Dokokin zirga-zirga. Janar Tanadi
1.1.
Waɗannan Rua'idodin, daidai da Dokar Ukraine "A Hanyar Hanyar Hanya", ta kafa hadadden odar zirga-zirga ko'ina cikin Ukraine.
Sauran ka'idoji game da keɓaɓɓun zirga-zirgar ababen hawa (jigilar kayayyaki na musamman, aiki na wasu nau'ikan motoci, zirga-zirga a cikin rufaffiyar yanki, da sauransu) ya kamata a dogara da bukatun waɗannan Dokokin.
1.2
An kafa zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na ababen hawa a cikin Ukraine.
1.3
Wajibi ne masu amfani da hanya su sani kuma su bi ƙa'idodin waɗannan Rua'idodin, kuma su kasance masu ladabi da juna.
1.4
Kowane mai amfani da hanya yana da 'yancin dogaro da wasu masu amfani da titin don bin waɗannan Dokokin.
1.5
Ayyuka ko rashin aikin masu amfani da hanya da sauran mutane bai kamata ya haifar da haɗari ko cikas ga zirga-zirga ba, yin barazana ga rayuwa ko lafiyar 'yan ƙasa, ko haifar da ɓarnar kayan.
Mutumin da ya kirkiro irin wadannan halaye ya zama dole ya hanzarta daukar matakan tabbatar da lafiyar hanya a wannan bangare na hanyar sannan ya dauki duk matakan da za su iya kawar da cikas, kuma idan hakan ba zai yiwu ba, gargadi sauran masu amfani da hanyar game da su, sanar da sashin da ke da izini na 'yan sanda na kasa, mai hanyar ko ga jikin da izini da shi.
1.6
An ba da izinin yin amfani da hanyoyi don wasu dalilai, la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin Shafin 36-38 na Dokar Ukraine "A Hanyoyi".
1.7
Ana buƙatar direbobi su mai da hankali musamman ga masu amfani da hanya kamar masu keke, masu amfani da keken hannu da masu tafiya a ƙafa. Ya kamata duk masu amfani da hanya suyi taka tsan-tsan musamman dangane da yara, tsofaffi da kuma mutanen da ke da alamun nakasa (kamar yadda aka yiwa kwaskwarima a ranar 11.07.2018 ga Yulin, XNUMX).
1.8
Restrictionsuntatawa na zirga-zirga, ban da waɗanda waɗannan Dokokin suka tanadar, ana iya gabatar da su ta hanyar da doka ta tsara.
1.9
Mutanen da suka taka waɗannan Dokokin suna da abin dogaro bisa doka.
1.10
Sharuɗɗan da aka bayar a cikin waɗannan Dokokin suna da ma'ana mai zuwa:
bas - motar da ke da kujeru sama da tara, gami da kujerar direba, wanda, ta ƙirarta da kayan aikinta, an tsara ta don ɗaukar fasinjoji da kayansu tare da jin daɗi da aminci da suka dace;
babbar hanyar mota - hanyar da:
keɓaɓɓe wanda aka tsara da nufin don motsawar ababen hawa, ba da nufin shiga ko barin yankin da ke kusa ba;
yana da hanyoyi daban daban na kowane juzu'in motsi, an raba shi da juna ta hanyar raba hanya;
ba ya hayewa a daidai wannan matakin wasu hanyoyi, titin jirgin ƙasa da hanyoyin tarago, hanyoyin masu tafiya a ƙafa da kekuna, hanyoyin dabbobi, yana da shinge a gefen hanya da rariya mai rarrabawa, kuma an katange shi da raga;
alama tare da alamar hanya 5.1;babbar hanya, titi (hanya) - wani sashi na yankin, gami da sasantawa, wanda aka tsara don motsin ababen hawa da masu tafiya a kafa, tare da dukkan gine-ginen da ke kanta (gadoji, wuce gona da iri, wuce gona da iri, sama da kasa da mararrabar kafa) da na'urorin kula da zirga-zirga, da an iyakance shi a faɗi ta gefen gefen gefen gefen gefen gefen gefen gefen dama ko na gefen dama. Wannan kalmar har ila yau ta hada da hanyoyi na wucin gadi da aka gina da manufa, sai dai hanyoyin da aka birkita (waƙoƙi);
manyan titunan kasar - manyan titunan da ake amfani dasu gaba ɗaya, waɗanda manyan hanyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, na ƙasa da na yanki suke, waɗanda alamun alamun daidai suke nunawa;
jirgin kasa (jirgin sufuri) - motar da ke dauke da wutar da aka hade da tirela daya ko fiye ta hanyar na'urar hada abubuwa;
lafiya nesa - nisan da motar takeyi a gaba a wannan layin, wanda, idan birki ko tsayawa ba zato ba tsammani, zai ba direban motar damar baya don kaucewa karo ba tare da yin wani motsi ba;
lafiya tazara - tazarar da ke tsakanin sassan gefe na ababen hawa ko tsakanin su da sauran abubuwa, wanda a ke tabbatar da amincin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa;
lafiya gudun - saurin da direba zai iya tuka motar cikin aminci da sarrafa motsinsa a takamaiman yanayin hanya;
Ja (ja) - motsi da motar daya na wata motar da ba ta aikin aikin jiragen kasa ba (jiragen kasa masu jigilar kaya) a kan daskararre ko sassauya haduwa ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da lodi ta wani bangare a kan wani dandamali ko kan na'urar tallafi na musamman;
keke abin hawa, ban da keken guragu, wanda ƙarfin motsin mutum ke motsa shi;
mai keke - mutumin da yake tuka babur;
hanyar keke - hanyar da aka shimfiɗa akan ko a kan hanya, an tsara ta don hawan keke kuma an yi mata alama da alamar hanya 4.12;
ganuwa a cikin hanyar tafiya - matsakaicin tazarar da za'a iya sanin iyakokin abubuwan hanya da wurin masu amfani da hanya a sarari daga kujerar direba, wanda hakan ke baiwa direba damar yin tuki yayin tuki, musamman don zabar wata amincin lafiya da kuma yin lamuran lafiya;
mai abin hawa - mutum ko mahaɗan doka waɗanda ke da haƙƙin mallaka na abin hawa, wanda takaddun da suka dace suka tabbatar da shi;
direba - mutumin da yake tuƙin abin hawa kuma yana da lasisin tuki (lasisin direban tarakta, izini na ɗan lokaci don haƙƙin tuƙin abin hawa, takardar ba da izini ta ɗan lokaci don haƙƙin tuƙin abin hawa) na rukunin da ya dace. Direban kuma mutum ne mai koyar da yadda ake tuka abin hawa, kasancewar kai tsaye yana cikin motar;
tilasta tsayawa - dakatar da motsi na abin hawa saboda rashin aikinsa na fasaha ko hatsarin da jigilar kaya ta kawo, yanayin mai amfani da hanyar, bayyanar wani cikas ga zirga-zirga;
girma da kula da nauyi - duba sigogi gaba daya da nauyi na abin hawa (gami da abin hawa da ke tuka wutar), tirela da kaya don bin ka'idojin da aka kafa dangane da girma (fadi, tsayi daga farfajiyar hanya, tsawon abin hawa) da kuma dangantaka da kayan (ainihin taro, nauyin axle), wanda aka aiwatar dashi gwargwadon tsarin da aka kafa a wuraren tsaye ko wuraren motsi na ma'auni da kula da nauyi;
ciyawa - wani yanki na yankuna masu kamanceceniya tare da murfin sod, wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyar shuka da shuka ciyawar tsire-tsire (galibi ciyawar shekara) ko sodding;
babbar hanya - hanya tare da farfajiyar da ba a santa ba ko alama tare da alamu 1.22, 1.23.1, 1.23.2, 1.23.3, 1.23.4, 2.3. Kasancewar daɓen da ke kan hanya ta biyu kai tsaye kafin tsinkayar bai daidaita shi da ƙima da wanda ya tsinke ba;
motar daukar kaya - mota, wanda ta ƙirarta da kayan aikinta aka tsara don ɗaukar kaya;
Hasken Gudun Rana - na'urorin haske na waje masu launin fari, wanda aka tsara ta ƙirar abin hawa, an girka a gaban abin hawan kuma an tsara shi don inganta ganuwar abin hawa yayin motsinta a lokutan hasken rana;
yanayin hanya - wasu abubuwanda suka shafi yanayin hanya, kasancewar cikas a wani bangare na hanyar, karfi da matakin kungiyar zirga-zirga (kasancewar alamomin hanya, alamomin hanya, kayan aikin hanya, fitilun hanya da yanayin su), wanda dole ne direba yayi la'akari da shi yayin zabar saurin, layin da liyafar tuki abin hawa;
ayyukan hanya - aikin da ya danganci gini, sake gini, gyara ko kula da titi (titi), tsarin wucin gadi, tsarin magudanar hanya, kayan aikin injiniya, girkawa (gyarawa, sauyawa) na hanyoyin fasaha na kula da zirga-zirga;
yanayin hanya - jerin abubuwanda suke nunawa (la'akari da lokacin shekara, lokacin rana, al'amuran yanayi, hasken titi) iya ganuwa a bangaren tafiya, yanayin farfajiyar titin (tsafta, tsakaita, kauri, mannewa), da kuma fadinsa, girman gangaren kan gangarowa da hawa , lankwasawa da lankwasawa, gaban hanyoyin ko kafaɗu, na'urori masu kula da zirga-zirga da yanayin su;
hatsarin zirga-zirga - wani lamari da ya faru yayin motsin abin hawa, wanda sakamakonsa mutane suka mutu ko suka ji rauni ko kuma aka lalata kayan;
mararraba hanyar jirgin kasa - tsallaka titin tare da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a matakin ɗaya;
bangaren rayuwa - yankuna na farfajiyar, da kuma sassan ƙauyuka, wanda aka yi alama da alamar hanya 5.31;
rukunin masu tafiya a kafa - wani rukuni na mutane da ke motsawa a kan hanyar mota ta hanya ɗaya;
ayarin motocin - rukuni rukuni mai hawa uku ko sama da haka, a haɗe suna tafiya a kan hanya kai tsaye ɗayan bayan ɗayan tare da tsoma fitilun wuta a kai a kai;
hanyar mota (don motocin da ba jirgin ƙasa ba) - layin al'ada na yau da kullun ko alamar hanya a kan hanyar hawa a inda yake jingina zuwa kafada, gefen titi, lawn, rarrabuwar rariya, layi don hanyoyin hawa, zagayawa ko hanyar ƙafa;
matsakaiciyar hanyar ƙarshe - matsayin abin hawa a nesa daga gefen hanyar motar (tsakiyar hanyar hawa ko raba tsiri), wanda ya sa ba zai yiwu ba ga motar da ke wucewa (gami da masu taya biyu) don matsawa ma kusa da gefen hanyar motar (tsakiyar hanyar hawa ko raba tsiri);
keken guragu - mota mai kera ta musamman wacce aka tanada domin zirga-zirga akan hanyar nakasassu ko kuma mutanen wasu kananan kungiyoyi masu karamin karfi. Kujerar guragu tana da a ƙalla ƙafafu biyu kuma ana amfani da ita ta hanyar injiniya ko kuma tana motsa ta da ƙarfin tsoka na ɗan adam (abin da aka ƙara 11.07.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX);
mota - motar da ba ta wuce kujeru tara ba, gami da kujerar direba, wanda, ta tsarinta da kayan aikinta, an tsara ta ne don daukar fasinjoji da kayansu tare da jin dadi da aminci;
mutum mai motsi a cikin keken guragu - mutumin da ke da nakasa ko kuma mutumin da ke cikin wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na jama'a kuma yana tafiya da kansa a kan hanyar keken hannu (an ƙara sakin layi a kan 11.07.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX);
motsa jiki (motsa jiki) - farkon motsi, sake gina abin hawa a motsi daga wannan hanya zuwa wancan, juya dama ko hagu, yin juyi, barin hanyar hawa, juyawa;
motocin hawa (motocin jigilar jama'a) - motocin bas, kananan bas, trolleybuses, trams da tasi suna zirga-zirga tare da hanyoyin da aka kafa kuma suna da wasu wurare a kan hanya don ɗaukar fasinjoji (saukowa);
abin hawa - motar da injin ke tukawa. Wannan lokacin ya shafi traktoci, injina masu aiki da kansu, da kuma motocin daukar kaya da motoci masu dauke da wutar lantarki sama da 3 kW;
ƙaramar bas - motar bas mai hawa daya wacce ba ta wuce kujeru goma sha bakwai ba, gami da kujerar direba;
moped - motoci mai taya biyu tare da injin mai karfin aiki har zuwa 50 cu. cm ko motar lantarki har zuwa 4 kW;
gada - Tsarin da aka tsara don motsi a ƙetaren kogi, rafin da sauran matsaloli, iyakokin sa sune farkon da ƙarshen yawo;
babur - mai taya mai taya mai taya biyu tare da ko ba tare da tirela ta gefe ba, yana da injin mai karfin 50 cu. cm kuma mafi. Motoci, motocin hawa, kekuna uku da sauran motocin da ke tursasa ƙarfi, matsakaicin adadin da bai halatta ya wuce kilogiram 400 ba, sun daidaita da babura;
yanki - yankin da aka gina, kofofin shiga da fita daga cikinsu waɗanda suke da alamun hanya 5.45, 5.46, 5.47, 5.48;
rashin gani sosai - ganuwa akan hanya ta hanyar tafiyar kasa da 300 m da yamma, a yanayin hazo, ruwan sama, dusar kankara, da sauransu;
wucewa - ciyar da motoci daya ko fiye masu alaƙa da shiga layin da ke zuwa;
ganuwa - damar haƙiƙa don ganin yanayin zirga-zirga daga mazaunin direba;
hanawa - wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka zayyana shi bisa tsari ko kuma layin da ke nuna alamar hanya, kusa da kai tsaye zuwa gefen babbar hanyar motar, wacce take daidai da ita kuma ba a nufin motsin motoci, sai dai shari'o'in da waɗannan Dokokin suka tanada. Za a iya amfani da kafada don tsayawa da motocin ajiye motoci, motsin masu tafiya a kafa, mopeds, kekuna (in babu hanyoyin da za a bi, masu tafiya a kafa, hanyoyin keke ko kuma idan ba zai yuwu a ci gaba da tafiya tare da su ba), amalanke masu dawakai (sledges);
iyakance ganuwa - ganin hanya a cikin hanyar tafiya, iyakantacce ta hanyar sifofin geometric na hanya, tsarin injiniyan gefen hanya, shuka da sauran abubuwa, da kuma motoci;
haɗari ga zirga-zirga - canji a cikin yanayin hanya (haɗe da bayyanar wani abu mai motsi wanda ke gabatowa ko ƙetare layin abin hawa) ko yanayin fasaha na abin hawa da ke barazana ga amincin hanya da tilasta direba nan da nan ya rage gudu ko tsayawa. Wani lamarin daban na hatsari ga zirga-zirga shine motsi tsakanin layin motar wani abin hawa zuwa ga kwararar baki ɗaya;
ci gaba - motsin abin hawa cikin saurin wucewar abin hawa mai wucewa yana tafiya gefe da gefe a wata hanyar da ke kusa da ita;
makanta - yanayin motsa jiki na direba saboda tasirin haske akan hangen nesansa, lokacin da direba da gangan ba zai iya gano cikas ko gane iyakokin abubuwan hanya a mafi karancin tazara ba;
tsayawa - dakatar da motsin abin hawa na tsawan minti 5 ko sama da haka, idan ya zama dole don hawa (sauka) fasinjoji ko loda kaya (sauke kaya), biyan bukatun wadannan Dokokin (samar da fa'ida a cikin zirga-zirga, biyan bukatun mai kula da zirga-zirga, siginar zirga-zirga, da sauransu). );
tsibirin aminci - hanyar fasaha ce ta kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kasa, wanda aka tsara shi bisa babbar hanyar mota kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin abin kariya don dakatar da masu tafiya a lokacin da suke tsallaka hanyar motar. Tsibirin aminci ya haɗa da ɓangaren tsaga ta hanyar da marar ƙetaren ke bi;
fasinja - mutumin da yake amfani da abin hawa kuma yana cikin ta, amma baya cikin tuki;
jigilar ƙungiyoyin yara - jigilar yara guda goma ko sama da haka tare da manajan da ke da alhakin raka su yayin tafiya (an sanya ƙarin ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya zuwa rukuni na yara talatin ko fiye);
Tsinkaya - wurin haduwa, gogewa ko reshen hanyoyi a daidai wannan matakin, iyakarsa shine layuka masu hasashe tsakanin farkon zagayen gefunan babbar hanyar hawa ta kowace hanyar. Wurin haduwa zuwa hanyar fita daga yankin da ke kusa da shi ba a dauke shi mahada ba;
mai tafiya a ƙasa - mutumin da ke shiga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a wajen ababen hawa kuma ba ya yin wani aiki a kan hanyar. Mutanen da ke tafiya a cikin keken hannu ba tare da injin ba, tuka keke, babur, babur, ɗauke da sikila, trolley, wurin zama na yara ko kuma keken hannu suma ana ɗauka masu tafiya a ƙasa;
hanyar sawun kafa - hanyar da aka shimfida don zirga-zirgar masu tafiya a ciki, a ciki ko wajen hanyar kuma an sanya musu alama tare da alamar 4.13;
hanyar wucewa - wani sashi na hanyar mota ko tsarin injiniya da aka tsara don motsawar masu tafiya a ƙetaren hanya. Alamar mararraba da masu tafiya a kafa suna da alamun hanya 5.35.1, 5.35.2, 5.36.1, 5.36.2, 5.37.1, 5.37.2, alamomin hanya 1.14.1, 1.14.2, 1.14.3, fitilun masu tafiya a ƙafa. Idan babu alamun alamun hanya, ana iyakance iyakokin masu tafiya ta hanyar nisan tsakanin alamomin hanya ko fitilun zirga-zirgar masu tafiya, kuma a wata mahadar, in babu fitilun masu tafiya a ƙafa, alamomin hanya da alamomi - ta hanyar faɗin hanyoyin ko kafadu;
Ana ɗaukar ƙetare marar tafiya a matsayin mai daidaitawa idan hasken zirga-zirga ko mai kula da zirga-zirga ya tsara zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ba tare da tsari ba - hanyar wucewa inda babu mai kula da zirga-zirga, fitilun zirga-zirga ba su nan ko kashe su, ko yin aiki a cikin siginar rawaya mai walƙiya;
barin wurin wani hatsarin mota - ayyukan ɗan takara a cikin haɗarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da nufin ɓoye gaskiyar irin wannan hatsarin ko yanayin hukumarta, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar 'yan sanda su aiwatar da matakan gano (bincika) wannan ɗan takara da (ko) neman abin hawa;
rariya - layin dogon lokaci akan titin da yake da nisa aƙalla mita 2,75, wanda aka yiwa alama ko kuma ba shi da alama ta hanya kuma ana nufin motsin motocin da ba jiragen ƙasa ba;
amfani - 'yancin fifikon zirga-zirga dangane da sauran masu amfani da hanya;
cikas ga zirga-zirga - wani abu mai tsayayye a tsakanin layin ababen hawa ko wani abu da ke tafiya a kan hanyar a cikin wannan layin (ban da abin hawa da ke tafiya zuwa ga yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa) da tilasta direba yin motsi ko rage gudu har sai motar ta tsaya;
yanki kusa da - yankin da ke kusa da gefen hanyar motar kuma ba an yi niyyar wucewa ba, amma kawai don shiga farfajiyoyi, filin ajiye motoci, gidajen mai, wuraren gini, da sauransu, ko barin su;
tirela - abin hawan da aka nufa don motsi kawai tare da wani abin hawa. Wannan nau'in motocin ya hada har da tirela-sigogi da tarwatsa tirela;
hanyar mota - hanyar hanya da aka tsara don motsawar motocin da ba jirgin ƙasa ba. Hanya na iya samun hanyoyin hawa da yawa, iyakarta suna rarraba ramuka;
wucewa - tsarin injiniya na nau'in gada a kan wata hanyar (hanyar jirgin kasa) a mahadar mahadar su, wanda ke tabbatar da motsi tare da shi a matakai daban-daban kuma yana ba da damar fita zuwa wata hanyar;
rarraba tsiri - wanda aka haskaka shi bisa tsari ko kuma ta hanyar taimakon layuka masu tsafta na alamomin hanya 1.1, kashi 1.2 na hanyar, wanda ya raba hanyoyin mota masu kusa. Ba a nufin hanyar layin tsakiyar don zirga-zirga ko filin ajiye motoci. Idan akwai hanyar tafiya a rariyar rarrabawa, ana barin zirga-zirgar masu tafiya a kanta;
Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi - nauyin abin hawa mai ɗauke da kaya, direba da fasinjoji, waɗanda aka saita su ta halayen fasaha na abin hawa azaman iyakar izinin. Matsakaicin adadin izinin jirgin ƙasa shine jimlar izinin da aka halatta na kowace motar da aka haɗa cikin jirgin ƙasa;
mai daidaitawa - dan sanda yana aiwatar da ka'idojin zirga-zirga cikin kayan sarki na ganuwa tare da abubuwa masu nuna abubuwa ta hanyar amfani da sanda, busa. Ma'aikatan binciken soja na kiyaye lafiyar hanya, sabis na kula da hanya, jami'in da ke bakin aiki a mashigar jirgin kasa, mashigar jirgin ruwa, wanda ke da takardar shaidar da ta dace da abin ɗamara, sandar, faifai tare da alamar ja ko mai nunawa, jan wuta ko tuta da aiwatar da dokoki cikin kayan aiki ;
motar dogo - tram da dandamali tare da kayan aiki na musamman da ke motsawa tare da waƙoƙin tram. Duk sauran motocin da ke cikin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ana ɗaukar motocin da ba jiragen ƙasa ba;
kayan aikin gona - taraktoci, motocin tuka kansu, kayan aikin gona, gina hanyoyi, injunan gyara da sauran hanyoyin;
filin ajiye motoci - dakatar da motsi na abin hawa fiye da 5 mintuna don dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da buƙatar bin ƙa'idodin waɗannan Dokokin, shiga jirgi (saukowa) fasinjoji, ɗora kaya (sauke kaya);
Lokacin dare - wani bangare na rana daga faduwar rana zuwa fitowar rana;
Nisan birki - nisan da motar ke tafiya yayin taka birki na gaggawa daga farkon tasirin tasirin sarrafa birki (feda, rikewa) zuwa inda ya tsaya;
tram reluwe - hanyar hanya da aka tanadar don zirga-zirgar motocin dogo, wanda aka iyakance shi da fadi ta hanyar makafin yanki na musamman na layin tarago ko alamun hanya. An ba Tramways damar motsa motocin da ba na dogo ba daidai da sashe na 11 na waɗannan Dokokin;
abin hawa - na'urar da aka tsara don jigilar mutane da (ko) kaya, da kuma kayan aiki na musamman ko hanyoyin da aka ɗora a kanta;
gefen hanya - wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka yi niyya don zirga-zirgar masu tafiya, wanda ke kusa da hanyar hawa ko raba ta da ciyawa;
inganta ɗaukar hoto - siminti na siminti, kwalta mai kwalta, ƙaramin kankare ko ƙarin katako wanda aka ƙaddara shimfida, shimfidawa da aka shimfida ta da shimfidawa da mosaics, shimfidar da aka shimfida ta ƙaramin sikeli, na dutsen da aka niƙe da tsakuwa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kayan aiki da kayan haɗi;
ba hanya - abin da ake buƙata ga mai amfani da hanya kada ya ci gaba ko ci gaba da zirga-zirga, ba don aiwatar da kowane motsi ba (ban da buƙata ta barin layin da aka mamaye), idan wannan na iya tilasta sauran masu amfani da hanyar waɗanda ke da fa'ida don sauya alkiblar motsi ko hanzari;
mai amfani da hanya - mutumin da yake da hannu kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da motsi a kan hanya a matsayin mai tafiya a ƙafa, direba, fasinja, direban dabbobi, mai keke, da kuma mutumin da ke motsawa a cikin keken hannu (an canza sakin layi a 11.07.2018);
aikin kayan sufuri - jigilar fasinjan ta taraktoci daidai da umarnin don amfaninshi (tirelar tayi daidai da taraktan, kasancewar haɗarin aminci, tsarin hadaka na ƙararrawa, haske, da sauransu);
wucewa - tsarin injiniya don motsin ababen hawa da (ko) masu tafiya a kafa, ɗaukaka wata hanya sama da wata a mahadar su, da kuma ƙirƙirar hanya a wani tsayi wanda ba shi da wata hanyar zuwa wata hanyar.
