Sun tara oxygen

Zygmunt Wróblewski da Karol Olszewski sune na farko a duniya da suka shayar da iskar gas da yawa da ake kira dindindin. Masana kimiyyar da ke sama sune farfesoshi a Jami'ar Jagiellonian a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Akwai yanayi na zahiri guda uku: m, ruwa da gaseous. Idan aka yi zafi, daskararru na juya zuwa ruwa (misali, kankara ya zama ruwa, ƙarfe kuma yana iya narke), amma ruwa? cikin iskar gas (misali leaks na fetur, ƙawancen ruwa). Masana kimiyya sunyi mamaki: shin tsarin baya zai yiwu? Shin zai yiwu, alal misali, yin iskar gas mai ruwa ko ma da ƙarfi?

masana kimiyya sun dawwama akan tambarin gidan waya

Tabbas, da sauri aka gano cewa idan jikin ruwa ya zama iskar gas lokacin zafi, to iskar na iya juyewa zuwa yanayin ruwa. lokacin sanyaya gareshi. Sabili da haka, an yi ƙoƙarin zubar da iskar gas ta hanyar sanyaya, kuma ya zama cewa sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine da sauran iskar gas za a iya tara su tare da raguwar ƙananan zafin jiki. Daga nan aka gano cewa ana iya shayar da iskar gas ta amfani da shi hawan jini. Ta amfani da ma'auni guda biyu tare, kusan dukkanin iskar gas za a iya shayar da su. Duk da haka, liquefy nitric oxide, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide da iska. An ba su suna m gas.

Koyaya, don karya juriya na iskar gas na dindindin, an yi amfani da ƙananan yanayin zafi da matsi masu girma. An ɗauka cewa duk wani iskar gas da ke sama da wani zafin jiki ba zai iya takurawa ba, ko da matsi mafi girma. Tabbas, wannan zafin jiki ya bambanta ga kowane gas.

Ba a kula da isar da ƙananan yanayin zafi da kyau sosai ba. Alal misali, Michal Faraday ya haxa carbon dioxide mai ƙarfi da ether sannan ya rage matsa lamba a cikin wannan jirgin ruwa. An cire carbon dioxide da ether; a lokacin evaporation, sun dauki zafi daga yanayin kuma ta haka ne suka sanyaya yanayin zuwa zazzabi na -110 ° C (ba shakka, a cikin tasoshin isothermal).

An lura cewa idan an sanya wani iskar gas. rage yawan zafin jiki da karuwa a matsa lamba, sa'an nan kuma a karshe lokacin da matsa lamba ya ragu sosaiyanayin zafi ya faɗi daidai da sauri. Bugu da kari, abin da ake kira hanyar cascade. A cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa an zaɓi iskar gas da yawa, kowannensu yana daɗaɗawa tare da ƙara wahala kuma a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi. Karkashin tasirin, alal misali, kankara da gishiri, gas na farko ya taso; Ta hanyar rage matsa lamba a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da iskar gas, ana samun raguwa mai yawa a cikin zafin jiki. A cikin jirgin da gas na farko akwai silinda tare da gas na biyu, kuma a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Na karshen, sanyaya da gas na farko da kuma sake depressurized, condens da kuma bada zafi da yawa ƙasa da na farko gas. Silinda mai gas na biyu ya ƙunshi na uku, da sauransu. Wataƙila, wannan shine yadda aka samu zafin jiki na -240 ° C.

Olshevsky da Vrublevsky sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu, watau, na farko hanyar cascade, don tayar da matsa lamba, sannan kuma ya rage shi sosai. Matsana iskar gas a matsanancin matsin lamba na iya zama haɗari kuma kayan aikin da ake amfani da su suna da ƙwarewa sosai. Alal misali, ethylene da oxygen suna samar da cakuda mai fashewa tare da ƙarfin dynamite. A lokacin daya daga cikin fashewa na Vrublevsky kawai sai ya ceci rayuwadomin a wannan lokacin ya dan yi nesa da kyamarar; Kashegari Olshevsky ya sake samun mummunan rauni, saboda wani karfen Silinda dauke da ethylene da oxygen ya fashe kusa da shi.

A ƙarshe, a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1883, masana kimiyyarmu sun sami damar sanar da hakan sun hada da oxygencewa gaba daya ruwa ne kuma mara launi. Don haka, malaman Krakow guda biyu sun kasance a gaban duk kimiyyar Turai.

Ba da daɗewa ba, sun shayar da nitrogen, carbon monoxide da iska. Don haka sun tabbatar da cewa "gas masu tsayayya" ba su wanzu, kuma sun samar da tsarin samun yanayin zafi sosai.