mafi shaharar kwamfuta
An riga an ambaci sunan wannan na'ura a nan, kuma a cikin mahallin mafi ban sha'awa: a matsayin kwamfutar da ba ta dace ba tana jin dadin zama na farko a duniya. Gaskiya, wasu sun riske shi? ciki har da Sirrin Konrad Zusi na Burtaniya da injuna; Na riga na rubuta game da su a nan. Duk da haka, bari mu ba shi girma; musamman ma a lokacin da yake gabatowa mai ban mamaki na zagayowar zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa shekaru 65. Kuma ba komai ya yi ritaya shekaru da yawa. ENIAC.
Tun lokacin da aka gina wannan mota, duniya ta zama wuri na daban. Wataƙila babu wanda ya yi tsammanin irin wannan sakamakon da wannan na'urar kamar yadda muke gani a yau. Watakila kawai...'yan jarida masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka kira wannan na'ura "kwakwalwar lantarki." Wallahi sun bata ita kuma da gaske? Kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta yi illa, yana haifar da suka mai tsanani tare da wannan kalma duka biyu daga 'yan jari-hujja na orthodox (wadanda ke kallon rayuwa a matsayin nau'i na gina jiki) kuma, suna fushi da kawai alamar cewa mutum zai iya ƙirƙirar kowane nau'i na hankali, masu aminci ...
Don haka, a cikin 1946, zamanin kwamfutoci a hukumance ya fara. Ainihin kwanan watan yana da wuya a tantance: watakila ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1946 ne, lokacin da aka sanar da jama'a game da wanzuwar ENIAC? Watakila ranar 30 ga watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, lokacin da aka rufe lokacin gwajin gwaji aka mika motar ga mai ita, watau. Sojojin Amurka? Ko wataƙila kuna buƙatar komawa 'yan watanni zuwa Nuwamba 1945, lokacin da ENIAC ta fitar da asusunta na farko?
Duk abin da muka yanke, abu ɗaya ya tabbata: shekaru sittin da biyar suna bayanmu.
ELECTRONIC MONSTRUM
Lokacin da aka nuna ENIAC ga ‘yan jarida, a bayyane yake cewa babu wanda ya taɓa yin irin wannan dodo, aƙalla a fannin na’urorin lantarki. An shirya shi a cikin rectangular U-dimbin yawa 12 ta 6 m, ɗakunan katako arba'in da biyu na ƙarfe na ƙarfe fentin ƙarfe - kowane tsayin mita 3, faɗin 60 cm da zurfin 30 cm - an cika su da bututun injin 18 na nau'ikan sha shida; sun kuma kunshi 800 6000 switches, 1500 50 relays da 000 0.5 resistors. Duk waɗannan, kamar yadda aka faɗa wa manema labarai, sun buƙaci walda miliyan 30 waɗanda dole ne a yi su da hannu. Dodon ya auna nauyin ton 140 kuma ya cinye 24 kW na iko. Tsarinsa na iska ya ƙunshi injunan Chrysler guda biyu tare da jimlar fitarwa na 48 hp; Kowace majalisa tana sanye take da na'urar humidifier da hannu, kuma na'urar zafi ta dakatar da duk aikin "mummunan" idan yanayin da ke cikin kowane yanki ya wuce XNUMX ° C. Bugu da ari, a cikin dakin da aka nufa don motar, akwai ƙarin uku - kuma an cika su da kayan lantarki - har ma ya fi girma fiye da sauran, ɗakunan tufafi masu zamewa a kan ƙafafun, a haɗe kamar yadda ake bukata a daidai wurin da aka saita. An yi musu kari da mai karatu da naushi na katunan naushi.
Me yayi tunani?
ENIAC() ƙididdigewa - ba kamar kwamfutoci na zamani ba - a cikin tsarin decimal, suna aiki da lambobi masu lamba goma, tabbatacce ko korau, tare da ƙayyadadden matsayi na ƙima. Gudunta, mai tada hankali ga masana kimiyya na wancan lokacin, kuma gaba daya ba za a iya misalta shi ga talakawan wancan lokacin ba, an bayyana shi a cikin kari dubu biyar na irin wadannan lambobi a cikin dakika daya; kuma kuyi tunanin cewa kwamfutoci na sirri, waɗanda ba a yi la'akari da su ba da sauri a yau, suna da sauri sau dubbai! Idan ya cancanta, injin na iya aiki da lambobi? Daidaitacce sau biyu? (lambobi ashirin) tare da matsakaicin matsayi na ƙima; Tabbas, a cikin wannan yanayin ya kasance a hankali, kuma an rage ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa daidai.
ENIAC yana da tsari na yau da kullun. Yadda yake magana Robert Ligonier a cikin littafinsa na tarihin kimiyyar kwamfuta, gine-ginensa ya ginu ne bisa tsarin tsarin mabambantan sarkakiya. A cikin kabad ɗin da aka ambata a sama akwai ƙananan bangarori waɗanda za a iya maye gurbinsu cikin sauƙi waɗanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan kayan lantarki daban-daban. Irin wannan al'ada panel ya kasance, alal misali, "shekaru goma" wanda zai iya yin rikodin lambobi 0 zuwa 9 kuma ya haifar da siginar ɗaukar hoto idan aka ƙara zuwa irin wannan tsarin na gaba - nau'in lantarki wanda yayi daidai da da'irar dijital daga adder na karni na 550 na Pascal. Babban abubuwan na'urar sune "batura" waɗanda zasu iya "tunawa?" lambobi goma, tara su kuma a ba su; kowanne daga cikin wadannan batura na dauke da fitulun XNUMX. Za'a iya karanta lambar da aka adana a cikin baturin da aka bayar ta tsarin tsarin fitilun neon a gaban majalisar ma'aikata.
Pedigree
Tunanin ENIAC an haife shi ne daga buƙatun ƙididdiga na yaƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin lissafi na yau da kullum na XNUMXs shine shirye-shiryen tebur na ballistic don bindigogi. Irin wannan tebur shine kawai saitin daidaitawa na hanyar jirgin saman projectile, yana ba da damar soja ya yi daidai matsayi (gabas) na injin, la'akari da nau'in sa, samfurin projectile, abun da ke tattare da sinadarai da girman cajin mai haɓakawa, zafin iska, ƙarfin iska. da shugabanci. , matsa lamba na yanayi da wasu sigogi masu kama da juna.
Daga ra'ayi na lissafi, harhada irin waɗannan allunan shine bayani na lambobi na wani nau'i, wanda ake kira. hyperbolic bambancin equations tare da masu canji biyu. A aikace, an ƙididdige waƙar don maki 50 na matsakaici. Domin samun daidaitattun dabi'u a daya daga cikinsu, ya zama dole a yi 15 multiplications, wanda ke nufin cewa lissafin tare da yanayin guda ɗaya ya ɗauki minti 10-20 na aiki akan mafi fasaha na musamman na kwamfuta a lokacin, wanda shine daban-daban analyzer. Yin la'akari da wasu matakan da suka wajaba don tsara jadawalin ayyuka, tebur ɗaya cikakke yana buƙatar sa'o'in lissafin 1000-2000, watau. 6-12 makonni. Kuma dole ne a gina dubun-dubatar irin wannan allon! Idan da mun yi amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na IBM don wannan dalili, da ya ɗauki shekaru aiki!
Masu halitta
Labarin yadda sojojin Amurka suka yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan wannan babbar matsala ya cancanci fim ɗin almara na kimiyya. Wani fitaccen, ko da yake ba matashi ba ne, masanin lissafin Norwegian ya kawo daga Princeton don jagorantar aikin Oswald Vebelen ne adam watawanda ya yi irin wannan lissafin a 1917; Bugu da kari, wasu masanan lissafi 7, masana kimiyyar lissafi 8 da masanan taurari 2 sun yi aiki. Mai ba su shawara ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Hungary, John (Janos) von Neumann.
Kimanin matasa 100 ma’aikatan lissafi ne aka sanya su cikin aikin soja a matsayin lissafi, an kwace duk kayan aikin kwamfuta da za a iya amfani da su na aikin soja... Amma a fili yake cewa ba za a gamsu da bukatun makaman bindigu ta wannan hanyar ba. An yi sa'a - dan kadan - a wannan lokacin ne hanyoyin rayuwar matasa uku suka hadu. Su ne: Doctor of Physics. John Mauchly (an haife shi a shekara ta 1907), injiniyan lantarki John Presper Eckert (b. 1919) da Likitan Lissafi, Laftanar Sojojin Amurka Heine Goldstein (b. 1913).
J. Mauchly, a baya a cikin 1940, yayi magana game da yiwuwar amfani da kayan lantarki don gina na'ura mai ƙididdigewa; ya zo da wannan ra'ayi ne saboda gagarumin lissafin da ya yi a lokacin da ya fara sha'awar aikace-aikacen kididdiga na lissafi a cikin yanayin yanayi. Bayan ya shiga cikin kwasa-kwasai na musamman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, yana shirya ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sojoji, ya sadu da JP Eckert. Wannan, bi da bi, ya kasance "mai hannu" na hali, ƙwararren mai tsarawa da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo: a lokacin da yake da shekaru 8 ya iya gina ƙaramin mai karɓar rediyo, wanda ya sanya ... a ƙarshen fensir; Yana dan shekara 12 ya kera karamin jirgin ruwa mai sarrafa rediyo, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya kera tare da kera na'urar sauti na ƙwararrun wa makarantarsa. Dukan daliban biyu suna son juna sosai... kuma a cikin lokutan su na kyauta sun ƙera babban ƙididdiga, injin ƙara duniya.
Duk da haka, wannan aikin yana kusa da ganin hasken rana. Dukkanin malaman kimiyyar sun mika shi a hukumance, ta hanyar rubutaccen bayani mai shafuka biyar masu kama da juna, ga wani J.G. Brainerd, memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, mai alhakin hulda da gwamnatin Amurka. Na karshen, duk da haka, ya sanya takardar a cikin teburinsa (an same ta a can bayan shekaru 20 - ta kasance cikakke) kuma zai rufe karar idan ba na uku ba? Uba? ENIAC, Dokta G. G. Goldstein.
Dokta Goldstein ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Sojojin Amurka () da aka ambata a baya kuma ya nemi mafita ga matsalar da aka sani na ballistic arrays. Abin farin ciki, yayin da yake gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun na cibiyar kwamfutoci ta jami’ar Pennsylvania, ya gaya wa ɗalibin matsalolinsa. Dalibin Mauchly ne ya san memorandum ... Goldstein ya fahimci ma'anar sabon ra'ayin.
Wannan ya faru a cikin Maris 1943. Kimanin kwanaki goma bayan haka, Goldstein da Mauchly sun sami karbuwa daga gudanarwar BRL. Oswald Vebelen ba shi da shakku: ya ba da umarnin a raba kuɗin da ake bukata don gina na'urar. A ranar ƙarshe na Mayu 1943, an kafa sunan ENIAC. A ranar 150 ga Yuni, an sanya hannu kan babban sirrin "Project PX", farashin wanda aka saita akan $ 486 (ainihin $ 804 cents). A hukumance fara aiki a kan Yuli 22, na farko biyu batura da aka fara aiki a watan Yuni na shekara ta gaba, da dukan abin hawa da aka sanya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje gwaje-gwaje a cikin fall 1, da kuma farko gwaji lissafin da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 1945. Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, a watan Yuni 1945, an mika ENIAC ga sojojin, wanda ya tabbatar da karbar "PX Project".
Saboda haka, ENIAC bai shiga cikin yakin ba. Haka kuma, sojojin sun ci gaba da kunna shi har zuwa ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1947. Amma da zarar an kaddamar da shi kuma bayan gyare-gyare na asali, an fara aiki - a jagorancin von Neumann - ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin na dogon lokaci, yana ƙididdigewa ba kawai tebur na ballistic ba, har ma da nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka don gina bam na hydrogen, da zayyana dabarun nukiliya. makamai, nazarin haskoki na sararin samaniya, tsara hanyoyin iska ko, a ƙarshe, gaba ɗaya "farar hula"? – ta hanyar kirga ƙimar lamba daidai zuwa wurare dubu ɗaya. Ƙarshen sabis a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1955 da ƙarfe 23.45:XNUMX na yamma, lokacin da a ƙarshe aka katse shi daga hanyar sadarwar kuma an fara wargazawa.
Za a sayar da shi a kan gungume; amma masana kimiyyar da suka yi amfani da ita sun nuna rashin amincewa, kuma an ceto manyan sassan na'urar. Mafi girma daga cikinsu a yau yana cikin Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington.
Don haka, a cikin watanni 148, ENIAC ta tashi daga allon zanen zanen zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha, wanda hakan ya haifar da zamanin manyan nasarori a ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta. Kuma ba kome ba ne cewa a gabansa sunan kwamfuta ya samo asali ne ta hanyar injinan ƙwararrun Jamus Konrad Zuse, da kuma - kamar yadda ya faru bayan bude asirin Birtaniya a 1975 - Kwamfuta na Ingilishi daga "Colossus" jerin.
A cikin 1946, an gabatar da duniya zuwa ENIAC kuma koyaushe zai kasance na farko ga jama'a.
