Daga Tsohuwar Zuwa Wasannin Luxury

Poland ba ta taɓa yin shahara ga masana'antar mota mai ƙarfi da zamani ba, amma a lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci da lokacin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, an ƙirƙiri samfura masu ban sha'awa da samfuran motoci da yawa. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tuna da mafi muhimmanci nasarorin na Yaren mutanen Poland mota masana'antu har zuwa 1939.

Yaushe kuma a ina aka gina motar fasinja ta farko a Poland? Saboda ƴan majiyoyin da suka zo mana, da wuya a ba da amsa maras tabbas kan wannan tambaya. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, masu bincike suna samun sabbin kayan aiki a cikin rumbun adana bayanai da ke kwatanta nau'ikan da ba a san su ba a baya. Duk da haka, akwai alamun da yawa cewa za a iya amfani da dabino Ƙungiyar Warsaw don Amfani da Motoci kananan cabs uku. Abin takaici, an san kadan game da su saboda kamfanin ya yi fatara bayan 'yan watanni yana aiki.

Don haka, ana ɗaukar ainihin motar fasinja ta farko da aka rubuta a Poland Tsohuwargina a 1912 in Mota da injin injin in Krakow. Mafi mahimmanci a karkashin jagorancin Nymburk, wanda aka haifa a Jamhuriyar Czech Bogumila Behine A wannan lokacin, an yi nau'ikan nau'ikan "motoci" guda biyu - ƙananan motoci masu hawa biyu na nau'in kawai 2,2 m tsayi. Saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyin da ke Galicia, motar Krakow tana da ban sha'awa na kasa na 25 cm. An sanye shi da injin silinda mai girman cc 1385.³ da 10-12 hp, sanyaya iska, wanda ya cinye 7-10 l / 100 km. A cikin ƙasidar, an lura da aikin tuƙi na motar. Injin “yana da daidaito a hankali kuma yana tafiya cikin sumul ba tare da girgiza ba. ƙonewa ya faru tare da taimakon wani Magnetic Ruthard, wanda, ko da a ƙananan adadin juyin juya hali, yana ba da dogon lokaci mai karfi mai karfi, ta yadda ba karamin wahala ba ne don saita injin a motsi. Canjin saurin yana yiwuwa godiya ga ƙirar ƙira wacce ke ba da damar saurin gaba biyu da juzu'i ɗaya. An canza wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun baya ta hanyar sarƙoƙi da madaidaicin madauri." Shirye-shiryen masu kirkiro na Star sun kasance masu ban sha'awa - motoci hamsin da za a gina a 1913, da kuma motoci XNUMX a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, amma rashin kudi ya hana wannan burin.

SCAF, Poland da Stetische

A lokacin Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania na biyu, an kera aƙalla nau'ikan motoci da yawa waɗanda ko kaɗan ba su wuce motocin da aka gina a yamma ba, har ma sun zarce su da abubuwa da yawa. An ƙirƙiri ƙirar gida duka a cikin 20s da 30s, kodayake a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an toshe ci gaban masana'antar motocin Poland ta hanyar yarjejeniyar lasisi da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1932 tare da Fiat na Italiya, wanda ya keɓance ginawa da siyar da motocin gida gaba ɗaya na shekaru goma. . . . . Koyaya, masu zanen Poland ba za su ajiye makamansu ba saboda wannan dalili. Kuma ba su da ƙarancin tunani. A lokacin interwar, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan motoci masu ban sha'awa sosai - duka waɗanda aka yi niyya don mai siye mai arziki, da takwarorinsu na Poland na Volkswagen Beetle, i.e. mota ga talakawa.

A cikin 1920, masu zane-zane guda biyu daga Warsaw. Stefan Kozlowski i Anthony Fronczkowski, gina samfuri tare da ɗan ɓoye suna Farashin SCAF

“Motocin kamfaninmu ba su kunshi sassa daban-daban da aka kera su nan da can kasashen waje ba, amma a nan ne aka zaba: gaba daya mota da babura, ban da tayoyi, ba shakka, ana yin su ne a wuraren bita na mu, dukkan sassansa an yi su ne na musamman. ga juna don ƙirƙirar siriri da tsari mai jituwa, cikakken tsarin lissafin lissafi,” yabi waɗanda suka yi motar a cikin ƙasidar talla. Sunan motar ya fito ne daga farkon masu zanen duka biyun, kuma shukar tana cikin Warsaw, akan titi. Rakowiecka 23. Samfurin SKAF na farko shi ne ƙaramin motar kujeru biyu tare da ƙafar ƙafa na 2,2 m, sanye take da injin silinda guda ɗaya tare da ƙaura na 500 cmXNUMX.³, ruwan sanyi. Nauyin motar ya kasance kawai 300 kg, wanda ya sa motar ta kasance mai tattalin arziki - 8 lita na man fetur na kantin magani da lita 1 na man fetur suna cinye 100 km. Abin takaici, motar ba ta shawo kan masu siye ba kuma ba ta shiga cikin samar da yawa ba.

Haka kaddara ta same shi Al'ummar Poland, motar da aka gina a shekarar 1924 Turanci Mykola Karpovski, ƙwararren masani a Warsaw a fagen gyare-gyaren da aka sanya a kan motocin da ke kewaye da babban birnin kasar - incl. sanannen "Tsarin ceton fetur na MK" da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motoci na Ford, T. Karpovsky ya tattara motarsa ​​daga sassa na shahararrun masana'antun yammacin Turai, amma a lokaci guda ya yi amfani da mafita da yawa waɗanda suka kasance na musamman a lokacin, kamar alamar amfani da man fetur ko bakin ciki mai bango. ɗauke da harsashi a haɗa sanduna. Kwafi ɗaya ne kawai na ƴan ƙasar Poland da aka ƙirƙiro, wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin taga na kantin sayar da kayan zaki na Franboli da ke kan titin Marszałkowska, sannan aka sayar da shi azaman kyautar caca ta sadaka.

Motocin Ralf-Stetysz na Poland guda biyu da aka nuna a Salon International a Paris a 1927 (Tarin NAC)

Sun ɗan fi sa'a. Jan Laski Oraz Sunan mahaifi Stefan Tyshkevich. Na farko daga cikinsu an halicce su a Warsaw a 1927 akan titi. Azurfa Kamfanin Automotive Construction Company AS, kuma an kera motocin da aka kera a can cikin ƙananan jeri Eng. Alexander Liberman, sun hada da tasi da kananan bas. Tyszkiewicz, bi da bi, ya bude wani karamin masana'anta a Paris a 1924: Noma, mota da kuma tashar jirgin sama na Count Stefan Tyszkiewicz, sannan ya koma samarwa zuwa Warsaw, akan titi. Factory 3. Motar Count Tyshkevich - Ralph Stetish ne adam wata - ya fara cin kasuwa saboda yana da injunan cc 1500 masu kyau³ da 2760 cm³, da kuma dakatarwa wanda ya dace da bala'in hanyoyin Poland. Sha'awar ƙira wani nau'i ne na kulle, wanda ya sa ya yiwu, alal misali, yin tuƙi ta cikin ƙasa mai fadama. Stetishes sun samu nasarar shiga gasar cikin gida da na waje. Ana kuma nuna su a matsayin motar farko daga Poland, a Baje kolin Motoci na Duniya a Paris a 1926. Abin takaici, a cikin 1929, gobara ta cinye manyan motoci da duk injinan da ake buƙata don ƙarin samarwa. Tyszkiewicz bai so ya sake farawa ba kuma shine dalilin da ya sa ya shiga cikin rarraba Fiats da Mercedes.

Shagunan gyaran motoci na tsakiya

Na marmari da wasanni

An gina motoci biyu mafi kyau kafin yaƙin Shagunan gyaran motoci na tsakiya a Warsaw (tun 1928 sun canza suna zuwa Ayyukan Injiniya na Jiha). Na farko Farashin CWS-1 - babbar mota ta farko ta Poland. Ya tsara shi a cikin 1922-1924. Turanci Tadeusz Tanski. Ya zama ruwan dare gama duniya cewa motar za a iya harhadawa da sake haɗawa da maɓalli ɗaya (kawai ƙarin kayan aiki ana buƙata don kwance kyandir ɗin)! Motar ta tayar da sha'awa sosai tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu da sojoji, don haka tun 1927 ta shiga samar da yawa. Ya zuwa 1932, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan kwangilar Fiat da aka ambata, an gina CWS T-1 kusan ɗari takwas. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci cewa an sanye shi da sabuwar na'ura mai ƙarfi 3-Silinda mai ƙarfin 61 lita da XNUMX hp, tare da bawuloli a cikin shugaban aluminum.

A lokacin mulkin Fiat, injiniyoyin CWS / PZInż ba su daina tunanin ƙirƙirar limousine na ƙasar Poland ba. A shekara ta 1935, aikin zane ya fara, sakamakon abin da aka kira na'urar alatu wasanni. Ƙungiya ƙarƙashin gudanarwa Turanci Mieczyslaw Dembicki A cikin watanni biyar ya ƙera chassis na zamani sosai, wanda bayan ɗan lokaci an sanye shi da injin 8-cylinder na tattalin arziki na ƙirar kansa, tare da ƙaura 3888 cc.³ da 96 hp Duk da haka, mafi ban sha'awa shine jiki - aikin fasaha. Ingila Stanislav Panchakevich.

Aerodynamic, daidaita jiki tare da fitilun mota da ke ɓoye a cikin shinge sun sanya Lux-Sport mota ta zamani. Yawancin sababbin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan motar sun riga sun wuce lokacin su. Sakamakon aikin masu zanen Poland sun kasance, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa: tsarin chassis, dakatarwar fata mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da aka yi amfani da ita akan dukkan ƙafafun huɗu, masu ɗaukar motsi na hydraulic mai aiki biyu, lubrication atomatik na abubuwan chassis masu dacewa, dakatarwa tare da sandunan torsion, tashin hankali wanda za'a iya daidaita shi a cikin gida, matatar mai mai tsaftace kai, masu goge huhu da kuma sarrafa wutar lantarki. Matsakaicin gudun motar ya kasance kusan 135 km / h.

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka samu damar fitar da samfurin mota shi ne editan pre-yaki "Avtomobil" Tadeusz Grabowski. Rahoton nasa game da wannan tafiya daidai yana ɗaukar fa'idodin limousine na Poland:

"Da farko dai, sauƙin aiki ya buge ni: ana amfani da kama kawai lokacin da ake cirewa, sannan kuma ana amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar amfani da lever a ƙarƙashin sitiyarin, ba tare da amfani da wani abin sarrafawa ba. Ana iya canza su ba tare da gas ba, tare da gas, sauri ko jinkirin - Akwatin kayan lantarki na Cotala yana aiki gaba ɗaya ta atomatik kuma baya ƙyale kurakurai. (...) Nan da nan na ƙara gas: motar ta yi tsalle a gaba, kamar dai daga majajjawa, nan da nan ta kai 118 km / h. (…) Na lura cewa motar, ba kamar motoci na al'ada ba tare da jiki, ba ya fuskantar juriya na iska. (...) Muna ci gaba da tafiya, na ga wani layi na musamman na dutsen dutse da aka yi da duwatsun filin. Ina tsinkaya jinkirin zuwa XNUMX kuma na buga bumps ina tsammanin mirgina mai ƙarfi kamar matsakaicin mota. Na ji takaici, motar tana tafiya da kyau.

A wancan lokacin, ya kasance daya daga cikin motocin fasinja mafi zamani a duniya, kamar yadda ya nuna cewa Jamusawa sun kwafi hanyoyin warware matsalar Poland a cikin haruffa Hanomag 1,3 da Adler 2,5 motoci. 58 Faɗuwar yaƙi ya kawo cikas ga waɗannan tsare-tsare.

Mai arha kuma mai kyau

m Yaren mutanen Poland zanen Turanci Adam Gluck-Gluchowski shi ne ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin mota, mai sauƙin haɗawa kuma mai arha "ga mutane." Tunanin kansa ba asali ba ne. manyan kamfanonin kasashen yamma sun yi aiki a kan irin wadannan motoci, amma sun gane hakan ta hanyar rage manyan motoci na alfarma, yayin da Iradam (sunan ya samo asali ne daga hadewar sunayen injiniyan da matarsa, Irena), wanda aka gabatar a shekara ta 1926, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira daga karce akan sabbin zato. Asali dai na'urar mai kujeru uku tana dauke da injunan silinda guda 500, 600 da 980 cc guda da tagwaye.³. Glukhovsky ya kuma shirya yin amfani da na'urar damben mai mai lita 1 da kuma gina nau'in kujeru huɗu. Abin takaici, kwafi uku ne kawai na wannan sabuwar motar da aka yi.

Sauran yunƙuri masu ban sha'awa don ƙirƙirar mota mai arha sune samfura AW, Antoni Ventskovski ko VM Vladislav Mrajski. Koyaya, samfuran mota mafi ban sha'awa ga talakawa sune ayyukan fasaha. Turanci Stefan Praglovsky, ma'aikacin Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwar Man Fetur na Galician-Carpathian a Lviv. Muna magana ne akan motocin da ya sanyawa suna Galkar i Radwan.

Stefan Praglovsky ya fara aikin farko a farkon shekarun 30. Tun da motar dole ne ta kasance mai arha, injiniyan injiniya ya ɗauka cewa fasaha don samar da ita ya kamata ya ba da damar samar da duk abubuwan da aka gyara akan injuna masu sauƙi da sauƙi. Pragłowski ya yi amfani da da yawa na nasa da na zamani mafita mafita a Galkar, incl. juzu'i mai juyi wanda ke ba da motsi mara motsi (ba kama) da dakatarwa mai zaman kanta na duk ƙafafun. An kammala samfurin a cikin kaka 1932, amma koma bayan tattalin arziki na duniya da sanya hannun da gwamnatin Poland ta yi na yarjejeniyar da aka riga aka ambata tare da Fiat ta dakatar da aikin Galcar.

Duk da haka, Stefan Praglovskiy ya kasance mai taurin kai da kuma yanke shawara. Yin amfani da kwarewar da aka samu a lokacin gina samfurinsa na farko, a cikin 1933 ya fara aiki a kan wani sabon na'ura - Radwan, wanda sunansa ya yi magana game da suturar makamai na iyali na Praglowski. Sabuwar motar ta kasance mai kofa hudu, mai dauke da kujeru hudu, mai dauke da bugu biyu, sanye da injin SS-25, wanda aka yi a kasar Poland (Steinhagen da Stransky). Don rage farashin samarwa, an yi rufin daga dermatoid, filastik wanda ke kwaikwayon fata. Duk sabbin hanyoyin magance da aka sani daga Galkar kuma sun bayyana a cikin Radwan. Sabuwar motar kuwa, tana da wani sabon aikin jiki, wanda ya birgeta da salonta na zamani, ya kuma baiwa motar wani salo na wasa. Motar, wacce aka gabatar wa jama'a, ta tayar da sha'awa sosai (kamar Galkar da WM, farashinsa 4 zł ne kawai), kuma rukunin farko na Radwan yakamata ya tashi daga layin taro a farkon 40s.

Yaren mutanen Poland Fiat

Talla don Fiat 508

A ƙarshen tafiye-tafiyen hanya ta cikin lokutan Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania na biyu, za mu kuma ambaci Yaren mutanen Poland Fiat 508 Junak (kamar yadda samfurin da aka samar a kasarmu aka kira bisa hukuma), "yaro" mafi mahimmanci na yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Italiya. Motar ta dogara ne akan samfurin Italiyanci, amma an yi gyare-gyare da dama a Poland - an ƙarfafa firam ɗin, axle na gaba, axle na baya, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan cardan an ƙarfafa su, an maye gurbin akwatin gear mai sauri uku da sauri huɗu. daya. , an ƙara ƙarfin injin zuwa 24 hp, kuma an canza halayen dakatarwa. Siffar jiki kuma ta fi zagaye. A ƙarshen samarwa, an yi motar kusan gaba ɗaya a Poland daga kayan aikin Poland; kasa da kashi 5% na kayan ne aka shigo da su. An tallata su a ƙarƙashin taken taken "mafi yawan tattalin arziƙi na kwanciyar hankali kuma mafi dacewa na tattalin arziki." Fiat 508 babu shakka ita ce mafi shaharar mota a Poland kafin yakin. Kafin a fara yakin, an kera motoci kusan dubu 7. kwafi. Bugu da ƙari ga samfurin 508, mun kuma ƙirƙira: samfurin mafi girma 518 Mazuriya, manyan motoci 618 Tsawa i 621 L da nau'ikan soja na 508, da ake kira Jeep.

Jerin samfurori masu ban sha'awa kafin yakin da samfuri, ba shakka, ya fi tsayi. Da alama za mu shiga cikin 40s tare da ƙirar zamani da na asali. Abin baƙin ciki shine, da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu da mummunan sakamakonsa, dole ne mu fara daga farko. Amma ƙarin kan hakan a labarin na gaba.