Cin abinci mai yawa ko fasahar hauhawar farashin kaya
Abubuwa
1000 da 1 hanya don busa shi a cikin bronchi
Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, yawan cin abinci ya yi abubuwan al'ajabi akan babura. Ya girma sosai saboda masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama, saboda injunan jirage sun yi hasarar ƙarfi sosai yayin da suke hawan sama. Mummunan naƙasa a cikin yaƙin iska! Jirgin sama, makamai da kera babura suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud (misali, BSA tana nufin Birmingham Small Arms!), Babur ɗin ya sami damar cin gajiyar canjin fasaha. Ka yi tunanin cewa a cikin 1939 da kwampreso flats na BMW 500 ɓullo da wani karamin canji daga 80 hp. har zuwa 8000 rpm kuma ya kai 225 km / h!
Don haka mun kasance a kan hanya madaidaiciya, amma a tsakanin shahararrun mashahuran wasan motsa jiki na motsa jiki da kuma manyan injuna masu caji, baburan sun kai ga saurin gudu kuma, sama da duka, suna da haɗari sosai. Dole ne mu sanya wannan a cikin yanayin zamani, tare da tayoyi da kuma birki waɗanda aka fi lulluɓe da abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba su da kyau. Idan aka fuskanci mace-mace da yawa, an canza dokokin kuma lokacin da aka kafa gasar cin kofin duniya a shekara ta 1949, an hana yin kisa daga gasar. Bayan wannan tasha, tsarin yana kokawa don sake tashi a kan babur. Lallai, ta yaya za a haɓaka fasahohin da ke ƙara yawan aiki ba tare da dogaro ga gasa ba? A zahiri, matsayi na kasuwanci na manyan motoci masu caji ya zama girgiza kuma sun kusan ɓacewa daga kewayon duk masana'antun na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, overeating yana da kyau!
Turbo hauka
A cikin shekarun 1980, Yamma, wanda ke da kyar ke murmurewa daga girgizar mai ta farko (1973), ta yi “raguwa” da wuri don rage yawan amfani da injin. A cikin motoci, manyan ƙaura ba su da iska a cikin jiragen ruwa, don haka muna fara tayar da ƙananan motoci tare da turbocharger. F1 yana amfani da wannan fasaha akan farashin daidai wanda zai daɗe: 3 Ls da ake so a zahiri yana cajin 1,5 Ls. Da sauri, yaƙin zai zama rashin daidaituwa, ƙaramin turbo a zahiri murkushe babban "yanayin". Tare da matsin lamba har zuwa mashaya 4, cancantar lita 1,5 ta kai 1200 hp. (!) Lokacin da 3L ya kusan rabin girman. Gabaɗaya euphoria, fasahar tana ci gaba da tsalle-tsalle da wuce gona da iri daga F1 zuwa kowace mota, tare da cin gajiyar hoton ɗan takara. Jirgin ya ɗauke shi, babur ɗin yana farawa da ƙarancin nasara. Motocin Japan guda 4 da aka sayar a lokacin ba su yi nasara sosai ba saboda rashin gaskiya. Suna da zafi, tare da manyan lokutan amsawar turbo da yawan hawan keke, saboda ƙirar su ba ta da hurumi sosai. Honda ne kawai a hankali yake sake duba kwafinsa, yana maye gurbin turbocharged 500 CX tare da ƙarin wayewa na 650. A takaice, turbo zai dawo cikin sauri cikin akwatin sa kuma ba za a manta da shi ba ... Har sai Kawasaki ya kawo mana sabon kuma mafi ban sha'awa. babban babur, H2, amma wannan lokacin ba tare da turbocharging ba. Hakika, akwai hanyoyi dubu da ɗaya don tarwatsa injin. Mu duba a tsanake.
Turbocharger
Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, yana dogara ne akan turbine da haɗin gwiwar kwampreso. Ka'idar ita ce a yi amfani da ragowar makamashin iskar gas don fitar da injin turbin. An ɗora shi akan igiya da ke makale da kwampreso wanda a zahiri yake tuƙa, yana tura iskar gas ta cikinsa. Mafi girman yawan amfani da iskar gas, ƙarin ƙarfin injin turbin yana da. Don haka, akwai raunin dangi a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi. A yau, ƙanana masu canji-geometry turbochargers sun kusan shafe wannan lahani. An ɗora shi akan bearings na hydraulic, turbo na iya gudu a 300 rpm !!!
A ƙari: "Kyauta" an dawo da makamashi / amfani mai kyau
Kadan: Madaidaicin inganci a ƙananan rpms. Lokacin amsawa mai sauri. Matsalolin injina da wurare masu zafi masu wahalar sarrafawa. (Tubo na iya zama ja!). Wahalar cajin silinda daya.
Injin compressors
Anan, injin injin yana maye gurbin injin injin, wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin ciyarwar tilastawa kanta. Wannan yana yin cajin dukkan injuna yadda ya kamata, har ma da ƙaramin silinda ɗaya volumetric. Akwai nau'ikan compressors iri-iri. Centrifugal, karkace, centrifugal-axial, paddles (wannan shine mafita Peugeot ya zaɓa don 125 Scooters) da volumetric.
The spade compressor (nau'in tushen) ana kiransa volumetric. Ana tafiyar da ita da sauri kusa da na injin, ko ma iri ɗaya ne, amma ƙarar sa, kasancewar sama da na injin ɗin, ana tura iskar gas ɗin da injina zuwa wurin sha. Magana mai mahimmanci, babu matsawa na ciki a cikin kwampreso, amma saboda yana aiki fiye da girman injin, akwai cajin da yawa don haka ƙara ƙarfin.
Sauran hanyoyin suna amfani da injin turbin da ke jujjuyawa cikin sauri sosai kuma don haka damfara iskar gas ta hanyar centrifugal. A kan Kawasaki H2, compressor yana tsotse iskar gas a tsakiyarsa kuma yana fitar da su daga injin injin injin. Maɗaukakin saurin juyawa ne ya haifar da wannan al'amari. An haɗa shi da crankshaft ta ecyclic gears, yana tafiyar da sauri sau 9,2, yana ba da kusan rpm 129 lokacin da injin ya tashi zuwa 000 rpm! Don haka, adadin fitarwa ba daidai ba ne kamar yadda yake a cikin na'urar kwampreso na juzu'i, saboda ingancin ƙarfin ƙarfin na centrifugal yana ƙaruwa da sauri, duk da haka ingantaccen injin ya fi kyau.
Ƙari: Yawan cin abinci na yau da kullun ko kusa-kusa, ba tare da la'akari da abinci ba, don haka kyakkyawan samuwa da ƙarfi a ko'ina. Babu lokacin amsawa, babu yankin zafi kuma babu ƙarfin caji don duk injuna, ko da silinda ɗaya.
Mene ne: ikon da ake amfani da shi don damfara injin ba "kyauta ba ne", don haka yana haifar da amfani da yawa da ƙananan inganci
Electric kwampreso
Wannan shine mafita a halin yanzu da ake gwadawa a cikin masana'antar kera motoci (a cikin Valeo): motar lantarki tana tafiyar da kwampreso har zuwa 70 rpm. Ana iya samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar janareta wanda ke dawo da wasu kuzari yayin raguwa da birki. Compressor da motarsa sun kai kilogiram hudu.
Kara karantawa: Babu haɗin inji zuwa injin ko yankin zafi. Ikon sarrafa kwampreso akan buƙata, tare da lokutan nuni da yawa don daidaita halayen motar akan buƙata. Babu lokacin amsawa (kimanin 350ms, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 2 seconds don turbocharging!)
Mene ne: Don ƙarfin lantarki da ke ciki (fiye da 1000 W) yana da wuyar haɓakawa a 12V. A gaskiya ma, dole ne a yi la'akari da hanyar 42V don rage ƙarfin igiyoyin ruwa.
Intercooler * Kesako?
* na'urar sanyaya iska
Kamar yadda aka gani tare da famfo na keke, matsewar iska tana zafi. Wannan mummunan ne ga motar kuma yana ɗaukar ƙarin sarari (fadada). Don kwantar da shi, iska mai matsa lamba yana wucewa ta hanyar radiator (wanda ake kira iska / iska ko musayar iska). Wannan yana sauƙaƙa injin ɗin kuma yana ƙara matsa lamba da / ko matsawa rabo don dacewa da inganci. Saboda girmansu da nauyinsu, da kuma ƙarancin kayan aiki, babura sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar na'urar musayar zafi. Peugeot, duk da haka, ta ɗauki ɗaya akan na'urar kwampreso ta tauraron dan adam.
Wani kaya:
Wave sakamako compressors: Ferrari ya yi amfani da shi a cikin Formula 1 a cikin 1980s yanzu duk sun ɓace. Duk da haka, za mu iya gani a 2016 Milan Motor Show wani kamfani wanda ya gabatar da tsarin drum da ake kira "caja mai caja" wanda ya bambanta sosai a ka'ida kuma ya fi dacewa da Ferrari "jirgin sama". A nan ma, ana amfani da bututun matsa lamba don loda injin. Wannan wuce gona da iri yana motsa diaphragm, ɗayan gefen wanda ke cikin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da kewayen ci. Tsarin bawul ɗin sai ya watsar da iskar gas ɗin da aka shigar a cikin injin lokacin da diaphragm ya rage ƙarar ci. Da zarar an saki matsa lamba, bazara ta dawo da diaphragm zuwa matsayi wanda a zahiri yana tsotse iskar gas ta hanyar saitin farko na bawuloli. Mai sauqi qwarai kuma maras tsada, wannan tsari yana samun ƙarfin 15 zuwa 20%, tare da raguwa kaɗan a cikin amfani saboda mafi yawan kasancewar injin a ƙananan rpm.
Nauyin halitta: ya ƙunshi tweaking injin (yayin da kuke kunna kayan aiki) da yin amfani da bugun jini a cikin iska mai ɗaukar nauyi don haɓaka hauhawar farashin kaya. Wannan shine abin da dabarar tsayin tsayin daka ke nema don cimma a kan babban kewayon gudu. Gudun caji zai iya kaiwa zuwa 1,3. Wato, 1000 cm3 da aka bayar yana ba da kamun kifi tare da girman 1300 cm3.
Ciwon iska mai ƙarfi: Tsarin shine a yi amfani da saurin babur don tura iska a cikin abin da ake ciki. Ribar tana da matsakaici sosai: 2% a 200 km / h, 4% a 300 km / h. Wato, 1000 cm3 yayi kama da 1040 cm3 zuwa 300 ... mu ma muna amfani da shi da wuya kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci!
ƙarshe
Fasaha mai ban sha'awa sosai, har yanzu cajin da ya wuce kima dole ne ya tabbatar akan babura. Dawowar sa zuwa Ƙarshe ya buɗe masa kofa. Lalle ne, daga kakar 2017/2018, 3 cylinders har zuwa 800 cm3 da 2 cylinders har zuwa 1000 cmXNUMX da XNUMX cylinders har zuwa XNUMX an yarda a cikin nau'i na samfurori.
