inda ya lashe wasanni shida kuma ya buga biyu. Baya ga ’yan wasan dara, marubuta, ‘yan jarida da ’yan siyasa su ma sun kasance masu yawan ziyartar gidan cin abinci. - wannan babban birnin chess na duniya na rabi na biyu na 12th da rabi na farko na 2015th karni - shi ne batun labarin a cikin No. XNUMX / XNUMX na mujallar "Young Technician".

A cikin 30s, Ingilishi ya fara fafatawa da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan dara na duniya a kusa da Café de la Régence. A cikin 1834, wasan wasiƙa ya fara tsakanin cafe da Westminster Chess Club, wanda aka kafa shekaru uku a baya. A cikin 1843, an buga wasa a cikin cafe, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen dogon lokaci na 'yan wasan dara na Faransa. Pierre Saint-Amand ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Bature Howardham Stauntonham (+ 6-11 = 4).

Mawaƙin Faransa Jean-Henri Marlet, abokin Saint-Amand, ya zana "Wasan Chess" a cikin 1843, inda Staunton ke wasa dara tare da Saint-Amand a Café Régence (8).

8. Wasan Chess da aka buga a 1843 a Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (hagu) da Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Amand.

Staunton chess guda

Kasancewar yawancin nau'ikan SPES da lokaci-lokaci da lokaci-lokaci a cikin tsarin saiti na iya sa wasan da abokin hamayyarsu ba a sani ba. Don haka, akwai buƙatar ƙirƙirar saitin dara tare da guntu waɗanda 'yan wasan dara na matakan wasa daban-daban za su iya gane su cikin sauƙi.

Howard Staunton

(1810–1874) ɗan wasan dara ne na Ingilishi wanda aka ɗauka shine mafi kyawun duniya daga 1843 zuwa 1851. Ya ɓullo da "Staunton guda", wanda ya zama ma'auni na gasa da dara dara. Ya shirya gasar chess ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Landan a shekara ta 1851 kuma shine farkon wanda ya fara yunkurin kirkiro kungiyar dara ta duniya. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara, wasan chess wani lokaci yana dadewa na dogon lokaci, har ma da kwanaki da yawa, saboda abokan adawar suna da lokaci marar iyaka don tunani. A cikin 1852, Staunton ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da gilashin hourglass (hourglass) don auna lokacin da masu fafatawa ke amfani da su. An fara amfani da su a hukumance a cikin 1861 a wasa tsakanin Adolf Andersen da Ignac von Kolisch. Staunton ya kasance mai shirya rayuwar dara, sanannen masanin wasan chess, editan mujallun dara, marubucin litattafai, mahaliccin dokokin wasan da kanta da tsarin gudanar da gasa da matches. Ya yi nazarin ka'idar budewa kuma ya gabatar, musamman, gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, wanda ake kira Staunton Gambit bayansa.

A shekara ta 1849, gidan Jaques na London, wanda har yanzu ke samar da kayan wasan kwaikwayo da wasanni, ya samar da abubuwan farko da aka tsara. Nathaniel Kuka (10) - Editan mujallar London mako-mako The Illustrated London News, inda Howard Staunton ya buga labarai game da dara. Wasu masana tarihin chess sun yi imanin cewa surukin Cook, John Jacques, wanda a lokacin shi ne mai kamfanin, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa shi. Howard Staunton ya ba da shawarar sassan a cikin jaridar darasi.

10. Staunton na asali 1949 dara dara: pawn, rook, jarumi, bishop, sarauniya da sarki.

Saitin waɗannan alkalumman an yi su ne da itacen ebony da katako, daidaitacce tare da gubar don kwanciyar hankali kuma an rufe su da ji a ƙasa. An yi wasu daga hauren hauren Afirka. Ranar 1 ga Maris, 1849, Cook ya yi rajistar sabon samfurin a Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na London. Duk saitin da Jacques ya samar sun sami sa hannun Staunton.

Ƙananan farashi na Staunton guda ya ba da gudummawa ga yawan siyan su kuma ya taimaka yaɗa wasan dara. A tsawon lokaci, rigar su ta zama mafi shaharar zane, ana amfani da ita har yau a yawancin gasa a duniya.

A halin yanzu ana amfani da sassan a cikin gasa.

Zestav ya albarkaci Staunton Ƙungiyar Chess ta Duniya FIDE ta amince da ita a cikin 1924 kuma an zaɓi ta don amfani da ita a duk gasa na duniya na hukuma. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙirar samfurin Staunton na yanzu (11), musamman dangane da launi, kayan abu da siffar masu tsalle. Dangane da dokokin FIDE, sassan baƙar fata dole ne su zama launin ruwan kasa, baki ko wasu inuwar duhu na waɗannan launuka. Farin sassa na iya zama fari, kirim ko wani launi mai haske. Kuna iya amfani da launuka na itace na halitta (goro, maple, da dai sauransu).

11. Saitin sifofin katako na Staunton da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu.

Ya kamata sassan su zama masu faranta wa ido, ba mai sheki ba kuma an yi su da itace, filastik ko wani abu makamancin haka. Tsawon tsayin da aka ba da shawarar: sarki - 9,5 cm, Sarauniya - 8,5 cm, Bishop - 7 cm, Knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm da pawn - 5 cm diamita na tushe na guda ya zama 40-50% na tsayinsu. Girman girma na iya bambanta da kusan 10% daga waɗannan jagororin, amma dole ne a bi tsari (misali sarki sama da sarauniya, da sauransu).

malamin ilimi,

malami mai lasisi

da alkalin chess

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