Yaya girman nasarar mutumin da ya sauka a duniyar wata?

Jim kadan kafin NASA ta kaddamar da shirin Apollo 11, wata wasika ta isa hedkwatarta daga kungiyar masu ba da labari ta Farisa. Marubutan sun nemi su canza shirin. Suna tsoron cewa sauka a kan wata zai hana duniya mafarki, kuma ba za su sami abin yi ba. Abin da ya fi zafi ga mafarkin ɗan adam mai yiwuwa ba farkon tashi ba ne zuwa wata ba, amma ƙarshensa kwatsam.

Amurka ta fadi a baya sosai a farkon tseren sararin samaniya. Tarayyar Soviet ita ce ta farko da ta harba tauraron dan adam na duniya mai wucin gadi zuwa sararin samaniya, sannan ta tura mutum na farko zuwa bayan kasa. Wata guda bayan jirgin Yuri Gagarin a watan Afrilun 1961, shugaba John F. Kennedy ya yi jawabi yana kira ga al'ummar Amurka da su ci nasara a kan wata. (1).

-- Yace.

Majalisa ta ƙare kasafta kusan kashi 5% na kasafin kuɗin jihar don ayyukan NASA don Amurka ta iya "cim" USSR.

Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa ƙasarsu ta fi USSR. Bayan haka, masana kimiyya da ke da tutar Amurka ne suka farfasa atom suka kera makamin nukiliya da ya kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu. To sai dai kuma tun da yake kasashen biyu da ke gaba da juna sun riga sun mallaki manyan makamai masu linzami da kuma jiragen bama-bamai masu dogon zango, nasarar da Tarayyar Soviet ta samu a sararin samaniya ya sanya fargabar cewa za ta samar da sabbin tauraron dan adam, manyan jiragen yaki, tashoshin sararin samaniya, da dai sauransu, wadanda za su iya jefa Amurka cikin hadari. Tsoron mulki Daular gurguzu mai adawa ta kasance mai ƙoshin ƙoshin ƙoshin lafiya don yin taka tsantsan game da shirin sararin samaniya.

An kuma yi barazana. martabar duniya ta Amurka kamar masu iko. A rikicin duniya da aka yi tsakanin ‘yantacciyar duniya, karkashin jagorancin Amurka, da kasashen gurguzu, karkashin jagorancin USSR, da dama daga kananan kasashe masu tasowa ba su san bangaren da za su bi ba. A wata ma'ana, suna jira su ga wanda zai sami damar yin nasara sannan su goyi bayan wanda ya yi nasara. Daraja, da kuma batutuwan tattalin arziki.

Duk wannan ya yanke shawarar cewa Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta amince da irin wannan makudan kudade. Bayan 'yan shekaru, tun kafin Eagle ya sauka, ya riga ya bayyana cewa Amurka za ta yi nasara a wannan matakin na tseren sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, jim kadan bayan cimma burin wata, abubuwan da aka tsara sun rasa mahimmancin su, kuma an rage albarkatun kuɗi. Sannan ana yanke su akai-akai, zuwa 0,5% na kasafin kudin Amurka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, hukumar ta fitar da tsare-tsare masu dimbin yawa na ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sama da na duniya, amma ‘yan siyasa ba su taba yin karimci kamar yadda suke a shekarun 60s ba.

Kwanan nan ne aka sami alamun cewa lamarin na iya canzawa. Tushen sabbin tsare-tsare masu ƙarfin gwiwa kuma shine na siyasa, kuma zuwa babban adadin soja.

Nasara shekaru biyu bayan bala'in

20 ga Yuli, 1969 Shekaru takwas bayan da shugaban kasar John F. Kennedy ya bayyana shirin kasa na sanya mutum a duniyar wata a karshen shekarun 60, 'yan sama jannatin Amurka Neil Armstrong da Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin ne suka fara sauka a can a matsayin wani bangare na shirin Apollo 11. mutane a tarihi.

Kimanin sa'o'i shida da rabi bayan haka, Armstrong ya zama Homo sapiens na farko da ya taka kafarsa a duniya. Da yake ɗaukar matakinsa na farko, ya furta kalmar nan sanannen "ƙananan mataki ga mutum, amma babban mataki ga bil'adama" (2).

2. Daya daga cikin shahararrun Hotunan da 'yan sama jannati na farko suka dauka akan wata.

Gudun shirin ya yi sauri sosai. Muna sha'awar su musamman a yanzu yayin da muke kallon shirye-shiryen NASA marasa ƙarewa da haɓaka suna da sauƙi fiye da waɗannan ayyukan majagaba. Ko da yake hangen farkon saukar wata a yau ya yi kama da haka (3), tuni a cikin 1966 - wato, bayan shekaru biyar kacal na aiki da wata tawagar masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi na kasa da kasa - hukumar ta gudanar da aikin Apollo na farko mara matuki, inda ta gwada daidaiton tsarin tsarin ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa da.

3. Hoton samfurin saukowa akan wata, wanda NASA ta kirkira a shekarar 1963.

Bayan 'yan watanni, ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1967, wani bala'i ya afku a Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Kennedy a Cape Canaveral a Florida wanda a yau zai yi kama da shimfida aikin tsawon shekaru. A lokacin da mutane ke harba kumbon Apollo da kuma rokar Saturn, gobara ta tashi. 'Yan sama jannati uku sun mutu - Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward H. White da kuma Roger B. Chaffee. A cikin 60s, wasu 'yan sama jannatin Amurka biyar sun mutu kafin jirginsu ya yi nasara, amma wannan ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da shirye-shiryen shirin Apollo.

Yana da daraja ƙara da cewa a cikin lokaci guda, aƙalla bisa ga hukuma bayanai, kawai biyu Soviet cosmonauts ya kamata su mutu. Sai dai a lokacin ne aka sanar da mutuwar a hukumance Vladimir Komarov - a cikin 1967 a lokacin jirgin sama na sararin samaniya na Soyuz-1. Tun da farko, yayin gwaje-gwaje a duniya, Gagarin ya mutu kafin jirgin Valentin Bondarienko, amma wannan hujja ta bayyana ne kawai a cikin 80s, kuma a halin yanzu, akwai har yanzu tatsuniyoyi game da hatsarori da yawa tare da m sakamakon Soviet cosmonauts.

James Oberg ya tattara su duka a cikin littafinsa Space of the Pioneers. Bakwai cosmonauts sun mutu kafin jirgin Yuri Gagarin, daya daga cikinsu, da sunan Ledovsky, riga a 1957! Sa'an nan kuma ya kamata a sami karin wadanda abin ya shafa, ciki har da mutuwar na biyu Valentina Tereshkova mata a sararin samaniya a 1963. An ba da rahoton cewa, bayan mummunan hatsarin Apollo 1, jami'an leken asirin Amurka sun ba da rahoton mutuwar sojojin Soviet guda biyar a sararin samaniya da kuma asarar rayuka shida a doron kasa. Ba a tabbatar da wannan bayanin a hukumance ba, amma saboda takamaiman “manufofin bayanai” na Kremlin, muna ɗauka fiye da yadda muka sani. Muna zargin USSR ta dauki gauntlet a tseren, amma mutane nawa ne suka mutu kafin 'yan siyasar gida su gane ba za su iya tserewa Amurka ba? To, wannan na iya zama sirri har abada.

"Mikiya ta sauka"

Duk da koma baya da aka samu da farko, shirin Apollo ya ci gaba. A watan Oktoba 1968 Apollo 7, aikin farko na shirin, kuma ya yi nasarar gwada yawancin na'urorin zamani da ake buƙata don tashi da sauka a duniyar wata. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Apollo 8 ya harba 'yan sama jannati uku zuwa zagayen wata, kuma a watan Maris din shekarar 1969 Apollo 9 An gwada aikin tsarin wata a cikin kewayar duniya. A watan Mayu, 'yan sama jannati uku Apollo 10 sun dauki cikakken Apollo na farko a zagaye duniyar wata a matsayin wani bangare na aikin horo.

A ƙarshe, a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1969, ya tashi daga Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Kennedy. Apollo 11 (4) tare da Armstrong, Aldrin da na uku, wanda ya jira su a cikin duniyar wata - Michael Collins. Bayan tafiyar kilomita 300 76 a cikin sa'o'i 19, jirgin ya shiga sararin samaniyar Silver Globe a ranar 13 ga Yuli. Kashegari, a 46:16 ET, Eagle landnder tare da Armstrong da Aldrin a cikin jirgin sun rabu da babban tsarin jirgin. Bayan sa'o'i biyu, Mikiya ta fara gangarowa zuwa saman wata, kuma da ƙarfe 17 na yamma, ya taɓa gefen kudu maso yammacin Tekun Salama. Nan take Armstrong ya aika da sakon rediyo zuwa ga Ofishin Jakadancin a Houston, Texas: "Mikiya ta sauka."

4. Apollo 11 harba roka

A 22:39, Armstrong ya buɗe ƙyanƙyasar ƙirar lunar. Yayin da yake saukowa daga matakin, kyamarar talbijin na jirgin ta nadi irin ci gaban da ya samu kuma ta aika da siginar cewa daruruwan miliyoyin mutane suna kallo a talabijin. Da karfe 22:56 na dare, Armstrong ya sauko daga kan benaye ya sa kafarsa. Aldrin ya bi shi bayan mintuna 19, kuma tare suka dauki hoton wurin, suka daga tutar Amurka, suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya masu sauki, kuma suka yi magana da Shugaba Richard Nixon ta Houston.

Da karfe 1:11 na safe ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, dukkan 'yan sama jannatin sun koma tsarin tsarin wata, inda suka rufe kyankyasai a bayansu. Sun shafe sa'o'i na gaba a ciki, har yanzu a saman duniyar wata. A 13:54 Orzel ya fara komawa ga tsarin umarni. Da karfe 17:35 na yamma, Armstrong da Aldrin sun yi nasarar tsayar da jirgin, kuma da karfe 12:56 na ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, Apollo 11 ya fara tafiya komawa gida, inda ya shiga tekun Pasifik lami lafiya bayan kwanaki biyu.

Sa'o'i kadan kafin Aldrin, Armstrong da Collins su tashi aikin nasu, mai tazarar kilomita dari daga inda Eagle din ya sauka, ya fado a duniyar wata. Binciken Soviet Luna-15, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da USSR ta ƙaddamar a baya a 1958. Wani balaguron ya ci nasara - "Luna-16" ita ce binciken mutum-mutumi na farko da ya fara sauka a duniyar wata da kuma isar da samfurori zuwa duniya. Ayyukan Soviet na gaba sun sanya rovers guda biyu a kan Silver Globe.

Tafiyar Aldrin da Armstrong da Collins na farko ya biyo bayan saukowar wata guda biyar masu nasara (5) da manufa daya mai matsala - Apollo 13, wanda saukarwar ba ta faru ba. 'Yan sama jannati na ƙarshe da za su yi tafiya a kan wata Eugene Cernan da Harrison Schmitt, daga aikin Apollo 17 - ya bar saman wata a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1972.

5. Wuraren saukar jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a cikin shirin Apollo

$7-8 akan dala daya

Ya shiga cikin shirin Apollo. kimanin 400 injiniyoyi, masu fasaha da masana kimiyyakuma jimlar kudin ya kamata ya kasance $ 24 biliyan (kusan dala biliyan 100 a darajar yau); ko da yake wani lokacin adadin ya ninka har sau biyu. Kuɗaɗen sun yi yawa, amma bisa ga ƙididdiga da yawa fa'idodin - musamman ta fuskar ci gaba da canja wurin fasaha zuwa tattalin arziƙi - sun fi yadda muke tsammani. Bugu da kari, suna ci gaba da haduwa. Aikin injiniyoyin NASA a wancan lokacin ya yi tasiri matuka a kan na’urorin lantarki da na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Idan ba tare da R&D ba da kuma tallafin gwamnati mai yawa a lokacin, kamfanoni kamar Intel bazai wanzu ba kwata-kwata, kuma tabbas bil'adama ba za su kashe lokaci mai yawa akan kwamfyutoci da wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba, Facebook da Twitter a yau.

Sanin kowa ne cewa ci gaban masana kimiyya na NASA akai-akai suna kutsawa cikin samfuran da aka haɓaka a cikin fagagen na'urorin kwamfuta, kwamfuta, jiragen sama, sufuri, da kiwon lafiya. A cewar Scott Hubbard, wanda ya kwashe shekaru ashirin a NASA kafin ya zama abokin aikin sa a jami'ar Stanford, duk dala da gwamnatin Amurka ta saka a cikin aikin hukumar tana fassara zuwa dala 7-8 na kayayyaki da ayyuka da ake tallatawa a nan gaba.

Daniel Lockney, babban editan Spinoff, bugu na shekara-shekara na NASA da ke bayyana yadda ake amfani da fasahar NASA a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ya yarda cewa ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin aikin Apollo ya yi yawa.

"An yi gagarumin bincike a fannonin kimiyya, lantarki, jiragen sama da injiniyanci, da fasahar roka," in ji shi. "Wannan watakila daya ne daga cikin manyan nasarorin aikin injiniya da kimiyya na kowane lokaci."

Lockney ya buga misalai da yawa da suka shafi aikin Apollo a cikin labarinsa. Manhajar da aka ƙera don sarrafa sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin tsarin da ke cikin kafsul ɗin sararin samaniya ita ce kakan software da ake amfani da ita a cikin jiragen sama a halin yanzu. kayan aikin sarrafa katin kiredit a cikin kiri. Direbobin mota da masu kashe gobara suna amfani da su a yau tufafi masu sanyaya ruwa bisa na’urorin da aka ƙera don ‘yan sama jannatin Apollo su sa a ƙarƙashin rigar sararin samaniya. Kayayyakin Ƙarfafawa wanda aka tsara don 'yan saman jannati na Apollo don ciyar da su a sararin samaniya, yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aikin soja da aka sani da MREs kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan gaggawa. Kuma waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen, bayan haka, ƙananan abubuwa ne idan aka kwatanta da su haɓaka fasahar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da kamfanonin Silicon Valley waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da shirin Apollo.

Jack Kilby (6) daga Texas Instruments ya gina aikin haɗin gwiwa na farko don Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da NASA. A cewar Lockney, hukumar da kanta ta ƙayyade sigogin da ake buƙata na wannan fasaha, ta daidaita su zuwa bukatunta. Ta na son na'urorin lantarki marasa nauyi da ƙananan kwamfutoci saboda yawan jama'a a sararin samaniya yana nufin tsada. Kuma bisa ga wannan ƙayyadaddun, Kilby ya haɓaka makircinsa. Bayan 'yan shekaru ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physics. Shin wani ɓangare na bashi baya zuwa shirin sararin samaniya?

6. Jack Kilby tare da haɗe-haɗe samfurin

Aikin Apollo na da nasaba da siyasa. Duk da haka, manufar da ta fara buɗe masa tiren sama a kan kasafin kuɗin Amurka ita ma dalilin da ya sa ya yi watsi da shirin wata a shekara ta 1972. Shugaban kasar Richard Nixon ya amince da matakin kawo karshen shirin. An fassara shi ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma bayanin yana da sauki sosai. Amurka ta cimma burinta na siyasa. Kuma da yake siyasa ce, ba kimiyya ba, alal misali, abin da ya fi muhimmanci, babu wani dalili na gaske na ci gaba da jawo makudan kudade bayan an cimma burinmu. Kuma bayan da Amirkawa suka samu hanya, ya daina zama mai ban sha'awa a siyasance ga USSR ko dai. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, babu wanda ke da ikon fasaha ko kuɗi don ɗaukar ƙalubalen wata.

Taken hamayyar wutar lantarki ya dawo ne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da bunkasuwar iyawa da burin kasar Sin. Wannan kuma game da martaba ne, da kuma game da harkokin tattalin arziki da na soja. Yanzu dai wasan yana kan wanda zai fara gina katanga a kan wata, wanda zai fara fitar da dukiyarsa, wanda zai iya samar da wata dabara ta fa'ida a kan abokan hamayya bisa tushen wata.