Da miyagun ƙwayoyi na karni - part 1
Salicylic acid kawai shine maganin da ya dace. A shekara ta 1838, masanin kimiyyar Italiyanci Rafaele Piria ya sami wannan fili a cikin tsaftataccen tsari, kuma a cikin 1874 wani masanin kimiyar Jamusanci Herman Kolbe ya samar da hanyar samar da masana'antu.
A lokaci guda, ana amfani da salicylic acid a magani. Duk da haka, miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da tasiri mai banƙyama a kan mucosa na ciki, wanda ya haifar da cututtuka na ciki da kuma ulcers. Sakamakon shan shirye-shiryen salicylic acid ne ya haifar da likitancin Jamus Hoton Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) don nemo madaidaicin madadin magani (mahaifiyar Hoffmann an bi da shi tare da salicylic acid don cututtukan rheumatic). "Bullseye" ya kamata ya sami abin da ya samo asali - Acetylsalicylic acid.
An kafa fili ta hanyar esterification na ƙungiyar OH na salicylic acid tare da acetic anhydride. An samo Acetylsalicylic acid a baya, amma kawai shiri mai tsabta wanda Hoffmann ya samu a cikin 1897 ya dace da amfanin likita.
Samfuran barbashi na salicylic acid (hagu) da acetylsalicylic acid (dama)
Wanda ya kera sabon maganin wani karamin kamfani ne na Bayer, wanda ke aikin samar da rini, a yau abin damuwa ne a duniya. Ana kiran maganin aspirin. Wannan alamar kasuwanci ce mai rijista ®, amma ya zama daidai da shirye-shirye dauke da acetylsalicylic acid (saboda haka gajarta ASA da aka saba amfani da ita). Sunan ya fito daga kalmomin "acetyl"(wasika a-) da (yanzu), wato, meadowsweet - mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano tare da babban abun ciki na salicin, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin maganin ganye azaman maganin antipyretic. Ƙarshen-in shine na hali don sunayen ƙwayoyi.
Aspirin ya kasance mai haƙƙin mallaka a cikin 1899 kuma kusan nan da nan an yaba shi azaman panacea. [package] Ta yaki zazzabi, zafi da kumburi. An yi amfani da ita sosai a lokacin shahararriyar cutar mura ta Spain, wadda ta yi asarar rayuka a 1918-1919 fiye da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Aspirin na ɗaya daga cikin magunguna na farko da aka sayar a matsayin allunan masu narkewa da ruwa (haɗe da sitaci). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an lura da tasirinsa mai fa'ida wajen rigakafin cututtukan zuciya.
Duk da kasancewa a kasuwa fiye da karni, ana amfani da aspirin sosai a magani. Har ila yau, maganin da aka samar a cikin adadi mafi girma (mutane suna cinye fiye da ton 35 na fili mai tsabta a dukan duniya a kowace rana!) kuma na farko da cikakken magani na roba wanda ba ya ware daga albarkatun kasa.
Salicylic acid a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajenmu
Lokaci don kwarewa.
Da farko, bari mu koyi game da halayen halayen aspirin protoplasty - salicylic acid. Kuna buƙatar barasa salicylic (magungunan da ake sayar da su a cikin kantin magani da kantin magani, salicylic acid 2% maganin ethanol na ruwa) da kuma maganin baƙin ƙarfe (III) chloride FeCl.3 tare da maida hankali kusan 5%. Zuba 1 cm cikin bututun gwaji.3 barasa salicylic, ƙara 'yan cm kaɗan3 ruwa da 1 cm.3 FeCl bayani3. Cakuda nan da nan ya juya purple-blue. Wannan shine sakamakon amsawa tsakanin salicylic acid da baƙin ƙarfe (III) ions:
Aspirin tun 1899 (daga tarihin Bayer AG)
Launi kamar tawada ne, wanda bai kamata ya zama abin mamaki ba - tawada (kamar yadda ake kira tawada a baya) an yi shi daga gishiri na baƙin ƙarfe da mahadi masu kama da tsari zuwa salicylic acid. Halin da aka yi shine gwajin nazari don gano Fe ions.3+kuma a lokaci guda yana aiki don tabbatar da kasancewar phenols, watau, mahadi wanda ƙungiyar OH ke haɗe kai tsaye zuwa zoben aromatic. Salicylic acid na cikin wannan rukuni na mahadi. Bari mu tuna da wannan dauki da kyau - halayyar violet-blue launi bayan ƙara da ƙarfe (III) chloride zai nuna kasancewar salicylic acid (phenols a general) a cikin samfurin gwajin.
Hakanan ana iya amfani da gwajin gwajin don nuna yadda yake aiki. m tawada. A kan farar takarda tare da goga (ƙwanƙwasa haƙori, wasan da aka nuna, auduga swab tare da kushin auduga, da dai sauransu) muna yin kowane rubutu ko zane tare da barasa salicylic, sa'an nan kuma bushe takardar. Danka kushin auduga ko auduga tare da maganin FeCl.3 (maganin yana lalata fata, don haka ana buƙatar safofin hannu na roba) kuma shafa da takarda. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da feshin tsire-tsire ko kwalban feshi don ƙamshi da kayan kwalliya don ɗanka ganye. Haruffa Violet-blue na rubutun da aka rubuta a baya sun bayyana akan takarda. [tawada] Ka tuna cewa don samun sakamako mai ban sha'awa a cikin nau'in bayyanar rubutu kwatsam, maɓalli mai mahimmanci shine rashin ganuwa na rubutun da aka riga aka shirya. Shi ya sa muke rubutawa a kan farar takarda tare da mafita marasa launi, kuma idan sun yi launin, muna zaɓar launi na takarda don kada rubutun ya fita daga bango (alal misali, a kan takardar rawaya, za ku iya yin rubutun). rubutun FeCl bayani3 da kuma jawo shi da barasa salicylic). Bayanan kula ya shafi duk launuka masu tausayi, kuma akwai haɗuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da tasirin sakamako mai launi.
A ƙarshe, acetylsalicylic acid
Gwajin gwaje-gwaje na farko sun riga sun ƙare, amma ba mu kai ga jarumi na rubutun yau ba - acetylsalicylic acid. Duk da haka, ba za mu samu da kanmu ba, amma cire daga ƙãre samfurin. Dalilin shi ne kira mai sauƙi (reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H).2SO4 ko H.3PO4), amma kayan aikin da ake buƙata (flasks ɗin gilashin ƙasa, na'urar reflux, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, kit ɗin tacewa) da la'akarin aminci. Acetic anhydride ruwa ne mai ban haushi kuma ana sarrafa samuwarsa - wannan shine abin da ake kira precursor na miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Kalubale na rubutun ɓoye da aka yi da salicylic acid tare da maganin baƙin ƙarfe (III) chloride
Kuna buƙatar maganin ethanol na 95% (misali, barasa mai launin launi), flask (a gida ana iya maye gurbin shi da kwalba), kayan dumama ruwan wanka (mai sauƙi tukunyar ruwa na ruwa wanda aka sanya akan cheesecloth), tacewa. kit (mazurari, tace) kuma Tabbas aspirin iri ɗaya ne a cikin allunan. Sanya allunan 2-3 na miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda ke ɗauke da acetylsalicylic acid a cikin kwalban (duba abun da ke cikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kar a yi amfani da magungunan da ke narkewa cikin ruwa) da kuma zuba 10-15 cm.3 barasa da aka haramta. Azuba flask din a cikin wankan ruwa har sai allunan sun watse gaba daya (a sanya tawul din takarda a kasan kaskon don kada flask din ya karye). A wannan lokacin, muna kwantar da 'yan dubun santimita a cikin firiji.3 ruwa. Abubuwan taimako na miyagun ƙwayoyi (sitaci, fiber, talc, abubuwan dandano) kuma an haɗa su cikin abun da ke cikin allunan aspirin. Ba su iya narkewa a cikin ethanol, yayin da acetylsalicylic acid ya narke a ciki. Bayan dumama, da sauri za a tace ruwan a cikin sabon flask. Yanzu an ƙara ruwan sanyi, wanda ke haifar da lu'ulu'u na acetylsalicylic acid zuwa hazo (a 25 ° C., game da 100 g na fili an narkar da shi a cikin 5 g na ethanol, yayin da kawai 0,25 g na adadin ruwa). Cire lu'ulu'u kuma a bushe su cikin iska. Ka tuna cewa sakamakon da aka samu bai dace da amfani da shi azaman magani ba - mun yi amfani da gurbataccen ethanol don cire shi, kuma abu, wanda ba shi da abubuwan kariya, na iya fara lalacewa. Muna amfani da dangantaka ne kawai don ƙwarewar mu.
Idan ba ka so ka cire acetylsalicylic acid daga Allunan, za ka iya kawai narkar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin cakuda ethanol da ruwa da kuma amfani da unfiltered dakatar (mun gama hanya ta dumama a cikin wani ruwa wanka). Don dalilanmu, wannan nau'in reagent zai wadatar. Yanzu ina ba da shawarar bi da maganin acetylsalicylic acid tare da maganin FeCl.3 (kamar gwajin farko).
Shin, ka riga ka yi hasashe, mai karatu, me ya sa ka samu irin wannan tasirin?
