Me yasa akwai zinare da yawa a cikin duniyar da aka sani?

Akwai zinare da yawa a sararin samaniya, ko kuma aƙalla a yankin da muke zama. Wataƙila wannan ba matsala ba ce, domin muna daraja zinariya sosai. Maganar ita ce, ba wanda ya san daga ina ya fito. Kuma wannan yana burge masana kimiyya.

Domin ƙasa ta narke a lokacin da aka yi ta. kusan duk zinaren da ke wannan duniyar tamu a wancan lokacin mai yiwuwa ya shiga cikin tsakiyar duniyar. Don haka, ana tsammanin cewa yawancin zinare da aka samu a ciki Ƙunƙarar ƙasa kuma an kawo alkyabbar zuwa Duniya daga baya ta hanyar tasirin asteroid yayin tashin Bama-bamai na Late, kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 da suka wuce.

Misali ajiyar zinari a cikin kwarin Witwatersrand a Afirka ta Kudu, mafi arziki albarkatun sani zinariya a duniya, sifa. Koyaya, a halin yanzu ana tambayar wannan yanayin. Duwatsu masu ɗauke da zinari na Witwatersrand (1) an tara su tsakanin shekaru miliyan 700 zuwa 950 kafin tasirin Vredefort meteorite. A kowane hali, yana iya zama wani tasiri na waje. Ko da mun ɗauka cewa zinaren da muke samu a cikin bawo ya fito daga ciki, to lallai ya fito daga wani wuri a ciki.

1. Duwatsu masu ɗauke da zinari na tafkin Witwatersrand a Afirka ta Kudu.

To daga ina aka samo duk zinaren mu ba namu ba? Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fashe-fashe na supernova masu ƙarfi waɗanda taurari suka mamaye. Abin takaici, ko da irin waɗannan abubuwan ban mamaki ba su bayyana matsalar ba.

wanda ke nufin cewa ba zai yiwu a yi ba, kodayake masana kimiyya sun gwada shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Samu karfe mai shekiprotons saba'in da tara da 90 zuwa 126 neutrons dole ne a hade su wuri guda don samar da kwayar halitta iri daya. Wannan shine . Irin wannan haɗuwa ba ta faruwa sau da yawa isa, ko aƙalla ba a cikin unguwarmu ta sararin samaniya, don bayyana shi. babbar dukiya ta zinariyawanda muke samu a Duniya da kuma a ciki. Wani sabon bincike ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ka'idojin asalin zinare, watau. karon taurarin neutron (2) suma basu bada cikakkiyar amsa ga tambayar abinda ke cikinta ba.

Zinariya za ta fada cikin rami mai baki

Yanzu an san cewa abubuwa mafi nauyi suna samuwa a lokacin da kwayoyin zarra a cikin taurari suka kama kwayoyin da ake kira neutrons. Ga mafi yawan tsoffin taurari, gami da waɗanda aka samu a ciki dwarf galaxy daga wannan binciken, tsarin yana da sauri don haka ana kiransa "r-process", inda "r" ke nufin "sauri". Akwai wurare biyu da aka keɓance inda tsarin ke gudana a bisa ka'ida. Babban abin da za a iya mayar da hankali a kai shi ne fashewar supernova wanda ke haifar da manyan filayen maganadisu - magnetorotational supernova. Na biyu shine shiga ko karo taurari neutron biyu.

Duba samarwa abubuwa masu nauyi a cikin taurari Gabaɗaya, masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun yi nazari da yawa mafi kusa dwarf galaxy daga Keka Telescope Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Suna son ganin lokacin da kuma yadda abubuwa mafi nauyi a cikin taurari suka samu. Sakamakon waɗannan binciken sun ba da sababbin shaida don ƙayyadaddun cewa manyan hanyoyin tafiyar matakai a cikin taurarin dwarf sun taso akan ma'auni na dogon lokaci. Wannan yana nufin cewa an halicci abubuwa masu nauyi daga baya a tarihin sararin samaniya. Tunda magnetorotational supernovae ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin al'amari na farkon sararin samaniya, raguwar samar da abubuwa masu nauyi na nuni da karon taurarin neutron a matsayin babban tushensu.

Alamun Spectroscopic na abubuwa masu nauyi, ciki har da zinare, an lura da su a watan Agusta 2017 ta hanyar masu lura da wutar lantarki a cikin taron haɗin gwiwar tauraron neutron GW170817 bayan an tabbatar da taron a matsayin haɗin gwiwar tauraron neutron. Samfuran astrophysical na yanzu suna ba da shawarar cewa taron haɗewar taurarin neutron guda ɗaya yana haifar da tsakanin gwanaye 3 zuwa 13. fiye da dukan zinariya a duniya.

Hadarin tauraron Neutron ya haifar da zinari, saboda suna hada protons da neutrons zuwa cikin atomic nuclei, sa'an nan kuma suna fitar da kwayoyin masu nauyi a cikin su. sarari. Irin wannan tsari, wanda ƙari zai samar da adadin da ake buƙata na zinariya, zai iya faruwa a lokacin fashewar supernova. "Amma taurari masu girman gaske don samar da zinare a cikin irin wannan fashewar sun juya zuwa baƙar fata," Chiaki Kobayashi (3), masanin ilimin taurari a Jami'ar Hertfordshire a Birtaniya kuma jagoran marubucin binciken na baya-bayan nan a kan batun, ya gaya wa LiveScience. Don haka, a cikin supernova na yau da kullun, zinare, ko da an kafa shi, ana tsotse shi cikin rami mai duhu.

3. Chiaki Kobayashi na Jami'ar Hertfordshire

Waɗancan baƙon supernovas fa? Irin wannan fashewar tauraro, abin da ake kira supernova magnetorotational, wani supernova da ba kasafai ba. tauraro mai mutuwa yana jujjuyawa cikinsa da sauri yana zagaye dashi filin maganadisu mai ƙarficewa ta yi birgima da kanta lokacin da ta fashe. Lokacin da ya mutu, tauraro yana sakin jirage masu zafi na kwayoyin halitta zuwa sararin samaniya. Domin an juya tauraro daga ciki, jiragensa suna cike da muryoyin zinari. Har yanzu, taurarin da suka yi zinare abu ne da ba kasafai suke faruwa ba. Ko da ba kasafai taurari ne ke kera zinare da harba shi zuwa sararin samaniya ba.

Duk da haka, a cewar masu binciken, ko da karon taurarin neutron da magnetorotational supernovae ba su bayyana inda irin wannan yalwar zinariya a wannan duniyar tamu ta fito ba. "Haɗin gwiwar taurarin Neutron bai isa ba," in ji shi. Kobayashi. "Kuma abin takaici, har ma tare da ƙari na wannan tushen zinare na biyu, wannan lissafin ba daidai ba ne."

Yana da wuya a tantance daidai sau nawa kananan taurari neutron, waxanda suke da yawa rago na tsohowar supernovae, sun yi karo da juna. Amma wannan mai yiwuwa ba ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. Masana kimiyya sun lura da wannan sau ɗaya kawai. Ƙididdigar sun nuna cewa ba sa yin karo da yawa don samar da zinariyar da aka samu. Wannan shi ne abin da matar ta ce Kobayashi da abokan aikinsa, wanda suka buga a watan Satumba 2020 a cikin The Astrophysical Journal. Wannan ba shine farkon irin wannan binciken da masana kimiyya suka yi ba, amma ƙungiyarsa ta tattara adadin bayanan bincike.

Abin sha'awa, marubutan sun yi bayani dalla-dalla adadin abubuwa masu sauƙi da aka samu a sararin samaniya, kamar carbon ¹²C, da kuma nauyi fiye da zinariya, kamar uranium ²³⁸U. A cikin tsarin su, ana iya bayyana adadin nau'in nau'in nau'in strontium ta hanyar karon taurarin neutron, da kuma europium ta aikin magnetorotational supernovae. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da masana kimiyya suka yi amfani da su don samun matsala wajen bayyana adadin abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya, amma zinariya, ko kuma, yawansa, har yanzu wani asiri ne.