Lambun Kasuwa na Operation

Operation Market-Garden ana daukarsa a matsayin babbar nasara ta kawance, amma labarin bai fito karara ba. Jamusawa sun sha asara mai tsanani kuma sun 'yantar da wani yanki na Netherlands, wanda ya haifar da dalilin kai hari kan Reich ta hanyar Reichswald, ko da yake wannan ba shine ainihin manufar ba.

Aiki mafi girma ta jirgin sama da kawancen kasashen Larabawa suka yi a cikin watan Satumba na 1944 a cikin kasar Netherlands da ta mamaye shi ne da nufin kawar da sojojin Jamus da ketare kariyar Jamus da aka fi sani da Layin Siegfried daga arewa, wanda zai ba da damar shiga cikin Ruhr kuma ta haka ne za a gaggauta kawo karshen yakin. . Muhimmin batu shi ne kwace gadojin da ke kan kogin Rhine da sauran koguna kafin Jamus ta lalata su. Marshal Montgomery ne ya shirya wannan aiki, wanda ya jagoranci Rukunin Sojoji na 21 kuma yana cikin tseren tare da kwamandan Sojan Amurka na 3, Janar George Patton, don ganin wanda zai fara isa ga masana'antu na Reich ta Uku. Montgomery ya shawo kan Janar Dwight Eisenhower don gudanar da wannan aiki, duk da babban hadarin da ke tattare da shi.

Bayan da aka sha kashi a Normandy a lokacin rani na 1944, sojojin Jamus sun janye daga Faransa, kuma sojojin kawance sun bi su, yawanci ta hanyar matsalolin jigilar man fetur da sauran kayayyaki, wanda dole ne a yi jigilar su daga tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi a Normandy da ƙananan ƙarfin aiki. , tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Cherbourg da Le Havre A ranar 2 ga Satumba, sojojin Birtaniya suka shiga Belgium, kuma bayan kwanaki biyu Rundunar Tsaro ta Tank Division ta 'yantar da Brussels, suna tafiya ta cikin yankunan Belgium kusan ba tare da fada ba. A lokaci guda kuma, a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1944, Birtaniya XXX Corps, suna yaƙi da arewa, sun kama Antwerp tare da 11th Panzer Division a kan kansa. A halin da ake ciki kuma, Rundunar Sojoji ta 1 ta Poland, wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojan Kanada ta 1, ta ɗauki Ypres.

Rundunar Soja ta 1st Allied Airborne, wacce aka kirkira a lokacin rani na 1944, ta ƙunshi sassa biyar a cikin gawawwaki biyu. Rundunar Biritaniya ta 1 ta Airborne tana da DPD ta 6 da DPD ta 1 da kuma Brigade mai zaman kanta ta Poland ta 17, yayin da Amurka ta 82 ta Airborne Corps tana da DPD na 101, DPD na XNUMX da DPD na XNUMX. -I DPD.

A wannan lokacin, kwamandan XXX Corps ya yi kuskure mai tsanani. Nan da nan bayan kama Antwerp, ya zama dole a matsar da dubun-dubatar kilomita zuwa arewa tare da katse yankin Midden-Zeeland Peninsula daga sauran sassan kasar. Wannan zai rufe hanyar ja da baya na Sojojin Jamus na 15, waɗanda ke ja da baya tare da bakin tekun Belgium, ta Ostend, zuwa arewa maso gabas, daidai da XXX Corps, wanda ke tafiya a kan gaba mai faɗi.

Antwerp ba ta bakin teku ba ne, amma a bakin kogin Scheldt, wani babban kogi da ke ratsa Faransa, daga Cambrai sannan ya bi ta Belgium. Kafin bakin Scheldt yana jujjuya sosai zuwa yamma, zuwa wani dogayen ruwa mai tsayi, kunkuntar bakin teku yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Tekun arewa na wannan bay shine daidai kunkuntar a gindin, sannan fadada yankin Zuid-Beveland da tsibirin Walcheren da ke kwance akan ci gaba, amma a zahiri an haɗa shi da tsibiri ta hanyar wucewar ƙasa (tsibirin ya wanzu kafin magudanar ruwa na polders. ). Lokacin da Birtaniya suka kama Antwerp, sun ɗaure wani ɓangare na Sojoji na 15 a yammacin birnin. Duk da haka, gazawar "rufe" isthmus da ke haɗa yankin Zuid-Beveland zuwa sauran babban yankin yana nufin cewa tsakanin 4 zuwa 20 ga Satumba Jamusawa sun motsa nau'o'in sufuri daban-daban a cikin Scheldt estuary, musamman daga 65th da 000th Rifle Divisions ( DP). Ficewar da aka ambata a baya ya faru ne daga kudu maso yammacin Antwerp zuwa yankin Zuid-Beveland da tsibirin Walcheren da ke da alaƙa, daga inda yawancin shi ya shiga cikin Netherlands, a ƙarƙashin hancin British XXX Corps, a matsayin kwamandan sa. Laftanar Janar Brian Horrocks, ya yi tunanin kai hari gabas zuwa Netherlands da kuma kara zuwa Jamus, da kuma cewa Jamusawa za su iya ficewa a cikin wannan tsari kawai bai same shi ba.

A halin da ake ciki dai, rundunar tsaron da ke kara gaba zuwa kudu, ba zato ba tsammani, ta samu gindin zama a mashigin ruwan Albert da ke garin Lommel na kasar Beljiyam, daf da kusa da iyakar yamma zuwa gabas da kasar Netherlands, kafin Jamus da kanta ta juya kudu, abin da ya haifar da hakan. Tsallake zuwa kudu karamin harshen Holland ne, wanda a cikinsa yake birnin Maastricht. Da suka tashi daga Faransa ta hanyar dukan Belgium, Jamusawa sun yi nasarar ballewa daga sojojin kawance da ke bin su, kuma a kan mashigin Albert ne aka samar da babban layin tsaro. Ya kasance shingen ruwa na halitta, mai faɗi sosai, yana haɗa Antwerp (Scheldt) da Liege (Meuse). Wannan magudanar ruwa ta kasance hanyar ruwa kai tsaye daga fitacciyar cibiyar masana'antu, wacce ta shahara wajen samar da karafa, tare da babbar tashar ruwa. Mosa da ke bi ta Liege, ya bi ta arewa maso gabas kan iyakar Jamus da Holland ba shi da nisa daga gare ta, kusa da Venlo ya juya kusan arewa, kuma kusa da Nijmegen ya juya sosai zuwa yamma, ya wuce daidai da rassan Rhine guda biyu. arewa, daidai ta hanyar Netherlands, daga gabas zuwa yamma zuwa Tekun Arewa.

Manyan magudanan ruwa da yawa suna wucewa ta cikin Netherlands, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin sauƙi saboda keɓantaccen fili na Kudancin Holland. Bugu da ƙari, yankin marshy tare da fadama da yawa ya sa ya zama sauƙi don tsara tsaro a nan. Duk da haka, na ɗan lokaci, daga farkon Satumba 1944, sojojin Jamus sun danna kan mashigin Albert Canal, wanda ke tafiya daidai da iyakar Belgian da Holland. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1944, Battalion 2nd Irish Guards Battalion, karkashin jagorancin 5th Guard Tank Brigade daga Guards Armored Division, ya kutsa cikin ƙauyen Lommel kusa da garin Neerpelt kuma suka kama wata gada maras kyau a kan tashar Albert, ta hanyar. wanda Guards Shermans suka garzaya, tare da mamaye wani karamin abu a gefen arewa na magudanar ruwa. Daga wannan hanyar garin mai lamba 69 ta gudu zuwa Eindhoven, inda kadan daga arewacin birnin, a Sona, ya ketare mashigin Wilhelmina, sa'an nan kuma ta hanyar Grave, inda hanyar da aka ce ta ratsa Meuse da Nimegen, inda hanyar ta bi ta bi da bi. reshen kudancin Rhine-Waal, zuwa Arnhem, inda hanya ta ketare North Rhine - Lower Rhine. Daga nan sai wannan hanyar ta nufi arewa zuwa iyakar Netherlands, ta raba a Meppel zuwa wani reshe zuwa Leeuwarden, kusa da teku, da Groningen, kusa da iyakar Jamus. Sai Netherlands ta ƙare, a nan gabar teku ta juya gabas, kusa da Emden, wanda ya riga ya kasance a Jamus.

Lokacin da Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery ya gabatar da ra'ayin farko na sabon aiki, a wannan mataki da ake kira "Comet", a ranar 13 ga Agusta, ya so ya yi amfani da gadar Albert Canal da aka kama, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira "Joe's Bridge" don girmamawa. na kwamandan 3rd Irish Guards - laftanar kanar. John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur Motorized Infantry Battalion (baƙaƙen sunayensa shine JO, wanda kuma shine sunan Laftanar Kanar Vandeleur) don kaddamar da hari akan Hanyar 69 zuwa Arnhem daga wannan gada. Wannan zai sanya sojojinsa a arewa da katangar Jamus da aka fi sani da Layin Siegfried, wanda ke tafiya a kan iyakar Faransa, Luxembourg da Belgium, da kuma wasu sassan Netherlands, suna ƙarewa a Kleve, inda Rhine ke gudana zuwa yankin Holland. Dan kadan a bayan iyakar, ya kasu kashi biyu manya manyan rassa: Vaal a kudu da kuma Lower Rhine a arewa, ketare Netherlands kuma ya fito cikin Tekun Arewa. Fitowar arewacin Rhine ta ƙasa ta ba da damar juyawa gabas da mamaye Jamus a arewacin Layin Siegfried da arewacin Ruhr, zuwa Münster. Harin da aka kai wa yankin Ruhr daga sauran Jamus ya zama bala'i ga kokarin yakin Jamus kuma ya kamata a kawo karshen yakin.