Daular Metallurgical Coalbrookdale

Coalbrookdale wuri ne na musamman akan taswirar tarihi. A nan ne a karon farko: an narkar da simintin ƙarfe ta amfani da man ma'adinai - coke, an yi amfani da layin ƙarfe na farko, an gina gadar ƙarfe ta farko, an yi sassa na injunan tururi mafi tsufa. Yankin ya shahara wajen gina gadoji, kera injunan tururi da kuma yin simintin fasaha. Yawancin tsararraki na dangin Darby da ke zaune a nan sun haɗa rayuwarsu da ƙarfe.

Baƙin hangen nesa na rikicin makamashi

A cikin ƙarnuka da suka gabata, tushen makamashi shine tsokar mutane da dabbobi. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙafafun ruwa da injin niƙa sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai, ta yin amfani da ƙarfin iska da ruwa mai gudana. An yi amfani da itacen wuta don dumama gidaje a lokacin sanyi, don gina gidaje da jiragen ruwa.

Har ila yau, shi ne danyen da ake kera gawayi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a yawancin rassa na tsohuwar masana'antu - musamman don samar da gilashi, narke karafa, samar da giya, rini da kuma samar da foda. Metallurgy ya cinye gawayi mafi girma, musamman don dalilai na soja, amma ba kawai ba.

An fara gina kayan aikin daga tagulla, sannan daga ƙarfe. A cikin ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX, babban buƙatar cannons ya lalata gandun daji a wuraren cibiyoyin. karfe. Bugu da kari, janye sabbin filayen noma ya taimaka wajen lalata dazuzzuka.

Dajin ya yi girma, kuma da alama kasashe kamar Spain da Ingila sun fuskanci babban rikici tun da farko saboda raguwar albarkatun dazuzzuka. A bisa ka'ida, aikin gawayi na iya daukar kwal.

Duk da haka, wannan yana buƙatar lokaci mai yawa, canje-canjen fasaha da tunani, da kuma samar da hanyoyin tattalin arziki don jigilar albarkatun kasa daga ma'adinan ma'adinai masu nisa. Tuni a cikin karni na XNUMX, an fara amfani da gawayi a cikin murhu na dafa abinci, sannan don dalilai na dumama a Ingila. Yana buƙatar sake gina murhu ko kuma amfani da murhun tayal da ba kasafai ba a baya.

A ƙarshen karni na farko, kawai kusan 1/3/XNUMX na ma'adinin kwal da aka haƙa ana amfani dashi a masana'antu. Yin amfani da fasahohin da aka sani a wancan lokacin da kuma maye gurbin gawayi kai tsaye da gawayi, ba zai yiwu a narke karfe mai inganci ba. A cikin karni na XNUMX, shigo da baƙin ƙarfe zuwa Ingila daga Sweden, daga ƙasar da ke da yawan gandun daji da ma'adinan ƙarfe, ya karu da sauri.

Amfani da coke don samar da ƙarfe na alade

Abraham Darby I (1678-1717) ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai koyo a cikin kera na'urorin niƙa malt a Birmingham. Daga nan sai ya koma birnin Bristol, inda ya fara kera wadannan injunan sannan ya ci gaba da kera tagulla.

1. Tsire-tsire a cikin Coalbrookdale (hoto: B. Srednyava)

Watakila, ita ce ta farko da ta maye gurbin gawayi da gawayi a cikin aikin samar da ita. Daga 1703 ya fara yin tukwane na simintin ƙarfe kuma nan da nan ya ba da izinin hanyarsa ta yin amfani da yashi.

A shekara ta 1708 ya fara aiki Coalbrookdale, sannan cibiyar narkewar da aka watsar akan kogin Severn (1). Anan ya gyara murhun wuta tare da sanya sabbin kwalabe. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1709, an maye gurbin gawayi da coke kuma an sami ƙarfe mai kyau.

A baya can, sau da yawa amfani da gawayi maimakon itacen wuta bai yi nasara ba. Don haka, wata nasara ce ta fasaha ta zamani, wadda wani lokaci ake kira ainihin farkon zamanin masana'antu. Darby bai ba da izinin ƙirƙira nasa ba, amma ya ɓoye ta.

Nasarar ta kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa ya yi amfani da coke da aka ambata maimakon kwal mai ƙarfi na yau da kullun, kuma gawayin gida yana da ƙarancin sulfur. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya yi fama da irin wannan raguwar samar da kayayyaki wanda abokan kasuwancinsa ke shirin janye jari.

Don haka Darby ya gwada, ya hada gawayi da coke, ya shigo da kwal da coke daga Bristol, da kuma gawayin kanta daga South Wales. Samuwar ya karu a hankali. Saboda haka a cikin 1715 ya gina na biyu smelter. Ba wai kawai ya samar da ƙarfen alade ba, har ma ya narkar da shi ya zama kayan dafa abinci da tukwane da tukwane.

Ana sayar da waɗannan samfuran a yankin kuma ingancinsu ya fi na da, kuma bayan lokaci kamfanin ya fara aiki sosai. Har ila yau, Darby ya hako kuma ya narkar da tagulla da ake bukata don yin tagulla. Bugu da ƙari, yana da ƙirƙira guda biyu. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1717 yana da shekaru 39.

bidi'a

Baya ga samar da simintin ƙarfe da kayan dafa abinci, tuni shekaru shida bayan gina injin tururi na Newcomen na farko a cikin tarihin ɗan adam (duba: MT 3/2010, shafi na 16) a cikin 1712, Coalbrookdale an fara samar da sassa don shi. Samfuran ƙasa ne.

2. Daya daga cikin wuraren waha, wanda wani bangare ne na tsarin tafki don tuki fashewar tanderu. An gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga baya (hoto: M. J. Richardson)

A cikin 1722 an yi silinda na simintin ƙarfe don irin wannan injin, kuma a cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa an yi goma, sa'an nan kuma da yawa. An yi ƙafafun simintin ƙarfe na farko don layin dogo na masana'antu anan baya cikin 20s.

A cikin 1729, an yi guda 18 sannan aka jefa ta hanyar da aka saba. Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) ya fara aiki a masana'antu a Coalbrookdale a shekara ta 1728 wato shekara goma sha daya bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa yana dan shekara sha bakwai. A cikin yanayin yanayi na Ingilishi, wutar lantarki ta ƙare a cikin bazara.

Kusan watanni uku a cikin mafi zafi ba ya iya yin aiki, saboda ƙwanƙwasa da ƙafafun ruwa ne, kuma a wannan lokacin yawan ruwan sama bai isa aikinsu ba. Sabili da haka, an yi amfani da raguwa don gyarawa da kulawa.

Don tsawaita rayuwar tanderu, an gina tankunan ruwa masu yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da famfo mai ƙarfi da dabba don fitar da ruwa daga tanki mafi ƙanƙanta zuwa mafi girma (2).

A cikin 1742-1743, Abraham Darby II ya daidaita injin tururi na Newcomen don zubar da ruwa, ta yadda ba a buƙatar hutun bazara a cikin ƙarfe. Wannan shine farkon amfani da injin tururi a cikin ƙarfe.

3. Iron gada, wanda aka fara aiki a 1781 (hoton B. Srednyava)

A 1749, a cikin ƙasa Coalbrookdale An kirkiro titin dogo na farko na masana'antu. Abin sha'awa shine, tun daga shekarun 40s zuwa 1790s, kasuwancin ya kuma tsunduma cikin kera makamai, ko kuma, sashen.

Wannan na iya zama abin mamaki, tun da Darby na cikin Ƙungiyar Abokan Addini, waɗanda aka fi sani da membobinsu da Quakers kuma waɗanda imaninsu na zaman lafiya ya hana kera makamai.

Babban nasarar da Abraham Darby II ya samu ita ce amfani da coke wajen samar da ƙarfen alade, wanda daga baya aka samu baƙin ƙarfe. Ya gwada wannan tsari a shekarun 40s da 50. Ba a san yadda ya samu nasarar da ake bukata ba.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan sabon tsari shine zaɓin ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da ƙarancin phosphorus kamar yadda zai yiwu. Da zarar ya yi nasara, karuwar bukatar ta sa Darby II ya gina sabbin tanda. Haka kuma a cikin shekarun 50, ya fara ba da hayar fili daga inda ya ke hako gawayi da tama; ya kuma gina injin tururi don yashe ma'adinan. Ya fadada tsarin samar da ruwa. Ya gina sabon dam. Ya kashe masa kudi da lokaci mai yawa.

Haka kuma, an fara wani sabon layin dogo na masana'antu a fannin wannan aikin. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1755, an samu baƙin ƙarfe na farko daga ma'adanin da injin tururi ya busar, kuma bayan makonni biyu an sake yin amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin tan 15 na ƙarfe na alade a mako, kodayake akwai makonni lokacin da yana yiwuwa a samu har zuwa ton 22.

Tanda coke ya fi tanda mai kwal. An sayar da simintin ƙarfe ga maƙeran gida. Bugu da kari, Yakin Shekaru Bakwai (1756-1763) ya inganta aikin karafa har Darby II, tare da abokin kasuwancinsa Thomas Goldney II, ya yi hayar filaye da gina wasu tanderu uku tare da tsarin tafki.

Shahararren John Wilkinson yana da kamfaninsa na karfe a kusa, wanda ya mai da yankin mafi mahimmancin cibiyar karafa a Burtaniya a karni na 51. Abraham Darby II ya mutu yana da shekaru 1763 a XNUMX.

Babban furen

Bayan 1763, Richard Reynolds ya karbi kamfanin. Bayan shekaru biyar, Abraham Darby III mai shekaru sha takwas (1750-1789) ya fara aiki. Shekara guda da ta gabata, a cikin 1767, an shimfida titin jirgin kasa a karon farko, a cikin Coalbrookdale. A shekara ta 1785, an gina kilomita 32 daga cikinsu.

4. Iron Bridge - guntu (hoton B. Srednyava)

A farkon ayyukan Darby na III, masu aikin tuƙa uku sun yi aiki a cikin mulkinsa - jimillar tanderun fashewa bakwai, na jabu, filayen ma'adinai da gonaki. Sabon kocin kuma yana da hannun jari a cikin jirgin ruwa na Darby, wanda ya kawo katako daga Gdansk zuwa Liverpool.

Haɓaka mafi girma na Darby na uku ya zo a cikin 70s da farkon 80s lokacin da ya sayi murhun wuta da ɗaya daga cikin tanderun kwalta na farko. Ya gina tanderun coke da kwalta, ya kuma ƙwace rukunin ma'adinan kwal.

Ya faɗaɗa ƙirƙira a ciki Coalbrookdale kuma da nisan kilomita 3 daga arewa, ya gina injin jabu a Horshey, wanda daga baya aka sanya masa injin tururi da kuma samar da jabun nadi. An kafa jabu na gaba a cikin 1785 a Ketley, wani kilomita 4 zuwa arewa, inda aka kafa jabun James Watt guda biyu.

Colebrookdale ya maye gurbin injin tururi na Newcomen da aka ambata a tsakanin 1781 zuwa 1782 tare da injin tururi na Watt, mai suna "Shawara" bayan jirgin Captain James Cook.

An kiyasta cewa ita ce injin tururi mafi girma da aka gina a cikin karni na 1800. Ya kamata a kara da cewa akwai kimanin nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i). Darby da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun buɗe masu sayar da kayayyaki, gami da. a Liverpool da London.

Sun kuma tsunduma cikin aikin hakar farar dutse. Gonakinsu na ba da doki titin dogo, suna shuka hatsi, da itatuwa masu 'ya'ya, da shanu da tumaki. Dukkanin su an yi su ne ta hanyar zamani na wancan lokacin.

An kiyasta cewa kamfanonin Abraham Darby III da abokansa sun kasance cibiyar samar da ƙarfe mafi girma a Biritaniya. Babu shakka, aikin da ya fi ban mamaki da tarihi na Abraham Darby III shi ne gina gadar ƙarfe ta farko a duniya (3, 4). An gina wurin mai tsawon mita 30 a kusa Coalbrookdale, ya shiga bankunan kogin Severn (duba MT 10/2006, shafi 24).

Shekaru shida sun shude tsakanin taron farko na masu hannun jari da bude gadar. Abubuwan baƙin ƙarfe masu nauyin ton 378 sun jefa a cikin ayyukan Abraham Darby III, wanda shine maginin aikin kuma ma'ajin gabaɗayan aikin - ya biya ƙarin kuɗin gada daga aljihunsa, wanda ya kawo cikas ga tsaron kuɗin ayyukansa.

5. Shropshire Canal, Coal Pier (hoto: Crispin Purdy)

An aika samfuran cibiyar ƙarfe zuwa ga masu karɓa tare da kogin Severn. Shi ma Abraham Darby III ya yi aikin gine-gine da kuma kula da tituna a yankin. Bugu da ƙari, an fara aikin gina hanyar jirgin ruwa tare da bankunan Severn. Duk da haka, an cimma burin sai bayan shekaru ashirin.

Bari mu ƙara da cewa ɗan'uwan Abraham na III Samuel Darby ya kasance mai hannun jari, kuma William Reynolds, jikan Abraham Darby II, shine maginin Shropshire Canal, muhimmin hanyar ruwa a yankin (5). Abraham Darby na Uku mutum ne mai wayewa, yana da sha'awar kimiyya, musamman ilimin kasa, yana da litattafai da kayan aikin kimiyya da yawa, kamar na'urar lantarki da na'urar daukar hoto.

Ya sadu da Erasmus Darwin, likita kuma masanin ilmin halitta, kakan Charles, ya yi aiki tare da James Watt da Matthew Boulton, masu gina injin tururi na zamani (duba MT 8/2010, shafi na 22 da MT 10/2010, shafi 16).

A fannin ƙarfe, wanda ya kware a cikinsa, bai san wani sabon abu ba. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1789 yana da shekaru 39. Francis, ɗansa na fari, yana ɗan shekara shida a lokacin. A shekara ta 1796, ɗan’uwan Ibrahim Samuel ya mutu, ya bar ɗansa Edmund ɗan shekara 14.

A farkon karni na sha takwas da goma sha tara

6. Philip James de Lutherbourg, Coalbrookdale da dare, 1801

7. Gadar Iron a cikin Lambunan Sydney, Bath, da aka jefa a Coalbrookdale a 1800 (Hoto: Plumbum64)

Bayan mutuwar Ibrahim III da ɗan'uwansa, kasuwancin dangi ya lalace. A cikin wasiƙu daga Boulton & Watt, masu saye sun koka game da jinkirin bayarwa da ingancin ƙarfen da suka samu daga yankin Ironbridge a kan Kogin Severn.

Lamarin ya fara inganta a farkon karni (6). Daga 1803, Edmund Darby ya gudanar da aikin ƙarfe wanda ya ƙware wajen samar da gadoji na ƙarfe. A cikin 1795, an sami ambaliya ta musamman akan kogin Severn wanda ya kawar da duk gadojin da ke cikin wannan kogin, gadar ƙarfe ta Darby ce kaɗai ta tsira.

Wannan ya kara masa suna. jefa gadoji a ciki Coalbrookdale An buga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya (7), Netherlands har ma da Jamaica. A shekara ta 1796, Richard Trevithick, wanda ya kirkiro injin tururi mai matsa lamba, ya ziyarci masana'anta (MT 11/2010, shafi na 16).

Ya yi a nan, a cikin 1802, injin tururi na gwaji yana aiki akan wannan ka'ida. Ba da daɗewa ba ya gina motar motsa jiki na farko a nan, wanda, da rashin alheri, ba a taɓa yin aiki ba. A cikin 1804 in Coalbrookdale ya haɓaka injin tururi mai ƙarfi don masana'anta a Macclesfield.

A lokaci guda kuma, ana samar da injunan nau'in Watt har ma da tsofaffin nau'in Newcomen. Bugu da ƙari, an yi abubuwa na gine-gine, kamar simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe don rufin gilashi ko firam ɗin taga neo-Gothic.

Tayin ya haɗa da kewayon samfuran ƙarfe na musamman kamar sassa don ma'adinan gwangwani na Masara, garma, matsewar 'ya'yan itace, firam ɗin gado, ma'aunin agogo, grates da tanda, don suna amma kaɗan.

Kusa, a cikin Horshey da aka ambata, aiki yana da bayanin martaba mabambanta. Sun samar da ƙarfen alade, wanda yawanci ana sarrafa shi a wurin a cikin jabun, zuwa sanduna na jabu da zanen gado, an gina tukwane na jabu - sauran ƙarfen alade ana sayar da su ga wasu ƙananan hukumomi.

Zamanin yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, wanda ya kasance a wancan lokacin, shi ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfe na ƙarfe da masana'antu a yankin. Coalbrookdaleta amfani da sabbin fasahohi. Duk da haka, Edmund Darby, a matsayinsa na memba na Ƙungiyar Abokan Addini, ba shi da hannu wajen kera makamai. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1810.

8. Halfpenny Bridge, Dublin, jefa a Coalbrookdale a 1816.

Bayan Yaƙin Napoleon

Bayan Majalisar Vienna a 1815, lokacin babban riba na ƙarfe ya ƙare. AT Coalbrookdale Har yanzu ana yin simintin gyare-gyare, amma daga simintin ƙarfe kawai. Kamfanin ya kuma yi gadoji a kowane lokaci.

9. Gadar Macclesfield a London, wadda aka gina a 1820 (hoton B. Srednyava)

Shahararru sune ginshiƙi a Dublin (8) da ginshiƙan gadar Macclesfield da ke kan Canal na Regent a London (9). Bayan Edmund, an gudanar da masana'antar ta Francis, ɗan Abraham III, tare da surukinsa. A ƙarshen 20s, shine lokacin Ibrahim IV da Alfred, ɗiyan Edmund.

A cikin 30s, ba ta kasance masana'antar fasaha ba, amma sabbin masu mallakar sun gabatar da sanannun hanyoyin zamani a cikin tanderu da murhu, da kuma sabbin injinan tururi.

A wancan lokacin, alal misali, an samar da ton 800 na zanen ƙarfe a nan don bututun jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya, kuma nan da nan an samar da bututun ƙarfe na tuƙin motocin dogo masu sauƙi a kan hanyar London zuwa Croydon.

Tun daga shekarun 30, ginin St. Coalbrookdale Abubuwan fasahar simintin ƙarfe - busts, abubuwan tunawa, abubuwan taimako, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa (10, 11). Ginin da aka sabunta ya kasance a cikin 1851 mafi girma a duniya, kuma a cikin 1900 ya ɗauki ma'aikata dubu aiki.

Kayayyakinsa sun yi nasarar shiga cikin nune-nunen nune-nunen kasa da kasa da dama. AT Coalbrookdale a cikin shekarun 30, an kuma fara samar da bulo da fale-falen fale-falen sayarwa, kuma bayan shekaru 30, an hako yumbu, daga inda aka yi kwalabe, kwalabe da tukwane.

Tabbas, kayan aikin dafa abinci, injin tururi da gadoji an saba kera su akai-akai. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na sha tara, mutane ne ke tafiyar da masana'antu galibi daga wajen dangin Darby. Alfred Darby II, wanda ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1925, shi ne mutum na ƙarshe a cikin kasuwancin da ya sa ido kan kasuwancin.

Tun daga farkon 60s, gada na ƙarfe, kamar sauran cibiyoyin narkewar ƙarfe a Shropshire, sannu a hankali sun rasa mahimmancinsu. Ba za su iya ƙara yin gogayya da kamfanonin wannan masana'anta da ke bakin teku ba, waɗanda aka ba su da taman ƙarfe mai rahusa daga waje kai tsaye daga jiragen ruwa.

10. The Peacock Fountain, jefa a cikin Coalbrookdale, a halin yanzu yana tsaye a Christchurch, New Zealand, ra'ayin yau (hoton Johnston DJ)

11. Cikakkun bayanan Tushen Peacock (hotuna: Christoph Mahler)