DIY akan sikelin duniya

Tun daga dashen dazuzzuka a kan sikelin nahiya zuwa hazo na wucin gadi, masana kimiyya sun fara ba da shawara, gwadawa, kuma a wasu lokuta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan injiniya na geoengineering don canza duniyar duniya (1). An tsara waɗannan ayyukan don magance matsalolin duniya kamar kwararowar hamada, fari ko wuce haddi na carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, amma suna da matsala a kansu.

Sabuwar kyakkyawan ra'ayi don juyar da tasirin dumamar yanayi tunkude duniyarmu zuwa tazara mai nisa daga Rana. A cikin fim din almara na kimiyyar kasar Sin da aka fitar kwanan nan mai suna The Wandering Earth, dan Adam yana canza zagayowar duniya da manya-manyan tuki don gujewa fadadawa (2).

Shin wani abu makamancin haka zai yiwu? Masana sun tsunduma cikin lissafin, sakamakon abin da ya ɗan ban tsoro. Idan, alal misali, aka yi amfani da injunan roka na Falcon Heavy na SpaceX, zai ɗauki biliyan 300 mai cikakken iko don "harba" don shigar da duniya cikin sararin samaniyar Martian, yayin da yawancin al'amuran duniya za a yi amfani da su don gini da iko. Yana Dan kadan mafi inganci zai kasance injin ion da aka sanya shi a cikin kewayen duniya kuma ko ta yaya aka makala zuwa duniyar duniyar - zai yi amfani da kashi 13% na girman duniya don canja wurin sauran kashi 87% zuwa gaba. Don haka watakila? Dole ne ya zama kusan sau ashirin a diamita na Duniya, kuma tafiya zuwa Marrian zai ci gaba da ɗaukar ... shekaru biliyan.

2. Frame daga fim din "The Wandering Earth"

Saboda haka, da alama cewa aikin "turawa" Duniya zuwa sararin samaniya ya kamata a jinkirta har abada a nan gaba. Maimakon haka, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka riga aka yi a wuri fiye da ɗaya, gina kore shinge a kan manyan saman duniya. Sun ƙunshi ciyayi na asali kuma ana dasa su a gefen hamada don dakatar da kwararowar hamada. Ganuwar biyu mafi girma an san su da sunan Ingilishi a China, wanda tsawon kilomita 4500 ke ƙoƙarin shawo kan yaduwar hamadar Gobi, kuma babban bango kore a Afirka (3), har zuwa kilomita 8 akan iyakar Sahara.

3.Tsarin sahara a Afirka

Duk da haka, hatta alkaluma mafi kyawu sun nuna cewa za mu bukaci akalla kadada biliyan daya na karin dazuzzuka don dauke da illar dumamar yanayi ta hanyar kawar da adadin da ake bukata na CO2. Wannan yanki ne girman Kanada.

A cewar masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Potsdam, dashen bishiya ma yana da tasiri mai iyaka akan yanayin kuma yana haifar da rashin tabbas game da ko yana da tasiri kwata-kwata. Masu sha'awar Geoengineering suna neman ƙarin hanyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Toshe rana da launin toka

Dabarar da aka gabatar shekaru da yawa da suka wuce fesa mahadi masu tsami a cikin yanayi, kuma aka sani da SRM ( sarrafa hasken rana) shine haifuwa na yanayin da ke faruwa a lokacin manyan tsaunuka masu aman wuta waɗanda ke sakin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin stratosphere (4). Wannan yana ba da gudummawa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ga samuwar gajimare da rage hasken hasken rana da ke isa sararin duniya. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar, alal misali, cewa yana da girma Pinatubo a cikin Philippines, ya kai a cikin 1991 zuwa raguwar zafin jiki na kusan 0,5 ° C sama da aƙalla shekaru biyu.

4. Tasirin sulfur aerosols

A haƙiƙa, masana'antar mu da ke fitar da sulfur dioxide mai yawa a matsayin gurɓata shekaru da yawa, ta daɗe tana ba da gudummawa wajen rage watsa hasken rana. an kiyasta cewa waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ma'aunin zafi suna samar da kusan watts 0,4 na "haske" ga Duniya a kowace murabba'in mita. Duk da haka, gurɓatar da muke samarwa da carbon dioxide da sulfuric acid ba ta dindindin ba.

Wadannan abubuwa ba sa tashi a cikin stratosphere, inda za su iya samar da fim na dindindin na anti-solar. Masu binciken sun yi kiyasin cewa domin a daidaita tasirin natsuwa a sararin duniya, a kalla ton miliyan 5 ko fiye da haka sai an jefar da su a cikin stratosphere.₂ da sauran abubuwa. Magoya bayan wannan hanyar, irin su Justin McClellan na Kimiyyar Jirgin Sama na Aurora a Massachusetts, sun kiyasta cewa farashin irin wannan aiki zai kai kusan dala biliyan 10 a shekara - adadi mai yawa, amma bai isa ya lalata bil'adama ba har abada.

Abin baƙin ciki shine, hanyar sulfur yana da wani lahani. Sanyaya yana aiki da kyau a cikin yankuna masu zafi. A cikin yanki na sanduna - kusan babu. Don haka, kamar yadda za ku iya tsammani, ba za a iya dakatar da tsarin narkewar ƙanƙara da hawan teku ta wannan hanya ba, kuma batun asarar da aka yi daga ambaliya na ƙananan yankunan bakin teku zai kasance babban barazana.

Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya daga Harvard sun gudanar da wani gwaji don gabatar da hanyoyin iska a wani tsayin da ya kai kimanin kilomita 20 - wanda bai isa ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan stratosphere na duniya ba. An yi su (SCoPEx) tare da balloon. Aerosol ya ƙunshi w.i. sulfates, wanda ke haifar da hazo wanda ke nuna hasken rana. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun ayyukan injiniyan ƙasa waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a duniyarmu cikin lambobi masu ban mamaki.

Laima sararin samaniya da karuwa a cikin albedo na Duniya

Daga cikin sauran ayyukan irin wannan, ra'ayin yana jawo hankali katuwar laima cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan zai iyakance adadin hasken rana da ke isa duniya. Wannan ra'ayin ya kasance a cikin shekaru da yawa, amma yanzu yana cikin matakan haɓaka haɓaka.

Wani labarin da aka buga a cikin 2018 a cikin mujallar Aerospace Technology and Management ya bayyana aikin, wanda marubutan suna suna. Dangane da shi, an shirya sanya ribbon na bakin ciki mai faɗi mai faɗi a mashigin Lagrange, wanda shine madaidaicin madaidaici a cikin sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin cuɗanya tsakanin ƙasa, wata da Rana. Ganyen yana toshe wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na hasken rana, amma hakan na iya isa ya kawo yanayin yanayin duniya ƙasa da iyakar 1,5°C da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta gindaya.

Suna gabatar da wani ɗan ra'ayi makamancin haka manyan madubin sarari. An gabatar da su a farkon farkon 1st ta masanin ilimin taurari Lowell Wood na Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore a California. Don ra'ayi ya zama mai tasiri, tunani dole ne ya faɗi aƙalla 1,6% na hasken rana, kuma madubin dole ne ya sami yanki na XNUMX miliyan km².².

Wasu suna so su toshe rana ta hanyar motsa jiki don haka amfani da tsarin da aka sani da girgije iri. Ana buƙatar "tsari" don samar da digo. A dabi'a, ɗigon ruwa yana samuwa a kusa da barbashi na ƙura, pollen, gishirin teku, har ma da kwayoyin cuta. An san cewa ana iya amfani da sinadarai irin su silver iodide ko busasshen kankara don haka. Wannan na iya faruwa tare da waɗanda aka riga aka sani da kuma hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su. gizagizai masu haske da fari, masanin kimiyyar lissafi John Latham ne ya gabatar a shekarar 1990. Aikin walƙiya na Teku na Cloud a Jami'ar Washington a Seattle ya ba da shawara don cimma tasirin bleaching ta hanyar fesa ruwan teku a kan gajimare a kan teku.

Wasu sanannun shawarwari karuwa a cikin albedo na duniya (wato, rabon hasken da ke haskakawa zuwa hasken da ya faru) kuma ana amfani da su don zanen gidaje fararen fata, dasa tsire-tsire masu haske, har ma da shimfiɗa zanen gado a cikin hamada.

Kwanan nan mun bayyana fasahohin shaye-shaye waɗanda wani bangare ne na arsenal na geoengineering a MT. Gabaɗaya ba su da girma a duniya, kodayake idan adadinsu ya ƙaru, sakamakon zai iya zama na duniya. Koyaya, ana ci gaba da neman hanyoyin da suka cancanci sunan aikin injiniyan ƙasa. CO cire₂ daga yanayi na iya, a cewar wasu, ya wuce shuka tekunawanda, bayan haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon a duniyarmu, wanda ke da alhakin rage kusan 30% na CO.₂. Manufar ita ce inganta ingancin su.

Hanyoyi biyu mafi mahimmanci sune takin teku da baƙin ƙarfe da calcium. Wannan yana ƙarfafa haɓakar phytoplankton, wanda ke tsotse carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya kuma yana taimakawa wajen ajiye shi a ƙasa. Ƙarin mahadi na calcium zai haifar da amsa tare da CO.₂ An riga an narkar da shi a cikin teku da samuwar ions bicarbonate, don haka rage yawan acidity na tekuna da kuma sa su zama masu karɓar ƙarin CO.₂.

Ra'ayoyi daga Exxon Stables

Manyan masu tallafawa binciken injiniyan geoengineering sune Cibiyar Heartland, Cibiyar Hoover, da Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka, waɗanda dukkansu ke aiki ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas. Sabili da haka, sau da yawa ana sukar ra'ayoyin injiniyan injiniya ta hanyar masu ba da shawara kan rage carbon waɗanda, a ra'ayinsu, suna karkatar da hankali daga ainihin matsalar. Bayan haka aikace-aikacen geoengineering ba tare da rage hayaki ba yana sa ɗan adam ya dogara da waɗannan hanyoyin ba tare da warware ainihin matsalar ba.

An san kamfanin mai na ExxonMobil don jajircewar ayyukansa na duniya tun a shekarun 90. Baya ga takin teku da ƙarfe da kuma gina dala tiriliyan 10 na kariya daga hasken rana a sararin samaniya, ta kuma ba da shawarar yin bleaching a saman tekun ta hanyar shafa yadudduka masu haske, kumfa, dandali masu iyo, ko wasu "wassuli" zuwa saman ruwa. Wani zabin kuma shi ne a jawo tsaunin Arctic zuwa ƙasan latitudes domin farin kankara ya nuna hasken rana. Tabbas, nan da nan an lura da haɗarin ƙaruwar gurɓacewar teku, ba tare da la’akari da tsadar da ake kashewa ba.

Masanan Exxon sun kuma ba da shawarar yin amfani da manyan famfo don matsar da ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar tekun Antarctic sannan a fesa shi cikin yanayi ta yadda ya faɗi a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara ko ƙanƙara a kan dusar ƙanƙara ta Gabashin Antarctic. Magoya bayan sun yi iƙirarin cewa idan aka haƙa ton tiriliyan uku a kowace shekara ta wannan hanya, to za a sami ƙarin dusar ƙanƙara a kan dusar ƙanƙara mai nisan mita 0,3, duk da haka, saboda tsadar makamashi mai yawa, wannan aikin ba a ambata ba.

Wani ra'ayi daga Exxon stables shine balloons na aluminum mai cike da siraran helium a cikin stratosphere, wanda aka ajiye har zuwa kilomita 100 sama da saman duniya don watsa hasken rana. Haka kuma an ba da shawarar hanzarta yaduwar ruwa a cikin tekunan duniya ta hanyar daidaita salincin wasu muhimman yankuna, kamar Arewacin Atlantic. Domin ruwan ya zama gishiri mai yawa, an yi la'akari da shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, adana kayan kankara na Greenland, wanda zai hana saurin narkewa. Sai dai, illar da sanyin Tekun Atlantika ke yi zai zama sanyaya turai, wanda hakan zai sa mutane su iya rayuwa. Dan kadan.

An bayar da bayanai Geoengineering Monitor - aikin haɗin gwiwa na Biofuelwatch, ETC Group da Heinrich Boell Foundation - ya nuna cewa an aiwatar da ayyukan injiniya da yawa a duniya (5). Taswirar tana nuna aiki, kammalawa da watsi. Ya bayyana cewa har yanzu babu wani haɗin kai na kasa da kasa gudanar da wannan aiki. Don haka ba wai kawai aikin injiniyan ƙasa ba ne. More kamar hardware.

5. Taswirar ayyukan injiniya bisa ga taswirar shafin.geoengineeringmonitor.org

Yawancin ayyukan, fiye da 190, an riga an aiwatar da su. carbon sequestration, watau carbon Kama da ajiya (CCS), da kuma game da 80 - carbon kama, amfani da ajiya (, KUSS). An yi ayyukan hadi na teku guda 35 da sama da ayyukan allurar iska mai iska guda 20 na stratospheric (SAI). A cikin jerin Geoengineering Monitor, mun kuma sami wasu ayyuka masu alaƙa da girgije. An ƙirƙiri mafi girman adadin ayyukan don gyare-gyaren yanayi. Bayanai sun nuna cewa akwai abubuwa 222 da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar hazo da kuma abubuwan 71 da ke da alaƙa da raguwar hazo.

Malamai sun ci gaba da jayayya

A kowane lokaci, sha'awar masu farawa na ci gaban yanayin yanayi, yanayi da yanayin teku a duniya yana haifar da tambayoyi: shin da gaske mun san isa don ba da kanmu ga injiniyan injiniya ba tare da tsoro ba? Idan, alal misali, babban iri na girgije ya canza magudanar ruwa kuma ya jinkirta lokacin damina a kudu maso gabashin Asiya fa? Noman shinkafa fa? Idan, alal misali, zubar da tarin ƙarfe a cikin teku fa ya shafe yawan kifin da ke bakin tekun Chile fa?

a cikin teku, wanda aka fara aiwatar da shi a bakin tekun British Columbia a Arewacin Amurka a cikin 2012, cikin sauri ya koma baya tare da manyan furannin algal. Tun da farko a shekara ta 2008, kasashe 191 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince da dokar hana takin teku saboda fargabar illolin da ba a san su ba, da yuwuwar gyare-gyare ga tsarin abinci, ko samar da wuraren da ba su da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa. A cikin Oktoba 2018, sama da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ɗari sun yi tir da aikin injiniya a matsayin "mai haɗari, mara amfani da rashin adalci".

Kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da magani da magunguna da yawa, geoengineering yana tsokanar sakamako masu illawanda, bi da bi, zai buƙaci matakai daban-daban don hana su. Kamar yadda Brad Plumer ya nuna a cikin Washington Post, da zarar ayyukan geoengineering sun fara, suna da wuya a daina. Lokacin da, alal misali, muka daina fesa barbashi masu haske a cikin sararin samaniya, duniya za ta fara zafi da sauri. Kuma kwatsam sun fi na jinkirin muni.

Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga a cikin Journal of Geosciences ya bayyana hakan. Mawallafinta sun yi amfani da nau'ikan yanayi goma sha ɗaya a karon farko don hasashen abin da zai iya faruwa idan duniya ta yi amfani da aikin injiniyan hasken rana don rage kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya kowace shekara. Labari mai dadi shine cewa samfurin zai iya daidaita yanayin zafi a duniya, amma yana kama da idan aka dakatar da aikin injiniya da zarar an cimma hakan, za a sami tashin hankali mai zafi.

Har ila yau, masana na fargabar cewa, aikin injiniyan injiniyan da ya fi shahara - tusa sulfur dioxide cikin yanayi - na iya jefa wasu yankuna cikin hatsari. Magoya bayan irin wadannan ayyuka suna adawa. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Climate Change a watan Maris 2019 ya sake tabbatar da cewa mummunan tasirin irin waɗannan ayyukan zai kasance mai iyaka. Marubucin binciken, prof. David Keith na Harvard, masanin injiniya kuma masanin manufofin jama'a, ya ce bai kamata masana kimiyya su taba aikin injiniyan kasa ba, musamman hasken rana.

-- Yace. -

Kasidar Keith ta rigaya ta sha suka daga masu tsoron cewa masana kimiyya suna yin kima da kima da fasahohin da ake da su, kuma fatansu game da hanyoyin injiniyan geoengineering na iya hana al'umma yin yunƙurin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli.

Akwai karatu da yawa da ke nuna yadda yin amfani da aikin injiniyan na iya zama takaici. A shekara ta 1991, an saki megatons 20 na sulfur dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma dukan duniya an rufe shi da wani Layer na sulfate, yana nuna yawan haske mai yawa. Duniya ta yi sanyi da kusan rabin ma'aunin Celsius. Amma bayan wasu 'yan shekaru, sulfates sun fadi daga cikin yanayi, kuma sauyin yanayi ya koma ga tsohon, yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali.

Abin sha'awa shine, a cikin ƙasan ƙasa, mai sanyaya bayan Pinatubo duniya, tsire-tsire sun yi kama da kyau. Musamman dazuzzuka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa a ranakun rana a shekarar 1992, photosynthesis a cikin dajin Massachusetts ya karu da kashi 23% idan aka kwatanta da kafin fashewar. Wannan ya tabbatar da hasashen cewa geoengineering ba ya barazana ga aikin gona. Duk da haka, cikakken bincike ya nuna cewa bayan fashewar aman wuta, amfanin gonakin masarar duniya ya ragu da kashi 9,3%, alkama, waken soya da shinkafa da kashi 4,8%.

Kuma wannan ya kamata ya kwantar da magoya bayan yanayin sanyi na duniya.