Kwarewar tankuna masu nauyi: abu 277, abu 279, abu 770
Abubuwa
Kwarewar tankuna masu nauyi: abu 277, abu 279, abu 770
Dakatar da mutum ɗaya ce, tare da sanduna torsion da na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka girka akan nodes na farko, na biyu da na takwas. Tankin dai na dauke ne da na'urorin kariya na nukiliya, da na'urorin hayaki masu zafi, da tsarin tsaftace na'urorin sa ido da na'urorin tuki a karkashin ruwa. Ma'aikatan tankar sun kunshi mutane 4: kwamanda, mai bindiga, lodi da direba. Motar tana da kyakyawar motsi. Tare da taro na 55 ton, ya haɓaka saurin 55 km / h.
A cikin 1958, an kera samfura guda biyu na abu 277, sun ci jarabawa, ba da daɗewa ba aka dakatar da duk ayyukan. A lokacin ci gaban abu 277, da version aka tsara da wani gas turbin engine da damar 1000 lita. Tare da abu 278, amma ba a gina shi ba. Daga sauran injunan da aka ƙera a wancan lokacin, 277th ya bambanta da kyau tare da yin amfani da na'urori da na'urori da aka gwada. An baje kolin wani babban tanki mai lamba 277 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na makamai da kayan yaki da ke Kubinka.
Halayen aikin tanki mai nauyi 277
Bisa ga wannan dabara da fasaha da bukatun, tawagar masu zanen kaya na Leningrad Kirov Shuka karkashin jagorancin L. S. Troyanov a 1957 ɓullo da wani samfur na wani nauyi tanki - abu 279, daya kawai daga cikin irinsa da kuma, ba tare da wani shakka, da samfurin. mafi musamman. Motar tana da tsari na gargajiya, amma an warware matsalolin tsaro da patency a nan ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.
Rumbun yana da siffa mai lanƙwasa simintin simintin gyare-gyare tare da filayen siraran-sheet na anti-taru wanda ya rufe ƙwanƙolin a gaba da gefen gefensa, yana daidaita kwatancensa zuwa ellipsoid mai tsayi. An jefa hasumiyar, mai siffar zobe, kuma tare da siraran fuska. A kauri daga cikin gaban gaban sulke kai 269 mm, da turret - 305 mm. Makamin ya kunshi bindigar M-130 mai tsawon mm 65 da kuma mashin din KPVT mai tsawon mm 14,5 tare da shi. Bindigan an sanye shi da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi ta atomatik, injin ammo, na'urar daidaita makami mai saukar ungulu "Groza", TPD-2S stereoscopic rangefinder, da tsarin jagoranci na atomatik. Abu 279 an sanye shi da cikakken saitin na'urorin hangen nesa na dare.
Harsashin bindiga ya kunshi harbe-harbe 24, bindigar mashin - daga zagaye 300. An sanya 16-Silinda hudu-bugun jini H-dimbin dizal engine tare da a kwance tsari na cylinders DG-1000 da damar 950 lita. Tare da a 2500 rpm ko 2DG-8M tare da damar 1000 lita. Tare da da 2400 rpm. Watsawa ya haɗa da haɗaɗɗen jujjuyawar juzu'i da akwatin gear na duniya mai sauri uku. Musamman hankali ya cancanci a karkashin karusa na tanki - hudu caterpillar motsi sanya a karkashin kasa na ƙugiya. A kowane gefe akwai shingen na'urori biyu na katapillar, kowanne daga cikinsu ya haɗa da ƙafafun titi guda shida marasa roba da na'urorin tallafi guda uku, da motar baya. Dakatarwar shine hydropneumatic.
Irin wannan zane na chassis ya ba motar da ainihin rashin sharewa. Ma'aikatan tankin sun kunshi mutane hudu, uku daga cikinsu - kwamandan, bindiga da lodi - suna cikin hasumiya. Kujerun direban ne a gaban tarkacen da ke tsakiya, akwai kuma kurar shiga motar. Daga cikin dukkan injunan da aka haɓaka a lokaci guda, abu 279 an bambanta shi da ƙaramin ƙarami - 11,47 m.3yayin da yake da hadadden jiki mai sulke. Ƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho ya sa abin hawa ya kasa sauka a ƙasa, kuma ya tabbatar da babban ƙarfin ƙetare a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi da ƙasa mai fadama. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasƙanci yana da matukar rikitarwa a cikin ƙira da aiki, yana sa ba zai yiwu a rage tsayi ba. A ƙarshen 1959, an gina wani samfuri; ba a kammala taron ƙarin tankuna biyu ba. Abu na 279 a halin yanzu yana cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na makamai da kayan aiki a Kubinka.
Halayen aikin tanki mai nauyi 279
Kaurin sulke na gaba na ƙwanƙwasa ya kai mm 120. Don ƙara juriya na sulke na gefuna, an yi abin wuya a kusa da dukan kewayen kwandon. An jefa hasumiyar, kuma tare da kauri mai canzawa da kusurwoyi na karkata ga bango. Na gaba makamai hasumiyar tana da kauri na 290 mm. An kare mahaɗin turret tare da kwandon. Makamin ya ƙunshi bindigar M-130 mai tsawon mm 65 da kuma bindigar KPVT mai coaxial. An haɗa na'urorin da aka haɗa tare da na'urar tsawa mai saukar ungulu mai saukar ungulu guda biyu, na'urar jagora mai sarrafa kansa, na'urar gani ta TPD-2S, na'urorin dubawa dare da rana, da kuma na'urar ɗaukar kaya, lodin harsashin ya ƙunshi harsashi 26 da bindigogin bindigu 250. A matsayin wutar lantarki a abu 770, 10-cylinder, bugun jini hudu, injin dizal DTN-10 mai jeri biyu tare da tsarin silinda a tsaye, an yi amfani da matsa lamba daga kwampreso da sanyaya ruwa. An shigar da shi a ƙarshen tanki daidai gwargwado zuwa ga axis na tsaye. Ƙarfin injin ya kasance 1000l. Tare da da 2500 rpm. Watsawa shine na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, tare da hadaddun jujjuyawar juzu'i da akwatin gear planetary. An haɗa mai jujjuyawar juzu'i tare da vanes ɗin jagora guda biyu a cikin da'irar watsa wutar a layi daya. Watsawa ta samar da injina guda ɗaya da na'urorin gaba na hydromechanical guda biyu da injin jujjuya kayan aikin.
Motar da ke ƙarƙashin motar tana da manyan ƙafafun titi guda shida masu tsayi tare da ɗaukar girgiza a cikin jirgin. Katapillar suna da kafaffen yatsu. Motocin tuƙi tare da ramukan kayan cirewa suna nan a baya. Hanyar tayar da waƙa shine na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa. Dakatar da mutum, hydropneumatic. Ma'aikatan tankin sun kunshi mutane 4. Injinikin direban yana sarrafa ta ta amfani da hannu irin na babur. Abu 770 an sanye shi da tsarin kariya daga makaman kare dangi, na'urar kashe gobara ta atomatik, kayan hayaki mai zafi, na'urorin dare da gyro-semi-compass. Domin sadarwa ta waje, an sanya gidan rediyon R-113, kuma don sadarwa ta cikin gida, an shigar da intercom R-120. An yi abu 770 a babban matakin fasaha. Tushen simintin gyare-gyaren simintin gyare-gyare da ƙwanƙwasa tare da bayyananniyar sulke sun tabbatar da ƙara juriya mai tsini. Motar tana da iya motsi kuma tana da sauƙin tuƙi. A cewar kwararru na wurin gwajin, inda aka gwada dukkan tankuna masu nauyi uku na gwaji, abu 770 ya zama mafi alheri a gare su. Ana ajiye samfurin wannan motar a gidan adana kayan tarihi na makamai da kayan aiki da ke Kubinka. Halayen aikin tanki mai nauyi 770
Yanke aikin akan manyan tankuna
“Washe gari mun je wurin da motoci masu sulke. An sanya samfuran a kan faifan kankare daban ba da nisa da juna ba. A hannun damanmu, a kan wani dandali da ke kusa, akwai samfurin wani babban tanki, wanda Zh. Ya. Kotin yake tafiya. Bayan duba IT-1 N. S. Khrushchev tafi zuwa ga nauyi tanki na Leningrad Kirov Shuka. Duk da kokarin Kotin na tura wani sabon tanki mai nauyi a cikin sabis, Khrushchev ya yanke shawarar dakatar da samar da tankin mai nauyi na T-10 kuma ya haramta zanen manyan tankuna gaba daya. Dole ne in faɗi cewa babban fan na fasahar roka, Khrushchev ya kasance abokin adawar tankuna gaba ɗaya, la'akari da su ba dole ba ne. A cikin 1960 a Moscow, a wani taro a kan al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban da sulke motoci tare da sa hannu na dukan sha'awa jam'iyyun - soja, zanen kaya, masana kimiyya, masana'antu wakilan, Khrushchev ya sake tabbatar da shawararsa: don kammala serial samar da T- 10M da wuri-wuri, da haɓaka sabbin tankuna masu nauyi. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda rashin yiwuwar samar da babban tazara tsakanin manyan tankuna masu nauyi dangane da wutar lantarki da kariya a cikin iyakokin da aka ba su daga matsakaicin tankuna. Hakanan sha'awar Khrushchev yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi. makamai masu linzami: bisa ga umarnin gwamnati, duk ofisoshin zane na tanki Kasashe a wancan lokacin sun kera motoci masu dauke da makamai masu linzami (abubuwa 150, 287, 775 da sauransu). An yi imanin cewa waɗannan motocin yaƙi na iya maye gurbin tankunan tankuna gaba ɗaya. Idan yanke shawarar dakatar da samar da serial, ga duk duhunta, ana iya la'akari da shi aƙalla wani abin da ya dace, to, ƙarshen binciken da aikin haɓaka ya kasance babban kuskuren fasaha na soja, wanda har zuwa wani lokaci ya rinjayi ci gaban ginin tanki na cikin gida. . A ƙarshen 50s, an aiwatar da hanyoyin fasaha na fasaha waɗanda suka zama masu dacewa ga 90s: 130-mm cannon tare da matsa lamba na iska na ganga ganga, electromechanical da hydromechanical watsa, wani simintin jiki, wani hydropneumatic dakatar, guda daya. injina da na'urar watsawa, da sauran su.... Kawai 10-15 shekaru bayan bayyanar a kan nauyi tankuna na loading hanyoyin, rangefinder gani, rammers, da dai sauransu, an gabatar da su a kan matsakaici tankuna. Amma an yanke shawarar kuma manyan tankuna masu nauyi sun bar wurin, yayin da masu matsakaici, suna haɓaka halayen yaƙi, sun zama manyan. Idan muka yi la'akari da halaye na manyan tankuna na yaƙi na 90s, za mu iya zana ra'ayoyi masu zuwa: nauyin yaƙi na manyan tankuna na zamani ya tashi daga ton 46 don T-80U zuwa ton 62 don ƙalubalen Burtaniya; dukkan motocin suna dauke da bindigogi masu santsi ko bindigogi ("Challenger") masu girman 120-125-mm; Ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya tashi daga 1200-1500 hp. s., kuma matsakaicin gudun daga 56 ("Challenger") zuwa 71 ("Leclerc") km / h. Sources:
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A kusa da 1956, GBTU na Soviet Army ɓullo da sabon dabara da fasaha bukatun ga wani nauyi tanki. A bisa tushensu, ƙungiyoyin ƙira guda uku a Leningrad da Chelyabinsk sun fara aiki da gasa don haɓaka sabon tanki mai nauyi wanda aka ƙera don maye gurbin tankin T-10. Babban tanki mai nauyi (abu 277) an kera shi a cikin 1957 a Ofishin Zane na Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin. Zane na Leningrad Kirov Shuka Zh Ya Kotin, ta yin amfani da daban-daban zane mafita ga IS-7 da T-10 tankuna. Motar tana da shimfidar al'ada, tare da sashin wutar lantarki na baya da ƙafafun tuƙi. An narkar da kwandon ne daga faranti na sulke masu sulke masu bambancin kauri da kusurwoyin sassan sulke. Bangaren gaba na ƙwanƙwasa yanki ne guda ɗaya, kasan tsarin siffa mai siffa. Simintin gyare-gyaren tururuwa, mai kaurin bango daga 77 mm zuwa 290 mm, yana da wani yanki mai tsayi don ɗaukar injina na ajiye harsashin bindiga. An rufe rungumar tsarin bindigu - babu abin rufe fuska.
Wani babban tanki mai nauyi shine abu na 770, wanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Mai tsara na Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant PP Isakov. Ba kamar na 277th ba, an ƙirƙira shi gaba ɗaya bisa sababbin raka'a kuma yana da adadin ƙirar ƙira da yawa. An jefa jikin abu 770, tare da kaurin sulke da aka bambanta tsayi da tsayi. Ba a sanya sashin da aka karkata ba a cikin jirgi ɗaya, amma a kusurwoyi daban-daban: daga 64 ° zuwa 70 ° zuwa tsaye kuma tare da kauri mai canzawa daga 65 mm zuwa 84 mm.
A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1960, a filin atisayen Kapustin Yar, an gudanar da baje kolin samfuran kayan aikin soja ga shugabannin kasar, karkashin jagorancin NS Khrushchev. Wannan shi ne yadda babban mai zanen Ural Carriage Works L.N.Kartsev, wanda a lokacin yana gabatar da tankin roka na IT-1, ya tuna da wannan taron:
