Kayan lantarki masu sawa

An fara sanya kayan lantarki a ƙarni na XNUMX yayin da zoben bikin aure na Abacus na kasar Sin.

Karni na XNUMX Zoben aure na Abacus na kasar Sin (1) ya ba masu saye damar yin lissafi tun kafin a ƙirƙira ƙididdiga. 

1. karamin rumfar kasar Sin

1907 Mawallafin Jamus Juliusz Neubronner ya ƙirƙira kakannin kyamarar GoPro. Don ɗaukar hoto na iska, ya haɗa ƙaramar kyamara mai ƙidayar lokaci zuwa tseren tattabarai (2).

1947 Dakunan gwaje-gwajen wayar Bell suna samar da nau'in transistor na farko na aiki. John Bardeen da Walter Houser Brattain ne suka gina shi.

1952 Amfanin kasuwanci na farko na transistor a cikin na'urar da za a iya sawa shine taimakon jin Zenith. Na'urar tana dauke da transistor Raytheon germanium guda uku.

3. Regency TR 1 na'urar, Texas Instruments kamfanin

1954 Rediyon transistor na farko da mai ɗaukar hoto shine Regency TR 1 daga Texas Instruments (3).

1958-1959 Jack Kilby ya gina da'ira ta farko, wanda ya sami kyautar Nobel a Physics a 2000. Kusan lokaci guda, Robert Noyce ya warware matsalar haɗin kai a cikin haɗaɗɗun da'irori - an yi imani da cewa ya fito da ra'ayin haɗaɗɗen da'irar ba tare da Kilby ba, amma ya gina ta bayan 'yan watanni. Noyce ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Fairchild Semiconductor da Intel.

1960 Na farko "sawa" a ma'anar kalmar zamani ita ce kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka wanda masana lissafi Edward O. Thorpe da Claude Shannon suka kirkira. Sun ɓoye na'urar lokaci (4) a cikin takalmansu, wanda ake amfani da ita don yin lissafin daidai inda ƙwallon zai sauka a wasan roulette. An sanar da lambar yuwuwar ƙididdiga ga mai kunnawa ta igiyoyin rediyo.

4. Edward O. Thorpe da Claude Shannon kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka mai kafa takalmi.

Tare da babban nasara - Thorpe ya haɓaka nasarar caca da kashi 44%! Daga baya, masana kimiyya na baya sun yi ƙoƙarin kera na'urori masu inganci irin wannan. Wannan ya haifar da gabatarwa a cikin 1985 a jihar Nevada, wanda shine babban birnin caca na Las Vegas, na dokar da ta haramta amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori.

1961 Kaddamar da serial samar na dijital hadedde da'irori.

1971 Clive Sinclair yana samun shahara da arziki ta hanyar siyar da ƙididdiga na lantarki mai rahusa, samuwan jama'a. Kasuwar Biritaniya tana mamaye da sauri, kuma tana fitar da su zuwa ketare gabaɗaya.

1972 Kamfanin Hamilton Watch yana samar da agogon hannu na lantarki na farko a duniya, Pulsar P1 Limited Edition (5).

5. Ƙididdigar Ƙarfin Pulsar P1

1975 agogon kalkuleta na Pulsar na farko yana bayyana akan kasuwa. Ya zama sanannen kayan aiki ga masu sha'awar fasaha da kimiyya. Waɗannan agogon smartwatches na farko sun kai lokacinsu na farin ciki a tsakiyar 80s, kuma kodayake shaharar su daga baya ta ƙi, kamfanoni da yawa har yanzu suna yin ƙira a yau.

1977 An ƙirƙiri tsarin hangen nesa na farko mai ɗaukar hoto don makafi. Wanda ya kirkiro da ake kira K.S. Collins yana tsara kyamarar da aka sawa kai wanda ke canza hotuna zuwa 1024-inch square 10-dot array wanda aka sawa kan rigar.

1979 ƙirƙirar ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin almara na wayewar zamani - mai kunna kaset na Walkman. Akio Morita, Masaru Ibuka da Kozo Osone ne suka samar da samfurin, kuma mahimmin abin da ke cikin shi shine tsarin canza yanayin da aka yi da lebur amma faffadan aluminium da ƙarfafa magnesium, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a cimma na'urar ƙananan nauyi, ƙananan girma kuma a daidai wannan. lokaci babban ƙarfi da karko (6).

6. Sony Walkman Professional WM-D6C

An karɓi wannan na'urar da kyau ba zato ba tsammani a duk faɗin duniya a cikin 80s, kusan gaba ɗaya ta maye gurbin samfuran farko na na'urar rikodin kaset daga kasuwa. Wasu masana'antun ne suka sake fitar da ainihin ƙirar a cikin dubban iri, kuma sunan "player" ya zama daidai da ƙaramin kaset mai ɗaukar hoto. A farkon 80s, an ma rubuta waƙa game da shi - "Wired for Sound" da Cliff Richard yayi.

Shekarun 80. Ƙirƙirar microprocessors da yawa ya haifar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban a fannin na'urorin lantarki masu sawa. Ga magabata na yawan mafita - incl. Gilashin Google - Steve Mann, mai bincike kuma mai ƙirƙira ƙwararre a kan daukar hoto na dijital, yana wucewa. A farkon 80s, ya ƙaddamar da aikin sa na EyeTap (7). Ayyukansa sun yi kama da m - a wasu marubucin ya yi tunanin kansa a matsayin mai babur tare da TV a saman kansa. Duk da haka, Mann ya so ya ƙirƙira na'ura wanda zai rubuta abin da mai amfani ya gani da idanunsa, yayin da yake ba shi damar gani ba tare da kyamara ba.

7. Steve Mann da abubuwan da ya kirkira

Tsakar 80's (bidiyoyin) sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Mashawarcin bike na dutsen Mark Schulze ya ƙirƙiri sanannen hular kwalkwali ta farko ta haɗa kyamarar bidiyo tare da na'urar rikodin bidiyo mai ɗaukuwa. Ya kasance mai laushi da nauyi, amma tabbas ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa dangane da ra'ayi.

1987 Ƙirƙirar kayan aikin ji na dijital. Ba kamar nau'ikan da suka gabata ba, waɗannan ƙananan kwamfutoci ana iya tsara su don dacewa da bukatun mai amfani da salon rayuwa. A tsawon lokaci, sun sami sabbin abubuwa, kamar ikon daidaitawa da kansa zuwa yanayi daban-daban, kamar gidajen abinci masu hayaniya, da kawar da hayaniyar baya.

Shekarun 90. Tare da haɓakar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, kalaman farko na na'urorin da za a iya sawa suna shiga kasuwa. Misalin da ya fi shahara a wannan lokacin shine Idon Mai zaman kansa na Reflection Technology (8), nunin da aka saka kai yayi kama da abin da zai zama Google Glass.

8. Na'urar mai bincike mai zaman kansa

Inventor Doug Platt ya daidaita wannan nuni don yin aiki tare da kwamfuta mai tushen DOS, ƙirƙirar ɗayan kwamfutoci na farko a duniya. Daliban Jami'ar Columbia sun yi amfani da tsarin Platt don ƙirƙirar mafita ta farko da aka sani na "ƙarfafa gaskiya". Duka abubuwan ƙirƙira biyun ayyukan bincike ne waɗanda ba su bar jami'a ba, amma sun zaburar da sabbin masu ƙirƙira na'urorin lantarki masu sawa.

1994 Ƙirƙirar "kwamfutar hannu" ta farko, wanda Edgar Mathias da Mike Ruicci na Jami'ar Toronto suka kirkira, da na'urar "Forget-Me-Not" ta Mike Lamming da Mike Flynn na Xerox EuroPARC, wanda ke yin rikodin da adana hulɗar mutane da na'urori. . a cikin ma'ajin bayanai don tambayoyi masu zuwa.

1994 DARPA tana ƙaddamar da shirin Smart Modules, wanda ke da nufin nemo hanyar da ta dace ta mai amfani ga kwamfyutoci da na'urorin lantarki masu sawa. Bayan shekaru biyu, hukumar ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Wearables a shekarar 2005, inda ta tattaro masu hangen nesa daga masana'antu daban-daban don yin aiki tare don samar da ingantacciyar mafita. Sunan waɗannan bita mai yiwuwa shine farkon amfani da sunan "sawa" a cikin mahallin wannan fasaha.

DARPA ta sanar, musamman, haɓaka safofin hannu na dijital waɗanda za su iya karanta alamun RFID, ƙwanƙwasa waɗanda ke kula da motsin rai, da kyamarori na talabijin. Koyaya, sabon sha'awar na'urorin da za a iya sawa ya ɓace bayan ƴan shekaru saboda salon wayoyin hannu.

2000 Na'urar kai ta farko ta bayyana.

2001 An haifi samfurin farko na mai kunna kiɗan.

2002 A matsayin wani ɓangare na Project Cyborg, Kevin Warwick ya shawo kan matarsa ​​ta sanya abin wuya wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar lantarki zuwa nasa tsarin juyayi ta hanyar dasa shuki na lantarki. Launi na abin wuya ya canza dangane da sigina daga tsarin juyayi na Kevin.

2003 Garmin Forerunner ya bayyana - agogon farko a ma'anar zamani wanda ke bibiyar nasarorin wasanni na mai amfani. Yana biye da wasu na'urori irin su Nike+ iPod Fitness Tracking Device, Fitbit da Jawbone.

2004 An yi wahayi ta hanyar hawan igiyar ruwa a Ostiraliya, Nick Woodman ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙaramar kyamara mai karko wacce za ta ɗauki jerin hotunan ayyukansa. Samfurin GoPro na farko (9) ya bayyana akan kasuwa a cikin 2004.

2010 Oculus VR ya buɗe samfurin farko na Oculus Rift, na'urar kai ta gaskiya. An samar da su ne godiya ga tarin $2 a kan rukunin jama'a na Kickstarter. An fito da sigar mabukaci na na'urar Oculus Rift CV437 a ranar 429 ga Maris, 1.

2011 Google yana haɓaka samfurin farko na abin da a yanzu ake kira Google Glass (10). Wannan fasaha ta dogara ne akan bincike kan abubuwan da aka dora kan sojoji tun 1995. A cikin Afrilu 2013, Google Glass yana cikin ƙungiyar masu amfani da ake kira Glass Explorers waɗanda aka gayyace su don gwada ra'ayi. A watan Mayun 2014, kayan aikin sun ci gaba da siyar a hukumance akan farashin farawa na $1500. Kamfanin ya dakatar da sayar da Google Glass Explorer bayan 'yan watanni, saboda rashin kayan aiki. Koyaya, a cikin Yuli 2017, an sanar da cewa na'urar zata dawo cikin sigar kasuwanci ta Kasuwanci.

2012 Samfurin smartwatch na farko ta ma'anar yanzu shine Pebble (11). Kamfen na Kickstarter don tara kuɗi don smartwatch ya tara dala miliyan 10,2. Pebble ya haifar da sha'awar mabukaci ga fasahar sawa, wanda hakan ya ba da hanya ga agogon Apple da Android na yau.

Satumba 2013 Intel yana gina na'ura mai sarrafa ƙarfi ta Quark wanda aka ƙera musamman don na'urori masu zuwa na gaba-wearables, kayan ado, da tufafi-wanda kuma ake kira ultra-mobile. A wannan yanayin, tanadin makamashi da ƙananan ƙananan sun fi mahimmanci fiye da inganci.

Afrilu 2014 Google yana ba da dandamali na kayan lantarki da za a iya sawa, ya zuwa yanzu galibi don abin da ake kira agogo mai hankali da ake kira Android Wear. Wannan sigar ingantaccen tsari ne na mashahurin tsarin aiki don na'urorin hannu. Ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan "mataimaki" ta wayar hannu - aikace-aikacen Google Now, wanda ke gabatar da sanarwa daga aikace-aikacen da bayanan da mai amfani zai iya buƙata a yanzu (misali, hasashen yanayi). Don haɓaka sabon tsarin, mogul injin binciken ya haɗu da masana'antun kayan lantarki da yawa, ciki har da Asus, Broadcom, Fossil, HTC, Intel, LG, MediaTek, MIPS, Motorola, Qualcomm da Samsung.

Janairu 2015 Farkon HoloLens (12), Gilashin gaskiya na Microsoft. Baya ga na'urar kanta, an kuma gabatar da damar dandali na Windows Holographic. Zuciyar na'urar ita ce quad-core 64-bit Intel Atom x5-Z8100 processor wanda ke kusa da 1,04 GHz, kuma ana bayar da tallafin zane ta wani guntu na musamman na Intel da ake kira HPU (Holographics Processing Unit). Gilashin an sanye su da kyamarori biyu - 2,4 MP (2048 × 1152) da 1,1 MP (1408×792, 30 FPS), da Wi-Fi 802.11ac da na'urorin Bluetooth 4.1. Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta baturi 16mAh.

12. Gilashin HoloLens - gani

Afrilu 2015 Apple Watch ya zo kasuwa yana gudanar da tsarin aiki na WatchOS, wanda ya dogara da tsarin iOS da ake amfani da shi a cikin iPhone, iPod da iPad. Yana ba da damar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don nuna saƙonni daga wayar, amsa kira mai shigowa, sarrafa kiɗa ko kamara. Store Store yana ba da aikace-aikacen da za a iya zazzagewa don Apple Watch waɗanda ke haɓaka aikin sa. Yana dacewa da na'urorin iPhone waɗanda suka fara daga iPhone 5 tare da software sama da iOS 8, wanda yake haɗa su ta Bluetooth.

Wasu nau'ikan kayan lantarki masu sawa

Smartwatch

An ayyana wannan sunan a matsayin na’urar wayar tafi da gidanka mai nau’in tabawa, kimanin girman agogon hannu, wanda ke aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan agogon dijital na gargajiya da wasu ayyukan wayar salula—kamar nuna sakonni daga wayar, amsa kira, ko sarrafa waya. mai kunna kiɗan, da ƙarin ayyuka, kamar auna bugun zuciya ko adadin matakan da aka ɗauka. Mafi yawan lokuta yana aiki akan Android Wear, iOS ko Tizen tsarin aiki.

Na'urori na wannan nau'in na iya samun aikace-aikace kamar: kamara, accelerometer, siginar girgiza, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, duban bugun zuciya, altimeter, barometer, compass, chronograph, kalkuleta, wayar hannu, GPS, mai kunna MP3 da sauransu. Masu masana'anta kuma suna shigar da nau'ikan sadarwar mara waya iri-iri a cikinsu, kamar Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC da IrDA. Pebble shine farkon farkon agogon smartwatches na zamani. A halin yanzu, babban ɗan wasa a wannan kasuwa shine Samsung tare da samfuran Gear da AppleWatch.

Gilashin basira

Gilashin smart suna sawa kamar gilashin yau da kullun, kuma suna aiki azaman nuni wanda aka nuna ƙarin bayani ta amfani da ingantaccen fasahar gaskiya - alal misali, taswira tare da hanyoyin tuki, hasashen yanayi, bayanai game da abubuwan jan hankali. Shahararrun tabarau masu wayo sune Google Glass, kodayake masu fafatawa masu rahusa sun fito kamar GlassUp, EmoPulse, ION Smart Glasses, Samsung Smart Glasses da Vuzix M100. Wasu suna buƙatar haɗawa da wayarka, amma yawancin suna iya aiki su kaɗai.

Fitness trackers

Wannan kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya. Mafi na kowa shine abin da ake kira mundayen horo na wuyan hannu. Duk da haka, muna magana ne game da kowace irin na'ura da ke auna ma'auni na kiwon lafiya - alal misali, a kan kirji, idon kafa ko ma wuyansa - da kuma kula da jikin mai amfani.

Yawancin samfura suna auna ƙimar zuciya, amma wasu kuma suna rikodin matakan da aka ɗauka, maimaitawa, numfashi, ko adadin kuzari. Shahararrun samfuran sune Nike Fitband, Fitbit, iHealth da Jawbone. Waɗannan na'urori suna taimakawa tsara motsa jiki na mai amfani, cimma burin asarar nauyi, da kwatanta wasan motsa jiki na kansu.

Munduwa don dacewa da kula da lafiya

wayayyun tufafi

an halicce su a yawancin cibiyoyin bincike na jami'a da dakunan gwaje-gwajen masana'antu. Dangane da zane, irin wannan tufafi ya kamata ya yi aikin wayar hannu, na'ura mai kwakwalwa da kuma na'urar bincike wanda ke duba yanayin lafiyar wanda yake sanye da ita. Misali, yana kuma iya lura da zafin jiki.

T-shirts ko sweatshirts (kamar ƙirar Google) an sanye su da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke nazarin aikin gabobin jiki, yawan numfashi da lura da ƙarfin huhu. Suna kuma auna matakan mu, motsin tafiya da ƙarfi, da sauransu. Ana aika bayanan ta hanyar ƙirar musamman zuwa aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na wayar mai amfani. Haka yake da takalma.

Na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka gina a cikin takalma dole ne su bi kowane mataki na mai gudu kuma su yi rikodin shi a cikin tsari na musamman. Sai manhajar da ta dace ta yi nazarin bayanan: gudun gudu, karfin da aka dasa kafa da shi, da kuma lodi iri-iri. Ana tura wannan bayanin zuwa wayar salula, kuma shirin yana ba mai gudu da shawarwari don taimaka masa inganta salon gudu.

Sawa da tsagewar kayan lantarki - ba ta mutane ba

Wadanda aka kera su musamman don ... dabbobin gida, ciki har da dabbobin gona, har ma da na daji, suna karuwa sosai. Daga cikin su akwai ƙulla masu GPS, masu bin diddigin ayyuka, na'urori waɗanda ke bin bugun zuciya, numfashi da sauran sigogi. Dabbobin daji sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da watsawa, har ma da na'urorin daukar hoto, na iya taimakawa masanan nazarin halittu ta hanyar samar da bayanai daga wuraren da suke rayuwa.

Muryar muƙamuƙi tare da bushe-bushe