Dakatar da mota: na'urar, ka'idar aiki
Dakatar da mota wani muhimmin abu ne na chassis. Babban manufarsa ita ce hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin hanya, ƙafafun da jiki. Hakanan zamu iya bambance ayyuka guda uku waɗanda dakatarwar ke aiwatarwa, kuma ba komai ko wane nau'in abin hawa da muke magana akai ba - motar tsere, babur, karusar na zamani:
- haɗin ƙafafun tare da jiki;
- shayar da girgizar da ke fitowa yayin hulɗar tayoyi tare da saman hanya;
- tabbatar da motsi na ƙafafu dangane da jiki, saboda abin da aka samu wani santsi.
A kan gidan yanar gizon mu Vodi.su, mun riga mun taɓa wannan batu, muna magana game da masu shayarwa ko MacPherson struts. A zahiri, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan dakatarwa iri-iri, akwai manyan rassa biyu:
- dakatarwar dogara - ƙafafun axle ɗaya suna da alaƙa da juna;
- mai zaman kanta - dabaran na iya motsawa dangane da jiki ba tare da rinjayar matsayi na sauran coaxial dabaran ba.
Abubuwan gama gari don kowane nau'in dakatarwa sune:
- abubuwa saboda abin da aka samu na elasticity (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, sandunan torsion);
- abubuwa na rarraba jagorancin karfi (tsayi, mai juzu'i, levers biyu), waɗannan abubuwa kuma suna ba da ɗaure duk tsarin dakatarwa zuwa jikin mai ɗaukar kaya ko firam ɗin abin hawa;
- abubuwan damping - kar a ƙyale motar ta yi motsi, wato, muna magana ne game da masu shayarwa, wanda, kamar yadda muke tunawa, man fetur, pneumatic, gas-man;
- sanduna anti-roll - mashaya mai haɗa ƙafafun biyu na axle ɗaya an haɗa shi tare da racks;
- fasteners - shiru tubalan, ball bearings, karfe bushings.
Duk waɗannan bayanai a cikin tsarin tuki a kan tituna suna da nauyi mai yawa, kuma wannan nauyin ya fi girma, mafi muni da ingancin hanyoyin. A tsawon lokaci, duk wannan yana nunawa a cikin ingancin hawan: motar motar motar ta damu, rashin kulawa da damuwa, motar ta fara "ƙara" lokacin da birki, ya dace da mafi muni a cikin jujjuya, sways ko jujjuyawa da yawa.
Don kauce wa duk waɗannan matsalolin, dole ne a gudanar da bincike a cikin lokaci, maye gurbin shuru tubalan, stabilizer struts, maye gurbin masu shayarwa, da dai sauransu.
Babban nau'ikan dakatarwa
Dukansu masu dogaro da nau'ikan dakatarwa masu zaman kansu har yanzu ana amfani dasu a yau. Nau'in dogaro da aka fi sani shine dakatarwa akan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na tsaye. Ana amfani da wannan zaɓi a cikin manyan motoci, bas da SUVs, saboda yana da babban tabo na aminci, sabanin dakatarwar MacPherson da ta shahara a yau.
A zamanin kafin yaƙi, dakatarwa a kan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu wucewa ya shahara sosai. An yi amfani da shi a kan samfurin Ford na farko. Ya kamata a ce cewa motocin Wartburg da ake bukata a lokacin, wanda aka samar a cikin GDR, an sanye su da irin wannan tsarin bazara.
Sauran nau'ikan dakatarwar da suka dogara sun haɗa da:
- dakatarwa tare da makamai masu jagora - har yanzu ana amfani da su akan motocin wasanni, manyan motoci da motocin fasinja;
- tare da bututun turawa ko zane-zane - ana amfani da shi akan motocin Ford, abin dogara ne, amma an watsar da shi saboda na'ura mai rikitarwa;
- De Dion - ana haɗa ƙafafun tuƙi ta hanyar katako mai tsayi, juyawa zuwa ƙafafun ana watsa shi daga akwatin gear ta cikin ramukan axle tare da hinges. Wannan tsarin abin dogaro ne sosai, ana amfani da shi akan Ford Ranger, Smart Fortwo, Alfa Romeo da sauran samfuran mota da yawa.
Dakatarwar hanyar haɗin yanar gizo na Torsion-link tana nufin mai dogaro da kai. An fara shigar da shi a farkon ƙarni na Volkswagen Golf da Scirocco. Ƙarƙashin wuta shine bututun ƙarfe, a cikinsa akwai sandunan roba waɗanda ke aiki a cikin torsion. Ana amfani da sandunan ƙwanƙwasa azaman sinadari na elasticity ko sandar anti-roll.
Hakanan ana ƙirƙira pendants masu zaman kansu da yawa iri iri. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi - tare da igiyoyin axle masu juyawa. Har ila yau, igiyoyin axle suna fitowa daga akwatin gear, ana kuma amfani da abubuwa na roba anan: sandunan torsion, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. An fi dacewa da ƙananan ƙananan motoci marasa sauri, kamar ZAZ-965, amma daga baya sun fara watsar da shi a ko'ina.
Ana amfani da dakatarwar Wishbone akan yawancin motocin fasinja a yau. A haƙiƙa, ƙafafun ba su haɗa juna ba, amma an haɗa su da levers, wanda kuma ana haɗa su da jiki.
Daga baya, an sake sabunta irin wannan tsarin akai-akai:
- levers masu tsayi;
- levers na madaidaici;
- biyu buri;
- dakatarwar mahaɗi da yawa.
A ka'ida, MacPherson strut dakatar yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan wannan ƙirar, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar shigar da kyandir - jagorar jagora tare da abin sha.
To, kar ka manta cewa a yau nau'ikan dakatarwa masu aiki suna samun karbuwa, alal misali, akan maɓuɓɓugan iska. Wato direba na iya sarrafa sigogi daban-daban ta amfani da na'urorin sarrafawa. Dakatar da daidaitawa tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda aka sanye shi da ɗimbin na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke tattara bayanai game da saurin gudu, ingancin saman hanya, matsayi na ƙafafu, kuma bisa waɗannan bayanan, an zaɓi mafi kyawun yanayin tuƙi.
Ana lodawa…
