Nanchan Q-5
Q-5 ya zama jirgin yaki na farko na kasar Sin da ya kera nasa, wanda ya shafe shekaru 45 a harkar sufurin jiragen sama na kasar Sin. Ita ce babbar hanyar tallafa wa sojojin ƙasa kai tsaye da kai tsaye.
Mao Zedong ya shelanta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1949 bayan nasarar da magoya bayansa suka samu a yakin basasa. Kuomintang da aka sha kaye da shugabansu Chiang Kai-shek sun janye zuwa Taiwan, inda suka kafa jamhuriyar China. Bayan da aka kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet, an ba da babban adadin kayan aikin jirgin saman Soviet zuwa PRC. Bugu da kari, an fara horar da daliban kasar Sin da gina masana'antun jiragen sama.
Farkon hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Sin da Tarayyar Soviet a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shi ne kaddamar da lasisin kera jirgin yakin Soviet na farko Yakovlev Yak-18 a kasar Sin (sunan kasar Sin: CJ-5). Bayan shekaru hudu (26 ga Yuli, 1958), wani jirgin sama samfurin JJ-1 na kasar Sin ya tashi. A shekara ta 1956, an fara samar da samfurin Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-17F (sunan kasar Sin: J-5). A shekara ta 1957, an fara kera jirgin Yu-5 mai fa'ida iri-iri, kwafin kasar Sin na jirgin saman Antonov An-2 na Tarayyar Soviet.
Wani muhimmin mataki na ci gaban masana'antar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasar Sin shi ne kaddamar da samar da lasisin kera jirgin saman soja samfurin MiG-19 a cikin gyare-gyare guda uku: jirgin MiG-19S (J-6) na rana, MiG-19P (J-6A). mayaƙin yanayi, da kowane yanayi tare da makamai masu linzami. MiG-19PM (J-6B).
Jirgin Q-5A tare da samfurin bam ɗin nukiliya na dabara KB-1 akan dakatarwar ta ventral (bam ɗin an ɓoye shi a cikin fuselage), an adana shi a cikin tarin kayan tarihi.
Yarjejeniyar Sino-Soviet kan wannan al'amari da aka sanya hannu a cikin watan Satumba na 1957, kuma a watan na gaba, takardun, samfurori, disassembled kofe ga kai taro, aka gyara da kuma majalisai na farko jerin fara isa daga Tarayyar Soviet, har sai da samar da aka ƙware da su. masana'antar kasar Sin. A lokaci guda, wannan abu ya faru tare da injin turbojet Mikulin RD-9B, wanda ya karɓi nadi na gida RG-6 (matsakaicin matsa lamba 2650 kg da 3250 kg afterburner).
MiG-19P na farko mai lasisi (wanda aka tattara daga sassan Soviet) ya tashi zuwa iska a lamba 320 a Khundu a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1958. A cikin Maris 1959, an fara samar da mayakan Mi-G-19PM a Khundu. Jirgin na farko na MiG-19P a masana'anta mai lamba 112 a Shenyang (wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sassan Soviet) ya tashi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1958. Sa'an nan, a Shenyang, an fara samar da jirgin saman MiG-19S, samfurin wanda ya tashi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1959. A wannan mataki na samarwa, dukkanin jiragen sama na "sha tara" na kasar Sin suna sanye da injunan Soviet RD-9B na asali, samar da gida. An fara tafiyar da irin wannan nau'in ne kawai bayan ɗan lokaci (ma'aikata No. 410, Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Plant).
A cikin 1958, PRC ta yanke shawarar fara aiki mai zaman kanta akan mayaka. A cikin watan Maris din da ya gabata, a wani taron shugabannin masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama da na sojojin sama na rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin, karkashin jagorancin kwamandansu Janar Liu Yalou, an yanke shawarar kera wani jirgin sama mai karfin gaske. An samar da tsare-tsare na farko na dabara da fasaha kuma an ba da oda a hukumance don kera jirgin jet don wannan dalili. An yi imani da cewa jirgin saman MiG-19S bai dace da ayyukan kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba na goyon bayan sojojin ƙasa a fagen fama, kuma masana'antar jiragen saman Soviet ba ta ba da wani jirgin sama mai kai hari tare da halayen da ake sa ran ba.
An fara kera jirgin a Plant No. 112 (Shenyang Aircraft Building Plant, yanzu Shenyang Aircraft Corporation), amma a wani taron fasaha a watan Agustan 1958 a Shenyang, babban mai zanen Plant No. 112, Xu Shunshou, ya ba da shawarar cewa saboda babban loading na shuka tare da wasu ayyuka sosai, don canja wurin ƙira da gina sabon jirgin sama na kai hari don shuka No. 320 (Nanchang Aircraft Building Plant, yanzu Hongdu Aviation Industry Group). Haka aka yi. Tunanin Xu Shunshou na gaba shine ra'ayi mai ƙarfi don sabon jirgin sama mai kai hari ƙasa tare da riko gefe da tsayin daka mai tsayi na gaba tare da ingantaccen hangen nesa gaba zuwa ƙasa da gefe zuwa gefe.
Lu Xiaopeng (1920-2000), sannan mataimakin darektan masana'antu mai lamba 320 kan harkokin fasaha, an nada shi babban mai kera jirgin. An nada mataimakinsa Injiniya Feng Xu a matsayin mataimakin babban injiniyan masana'antar, Gao Zhenning, He Yongjun, Yong Zhengqiu, Yang Guoxiang da Chen Yaozu na cikin tawagar raya kasashe 10. An aika da wannan rukunin zuwa masana'anta 112 da ke Shenyang, inda suka fara kera jirgin da zai kai hari tare da hadin gwiwar kwararru da injiniyoyi na cikin gida wadanda aka dorawa alhakin wannan aikin.
A wannan mataki, an tsara zane Dong Feng 106; Nadi Dong Feng 101 ya ɗauki MiG-17F, Dong Feng 102 - MiG-19S, Don Feng 103 - MiG-19P, Don Feng 104 - wani mayaƙi zane na Shenyang shuka, Conceptually kera a kan Northrop F-5 ( gudun Ma = 1,4; ƙarin bayanai ba samuwa), Don Feng 105 - MiG-19PM, Don Feng 107 - Shenyang masana'anta fighter zane, Conceptually kera a kan Lockheed F-104 (gudun Ma = 1,8; babu ƙarin bayanai).
Don sabon jirgin saman harin, an tsara shi don cimma iyakar gudu na akalla 1200 km / h, rufi mai amfani na 15 m da kewayon makamai da ƙarin tankunan mai na 000 km. A cewar shirin, sabon jirgin saman harin ya kamata ya yi aiki a ƙasa da ƙasa mara nauyi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dabarun farko da buƙatun fasaha, a ƙarƙashin filin radar abokan gaba.
Da farko dai, kayan aikin jirgin na tsaye ya ƙunshi igwa guda biyu na 30-mm 1-30 (NR-30) waɗanda aka ɗora su a sassan fuselage na gaba. Sai dai kuma a lokacin gwajin, an gano cewa iskar da ke shiga injinan tana tsotse iskar foda a lokacin da ake harbawa, lamarin da ya kai ga bacewarsu. Sabili da haka, an canza makamai masu linzami - bindigogi 23-mm guda biyu 1-23 (NR-23) an tura su zuwa tushen reshe kusa da fuselage.
Makaman bama-bamai ya kasance a cikin mashigin bam, kimanin tsawon mita 4, wanda ke cikin ƙananan ɓangaren fuselage. An ajiye bama-bamai biyu, daya bayan daya, nauyin kilogiram 250 ko 500. Bugu da kari, ana iya rataye wasu bama-bamai guda biyu masu nauyin kilogiram 250 a gefen ƙugiya na ɓangarorin ɓangarorin bam da kuma wasu biyu a kan ƙugiya masu ƙarfi, saboda ƙarin tankunan mai. Matsakaicin nauyin bama-bamai na al'ada shine 1000 kg, matsakaicin - 2000 kg.
Duk da amfani da dakin ajiye makamai na cikin gida, ba a sauya tsarin man jirgin ba. Matsakaicin tankuna na ciki shine lita 2160, da tankuna na waje PTB-760 - 2 x 780 lita, jimlar lita 3720; tare da irin wannan samar da man fetur da kuma kilogiram 1000 na bama-bamai, jigilar jirgin ya kai kilomita 1450.
A kan masu ratayewa na ciki, jirgin ya ɗauki rokoki guda biyu 57-1 (S-5) masu harba rokoki masu yawan gaske da rokoki 57mm marasa jagora, kowannensu yana ɗauke da rokoki takwas irin wannan. Daga baya, yana iya zama masu ƙaddamar da rokoki bakwai na 90 mm 1-90 marasa jagora ko roka 130-1 na 130 mm huɗu. Don yin niyya, an yi amfani da gyro mai sauƙi, wanda bai warware ayyukan tashin bama-bamai ba, don haka daidaiton ya dogara da ƙwaƙƙwaran shirye-shiryen matukin jirgin don tayar da bama-bamai daga jirgin da ke nutsewa ko tare da madaidaicin kusurwar nutsewa.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1958, an kammala aikin gina wani jirgin sama samfurin 1:10 a Shenyang, wanda aka nuna a birnin Beijing ga shugabannin jam'iyya, jihohi da na soja. Samfurin ya yi tasiri sosai ga masu yanke shawara, don haka nan da nan aka yanke shawarar gina samfura uku, gami da na gwaji na ƙasa.
Tuni a cikin Fabrairun 1959, an gabatar da cikakkun takaddun takaddun don gina samfura, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 15, ga wuraren samar da gwaji. zane-zane. Kamar yadda kuke tsammani, saboda gaggawar, dole ne ya ƙunshi kurakurai da yawa. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin matsaloli masu tsanani, kuma abubuwan da aka ƙera waɗanda aka yi wa gwajin ƙarfin ƙarfi sukan lalace lokacin da nauyin ya yi ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani. Don haka takaddun suna buƙatar haɓaka mai yawa.
A sakamakon haka, kimanin dubu 20. zane na sabon, takardun da aka bita ba a canza su zuwa Shuka No. 320 ba har sai Mayu 1960. Bisa ga sabon zane, an sake fara gina samfurori.
A wancan lokaci (1958-1962), an gudanar da wani gangamin tattalin arziki mai taken "Great Leap Forward" a cikin jam'iyyar PRC, wanda ya samar da saurin sauye-sauyen kasar Sin daga kasar noma mai ci baya zuwa ga karfin masana'antu a duniya. A gaskiya ma, ya ƙare a cikin yunwa da lalacewar tattalin arziki.
A cikin irin wannan yanayi, a cikin watan Agusta 1961, an yanke shawarar rufe shirin harin jirgin sama na Dong Feng 106. Ko da samar da lasisi na sha tara dole ne a dakatar da shi! (Hutu ta yi shekaru biyu). Koyaya, gudanarwar lambar shuka 320 bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Ga shuka, wata dama ce ta zamani, don shiga cikin samar da jiragen yaƙi masu ban sha'awa. Feng Anguo, darektan masana'anta mai lamba 320, da mataimakinsa kuma babban mai kera jiragen sama, Lu Xiaopeng, sun yi kakkausar suka. Sun rubuta wasika zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin, wanda ya ba su damar yin aiki ba tare da sa'o'in aiki ba.
Tabbas, an rage tawagar aikin, daga cikin mutane kusan 300, goma sha hudu kawai suka rage, ma'aikatan kamfanin No. 320 ne a Hongdu. Daga cikinsu akwai masu zanen kaya guda shida, masu zane-zane biyu, ma'aikata hudu, manzo da jami'in yaki da leken asiri. Wani lokaci na aiki mai tsanani "ba a cikin lokutan ofis" ya fara. Sai dai a karshen shekarar 1962 mataimakin ministan ma'aikatar injiniya ta uku (mai kula da harkokin sufurin jiragen sama), Janar Xue Shaoqing ya ziyarci masana'antar, an yanke shawarar ci gaba da shirin. Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon goyon bayan da sojojin sama na rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin suka samu, musamman ma mataimakin kwamandan sojojin saman kasar Sin Janar Cao Lihuai. A ƙarshe, yana yiwuwa a fara gina samfurin don gwaje-gwaje a tsaye.
Sakamakon gwajin samfurin jirgin sama a cikin rami mai sauri na iska, yana yiwuwa a sake daidaita fasalin reshe, wanda aka rage warp daga 55 ° zuwa 52 ° 30'. Don haka, yana yiwuwa a inganta halayen jirgin sama, wanda, tare da nauyin gwagwarmayar iska zuwa ƙasa a kan majajjawa na ciki da na waje, yana da nauyin nauyi sosai kuma yana da mahimmancin ja da iska a cikin jirgin. Fadin fikafikan da samansa shima ya karu kadan.
Tsawon fuka-fuki na Q-5 (bayan haka, an ba da wannan sunan ga jirgin saman Don Feng 106 da aka kai hari a cikin jirgin saman soja na kasar Sin; an sake fasalin dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a watan Oktobar 1964) ya kasance 9,68 m, idan aka kwatanta da tsawon J. -6 - 9,0 m. tare da yankin tunani, ya kasance (bi da bi): 27,95 m2 da 25,0 m2. Wannan ya inganta kwanciyar hankali da kuma kula da Q-5, wanda yake da mahimmanci a lokacin motsa jiki mai mahimmanci a ƙananan tsayi da ƙananan gudu (yawanci yanayin tashin jiragen sama na kasa a kan fagen fama).
