Apollo 13 manufa
Wani ma'aikacin Apollo 13 ya shiga wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na SH-3D Sea King daga helikwafta mai saukar USS Iwo Jima.
Marecen Litinin 13 ga Afrilu, 1970. A Ofishin Jakadancin, wanda ke Cibiyar Manned Spacecraft Centre (MCC) a Houston, masu sarrafawa suna shirye-shiryen mika motsi. Jirgin na Apollo 13 ana sa ran zai kasance karo na uku da mutum ya sauka a duniyar wata. Ya zuwa yanzu yana aiki ba tare da matsala mai yawa ba, ya zuwa yanzu, daga nesa fiye da 300 XNUMX. km kafin lokacin Moscow, kalmomin daya daga cikin 'yan sama jannati, Jacek Swigert, zo: To, Houston, muna da matsala a nan. Swigert ko MSS ba su san cewa wannan matsala za ta zama babban kalubale a tarihin 'yan sama jannati ba, wanda rayuwar ma'aikatan jirgin za su rataya a cikin ma'auni na dubban sa'o'i.
Manufar Apollo 13 ita ce ta biyu cikin ayyuka uku da aka tsara a karkashin Mission H, shirin da ke da nufin sauka daidai a wani wuri da aka ba da kuma gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a can. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1969, NASA ta zaɓe masa manufa a saman duniyar Silver Globe. Wannan wurin shi ne yankin tudu na kogin Cone (mazugi), dake kusa da samuwar Fra Mauro a cikin Mare Imbrium. An yi imani da cewa a cikin yankin da ke kusa da raƙuman ruwa na wannan sunan, ya kamata a sami abubuwa da yawa daga zurfin duniyar wata, wanda aka samo asali ne sakamakon sakin kwayoyin halitta wanda ya haifar da faduwar babban meteorite. An saita ranar ƙaddamar da ranar 12 ga Maris, 1970, tare da ajiyar ranar 11 ga Afrilu. Za a gudanar da tashin jirgin daga rukunin LC-39A a Cape Kennedy (kamar yadda ake kiran Cape Canaveral a 1963-73). Motar ƙaddamar da Saturn-5 tana da lambar serial AS-508, jirgin ruwa CSM-109 (alamar kira Odyssey) da kuma jirgin balaguro LM-7 (alamar kira Aquarius). Bayan ka'idar jujjuyawar ma'aikatan Apollo da ba a rubuta ba, ma'aikatan biyu sun jira aiyuka biyu kafin su tashi a matsayin na farko. Don haka, a game da Apollo 13, ya kamata a yi tsammanin zaɓen Gordon Cooper, Donn Eisele da Edgar Mitchell, mataimakan Apollo 10. Duk da haka, saboda dalilai daban-daban na ladabtarwa, biyu na farko sun kasance ba a cikin tambaya ba, kuma Donald Slayton, wanda ke kula da zabar 'yan sama jannati don jiragen sama, ya yanke shawarar a cikin Maris 1969 don samar da ma'aikata daban-daban, wanda ya hada da Alan Shepard, Stuart Rus da Edgar. Mitchell.
Saboda Shepard ba da jimawa ba ya sake samun matsayin ɗan sama jannati bayan da aka yi masa tiyatar kunne mai rikitarwa, manyan abubuwan da suka yanke shawara a watan Mayu cewa zai buƙaci ƙarin horo. Saboda haka, a ranar 6 ga Agusta, wannan ma'aikatan da aka sanya zuwa Apollo 14, wanda ya kamata ya tashi a cikin rabin shekara, kuma aka yanke shawarar canja wurin kwamandan (CDR) James Lovell, matukin jirgin na umurnin module (kwamandan matukin jirgi) zuwa. "Sha uku, CMP) Thomas Mattingly da matukin Lunar Module (LMP) Fred Hayes. Tawagar ajiyar su ita ce John Young, John Swigert da Charles Duke. Kamar yadda ya faru jim kadan kafin ƙaddamar da shi, horar da ma'aikata biyu don kowace manufa ya ba da ma'ana mai yawa ...
Wani ma'aikacin Apollo 13 ya shiga wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na SH-3D Sea King daga helikwafta mai saukar USS Iwo Jima.
fara
Sakamakon raguwar kasafin kudin, daga cikin shirin saukan wata 10 da aka shirya tun farko, za a fara kiran balaguron Apollo 20, sannan kuma Apollo 19 da Apollo 18. Sauran ayyuka bakwai da suka rage za a kammala su a cikin kusan shekara guda da rabi, kusan sau ɗaya a kowane wata huɗu, ɗaya bayan ɗaya, daga farkon watan Yuli 1969. Tabbas, Apollo 12 ya tashi a farkon Nuwamba 1969, "1970" an shirya don Maris 13, da "14" don Yuli. Abubuwa daban-daban na abubuwan more rayuwa goma sha uku sun fara bayyana akan kafi tun kafin fara balaguron farko na wata. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, Rockwell na Arewacin Amurka ya ba da Module Command (CM) da Module Sabis (SM) ga KSC. Bi da bi, Grumman Aircraft Corporation ya isar da sassan biyu na jirgin a ranar 27 ga Yuni (akan kan jirgin) da 28 ga Yuni (samfurin saukar jiragen sama), bi da bi. A ranar 30 ga Yuni, CM da SM sun haɗu, kuma an kammala LM a ranar 15 ga Yuli bayan gwajin sadarwa tsakanin CSM da LM.
An kammala roka na goma sha uku a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1969. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, an kammala taron dukkan abubuwa kuma an shirya roka don harba daga ginin VAB. An yi jigilar jigilar kayayyaki zuwa tashar ƙaddamar da LC-39A a ranar 15 ga Disamba, inda aka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen haɗin kai daban-daban a cikin makonni da yawa. A ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1970, an sake tsara aikin zuwa Afrilu. A ranar 16 ga Maris, yayin gwajin Nuna Kidayar (CDDT), tsarin da aka riga aka yi, kafin a cika tankunan cryogenic da iskar oxygen. A yayin binciken, an gano matsaloli tare da tanki mai lamba 2. An yanke shawarar kunna wutar lantarki a cikinta ta yadda ruwa oxygen ya ƙafe. Wannan hanya ta yi nasara kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ba ta gano wata matsala ba. Bam din ya tashi ne sa'o'i 72 kafin tashinsa. Ya zamana cewa yaran Duke na reserv brigade sun kamu da cutar rubella. Tattaunawar da aka yi da ma'ana ta nuna cewa daga cikin 'yan sama jannati 13, Mattingly ne kawai ba ya fama da wannan cuta, kuma mai yiwuwa ba shi da kwayoyin rigakafin da suka dace, wanda ke yin kasadar yin rashin lafiya a lokacin jirgin. Hakan ya sa aka nisantar da shi daga tashi sama aka maye gurbinsa da Swigert.
An fara kirgawa kafin a tashi daga yanayin T-28 na sa'o'i kwana ɗaya kafin ƙaddamar da shirin ranar 11 ga Afrilu. Apollo 13 yana tashi daidai da 19:13:00,61, 13 UTC, a Houston sai 13:184 ... Farawar jirgin ya zama abin koyi - an kashe injinan mataki na farko, an ƙi shi, injin mataki na biyu ya fara. yin aiki. An ƙi roka roka na ceto. Minti biyar da rabi bayan tashin jirgin, girgizar roka (pogo) ta fara karuwa. Ana haifar da su ta hanyar samar da man fetur zuwa tsarin motsa jiki, wanda ke shiga cikin sauti tare da rawar jiki na sauran abubuwan da ke cikin roka. Wannan na iya kashe tsarin motsa jiki don haka duk roka. Injin tsakiyar, wanda shine tushen wadannan jijjiga, ya fado sama da mintuna biyu kafin lokacin da aka tsara. Ƙaddamar da sauran fiye da rabin minti yana ba ku damar kula da daidaitaccen hanyar jirgin. Mataki na uku ya fara aikinsa a ƙarshen minti na goma. Yana ɗaukar fiye da minti biyu da rabi kawai. Ƙungiyar ta shiga filin ajiye motoci tare da tsayin kilomita 186-32,55 da kuma karkata na XNUMX °. Ana gwada duk tsarin jirgi da matakin matakin cikin sa'o'i biyu masu zuwa. A ƙarshe, an ba da izini don yin motsi na Trans Lunar Injection (TLI), wanda zai tura kumbon Apollo zuwa duniyar wata.
Motar ta fara ne a T+002:35:46 kuma ta ɗauki kusan mintuna shida. Mataki na gaba na aikin shine a cire CSM daga matsayin S-IVB sannan a doke shi zuwa LM. A cikin sa'o'i uku da mintuna shida cikin jirgin, CSM ya rabu da S-IVB. Bayan mintuna goma sha uku ma'aikatan jirgin suka tsaya a LM. A sa'a na huɗu na jirgin, ma'aikatan sun fitar da jirgin saman S-IVB. Kumbon kumbon CSM na hadin gwiwa da LM tare suna ci gaba da tashinsu mai zaman kansa zuwa wata. A lokacin jirgin mara ƙarfi zuwa wata, an shigar da shigarwar CSM / LM cikin jujjuyawar sarrafawa, abin da ake kira. Sarrafa thermal Control (PTC) don tabbatar da dumama jirgin ruwa ta hanyar hasken rana. A sa'a na goma sha uku na jirgin, ma'aikatan suna yin hutu na sa'o'i 10, an ƙidaya ranar farko ta jirgin a matsayin mai nasara sosai. Kashegari a T+30:40:50, ma'aikatan jirgin suna yin motsa jiki na orbital. Yana ba ku damar isa wurare a kan wata tare da mafi girman latitude selenographic, amma baya bayar da dawowar kyauta zuwa Duniya a yayin da injin gazawar ya faru. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun sake yin ritaya, ba tare da sanin cewa wannan zai zama cikakken hutu na ƙarshe a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.
Fashewa!
Shigar da LM da duba tsarin sa ana haɓaka ta sa'o'i huɗu, farawa daga sa'a 54th na manufa. A yayin sa ana watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kai tsaye. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala shi kuma ya koma CSM, kulawar manufa ta ba da umarni don haɗa ruwa na oxygen Silinda 2, firikwensin abin da ke nuna abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Rage abubuwan da ke cikin tanki na iya mayar da shi zuwa aiki na yau da kullun. Kunnawa da kashe na'urar ya ɗauki 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan kawai. Bayan daƙiƙa 95, a T+55:54:53, 'yan sama jannatin sun ji ƙara mai ƙarfi kuma suka ji jirgin ya fara girgiza. A lokaci guda kuma, fitilun sigina suna haskakawa, suna ba da labari game da jujjuyawar wutar lantarki a cikin hanyar sadarwar lantarki, injunan daidaitawa suna kunna, jirgin ya rasa hulɗa da Duniya na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya dawo da shi ta hanyar amfani da eriya mai faffadan katako. Bayan 26 seconds, Swigert ya ba da kalmomin da ba za a manta da su ba, "To, Houston, mun sami matsala a nan." Lokacin da aka nemi a maimaita, kwamandan ya fayyace: Houston, muna da matsala. Mun sami ƙarancin wutar lantarki a babban bas B. Don haka akwai bayanai a duniya cewa an sami raguwar ƙarfin lantarki akan bas ɗin wutan B. Amma menene dalilin hakan?
