Mataki zuwa nanotechnology
Dubban shekaru da suka wuce, mutane suna mamakin abin da aka yi gawarwakin da ke kewaye da su. Amsoshin sun bambanta. A tsohuwar Girka, masana kimiyya sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa dukkan jikin suna da ƙananan abubuwa da ba za a iya raba su ba, waɗanda suka kira atom. Kadan, sun kasa tantancewa. Shekaru da yawa, ra'ayoyin Helenawa sun kasance kawai hasashe. An mayar musu da su a cikin karni na XNUMX, lokacin da aka gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don kimanta girman kwayoyin halitta da atom.
Ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci na tarihi, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙididdige girman adadin, an gudanar da shi Masanin kimiyyar Ingila Lord Rayleigh. Tun da yake yana da sauƙi don yin kuma a lokaci guda mai gamsarwa, bari mu yi ƙoƙarin maimaita shi a gida. Daga nan sai mu juya zuwa wasu gwaje-gwaje guda biyu da za su ba mu damar koyon wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta.
Menene girman barbashi?
Shinkafa 1. Hanyar shirya sirinji don sanya maganin mai a cikin man fetur da aka fitar a ciki; p - poxylin,
c - sirinji
Bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu amsa wannan tambayar ta hanyar yin gwaji na gaba. Daga sirinji 2 cm3 cire plunger kuma a rufe mashinsa tare da Poxiline don ya cika bututun fitarwa gaba ɗaya da aka nufa don shigar da allura (Fig. 1). Muna jira ƴan mintuna har sai Poxilina ta taurare. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, zuba a cikin sirinji game da 0,2 cm3 man fetur da kuma rikodin wannan darajar. Wannan shi ne adadin man da aka yi amfani da shi.o. Cika ragowar ƙarar sirinji da man fetur. Mix duka ruwaye biyu tare da waya har sai an sami mafita iri ɗaya kuma gyara sirinji a tsaye a kowane mariƙi.
Sa'an nan kuma zuba ruwan dumi a cikin kwandon don zurfinsa ya zama 0,5-1 cm. Yi amfani da ruwan dumi, amma ba zafi ba, don kada a iya ganin tururi mai tasowa. Muna jan tsiri na takarda tare da ruwan ruwan sau da yawa a hankali zuwa gare shi don tsaftace saman pollen bazuwar.
Muna tattara ɗan cakuda mai da mai a cikin digo kuma mu fitar da digo ta tsakiyar jirgin da ruwa. A hankali latsawa a kan gogewa, muna sauke ƙaramin digo kamar yadda zai yiwu a saman ruwa. Digo na cakuda mai da man fetur zai bazu ko'ina a cikin ko'ina a kan saman ruwa da kuma samar da wani bakin ciki Layer da kauri daidai da daya diamita barbashi a karkashin mafi m yanayi - abin da ake kira. monomolecular Layer. Bayan wani lokaci, yawanci 'yan mintoci kaɗan, man fetur zai ƙafe (hanzari ta hanyar hawan zafin ruwa), yana barin man fetur na monomolecular a saman (Fig. 2). Sakamakon Layer sau da yawa yana da siffar da'irar tare da diamita na santimita da yawa ko fiye.
Shinkafa 2. Monomolecular Layer na man fetur a kan ruwa surface
m - ƙashin ƙugu, c - ruwa, o - mai, D - diamita samu, d - kauri
(girman barbashin mai)
Muna haskaka saman ruwa ta hanyar jagorantar fitilar haske daga walƙiya a kan sa. Saboda wannan, iyakokin Layer sun fi bayyane. Zamu iya tantance kusan diamita D cikin sauƙi daga mai mulki da ke sama da saman ruwa. Sanin wannan diamita, za mu iya lissafta yankin Layer S ta amfani da dabara na yankin da'irar:
Idan mun san menene adadin man V1 yana kunshe a cikin digon da aka sauke, sannan za'a iya lissafin diamita na kwayar mai d cikin sauƙi, ana ɗauka cewa man ya narke kuma ya yi Layer tare da saman S, watau:
Bayan kwatanta dabara (1) da (2) da sauƙaƙan sauyi, mun sami dabarar da ke ba mu damar yin lissafin girman ƙwayar mai:
Mafi sauƙi, amma ba hanya mafi dacewa don ƙayyade ƙarar V1 shine a duba adadin digo nawa za'a iya samu daga jimillar cakuduwar da ke cikin sirinji da raba adadin man Vo da aka yi amfani da ita ta wannan lambar. Don yin wannan, muna tattara cakuda a cikin pipette kuma mu haifar da ɗigon ruwa, ƙoƙarin yin girman girman su kamar lokacin da aka jefa su a saman ruwa. Muna yin haka har sai dukkanin cakuda ya ƙare.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa, amma mafi cin lokaci ita ce sau da yawa a zubar da digon mai a saman ruwa, samun Layer mai mai monomolecular kuma auna diamita. Tabbas, kafin a yi kowane Layer, dole ne a zubar da ruwa da man da aka yi amfani da su a baya daga cikin kwandon kuma a zuba da tsabta. Daga ma'aunin da aka samu, ana ƙididdige ma'anar lissafi.
Canja dabi'un da aka samu zuwa dabara (3), kar a manta da canza raka'a da bayyana furci a cikin mita (m) da V.1 a cikin mita mai siffar sukari (m3). Samu girman barbashi a mita. Wannan girman zai dogara ne akan irin man da ake amfani da shi. Sakamakon zai iya zama kuskure saboda sauƙaƙan zato da aka yi, musamman saboda Layer ɗin ba monomolecular bane kuma girman digo ba koyaushe iri ɗaya bane. Yana da sauƙi a ga cewa rashi na monomolecular yana haifar da ƙima na darajar d. Yawan adadin man da aka saba da shi yana cikin kewayon 10.-8-10-9 m. Toshe 10-9 m ake kira nanometer kuma galibi ana amfani da shi a fagen bunƙasa da aka sani da nanotechnology.
"Bacewa" ƙarar ruwa
Shinkafa 3. Tsarin gwajin jirgin ruwa na raguwar ruwa;
g - m, filastik tube, p - poxylin, l - mai mulki,
t - m tef
Gwaje-gwaje biyu masu zuwa za su ba mu damar kammala cewa kwayoyin jikinsu daban-daban suna da siffofi da girma dabam. Na farko, yanke guda biyu na bututun filastik mai haske, duka 1-2 cm a diamita na ciki da tsayin cm 30. Kowane yanki na bututu yana manne tare da guntun tef ɗin manne da yawa zuwa gefen wani mai mulki daban wanda ke gaban ma'auni (Fig. 3). Rufe ƙananan ƙarshen bututun tare da matosai na poxylin. Gyara duka masu mulki tare da mannen hoses a matsayi na tsaye. Zuba ruwa mai yawa a cikin ɗaya daga cikin hoses don yin ginshiƙi kimanin rabin tsayin bututun, faɗi 14 cm. Zuba adadin barasa na ethyl a cikin bututun gwaji na biyu.
Yanzu muna tambaya, menene tsayin ginshiƙi na cakuda ruwa biyu zai kasance? Mu yi kokarin samun amsa gare su ta hanyar gwaji. Zuba barasa a cikin bututun ruwa kuma nan da nan auna matakin saman ruwan. Muna yiwa wannan matakin alama tare da alamar hana ruwa akan bututun. Sa'an nan kuma haɗa ruwa biyu tare da waya kuma sake duba matakin. Me muka lura? Sai ya zama cewa wannan matakin ya ragu, watau. Yawan cakuduwar bai kai adadin adadin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da shi ba. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa ƙarar ƙarar ruwa. Rage ƙarar yawanci kashi kaɗan ne.
Bayanin samfurin
Don bayyana tasirin matsawa, za mu gudanar da gwajin samfurin. Kwayoyin barasa a cikin wannan gwaji za a wakilta su da hatsin fis, kuma kwayoyin ruwa za su zama 'ya'yan poppy. Zuba manyan peas mai tsayi kimanin mita 0,4 a cikin na farko, kunkuntar tasa mai haske, alal misali, kwalba mai tsayi. Sa'an nan kuma mu zuba poppy tsaba a cikin wani jirgin ruwa tare da peas da kuma amfani da mai mulki don auna tsawo zuwa abin da saman matakin hatsi ya kai. Muna yi wa wannan matakin alama tare da alamar ko maɗaurin roba na magunguna akan jirgin ruwa (hoto 1b). Rufe akwati kuma girgiza shi sau da yawa. Mun sanya su a tsaye kuma duba zuwa wane tsayi matakin babba na cakuda hatsi yanzu ya kai. Ya bayyana cewa yana da ƙasa da kafin haɗuwa (hoto 1c).
Gwajin ya nuna cewa bayan hadawa, kananan 'ya'yan poppy sun cika sarari tsakanin wake, sakamakon haka jimlar adadin da cakuda ya mamaye ya ragu. Irin wannan yanayin yana faruwa a lokacin da ake hada ruwa da barasa da wasu abubuwan ruwa. Kwayoyinsu suna zuwa da girma da siffa. A sakamakon haka, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna cika rata tsakanin manyan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma an rage yawan ruwa.
Hoto 1. Matakan da suka biyo baya na nazarin samfurin matsawa:
a) wake da poppy tsaba a cikin tasoshin daban;
b) hatsi bayan zubar, c) raguwa a cikin adadin hatsi bayan haɗuwa
Abubuwan zamani
A yau an san cewa dukkan jikin da ke kewaye da mu na da kwayoyin halitta ne, kuma wadanda suke, suna da kwayoyin halitta. Dukansu kwayoyin halitta da atoms suna cikin motsi na yau da kullun, wanda saurinsu ya dogara da zafin jiki. Godiya ga microscopes na zamani, musamman na'urar duba microscope (STM), ana iya lura da kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya. Hakanan an san hanyoyin da ke amfani da microscope na ƙarfin atomic (AFM-), wanda ke ba ku damar motsawa daidai gwargwado da haɗa su cikin tsarin da ake kira. nanostructures. Hakanan tasirin matsawa yana da tasiri mai amfani. Dole ne mu yi la'akari da wannan lokacin zabar adadin wasu ruwa masu mahimmanci don samun cakuda ƙarar da ake buƙata. Dole ne ku yi la'akari da shi, incl. a cikin samar da vodkas, wanda, kamar yadda ka sani, sune gauraye na musamman ethyl barasa (giya) da ruwa, tun da yawan abin sha da aka samu zai zama ƙasa da jimlar adadin abubuwan sinadaran.
