Hoto na likita

A 1896, Wilhelm Roentgen ya gano X-rays, kuma a cikin 1900, X-ray na farko na kirji. Sai bututun X-ray ya zo. Da kuma yadda yake a yau. Za ku sami labari a cikin labarin da ke ƙasa.

1806 Philippe Bozzini ya haɓaka endoscope a Mainz, yana buga a kan lokaci "Der Lichtleiter" - littafi kan nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin jikin mutum. Wanda ya fara amfani da wannan na'urar a cikin nasarar aiki shine Bafaranshe Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Kafin ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki, ana amfani da hanyoyin hasken waje don bincika mafitsara, mahaifa, da hanji, da kuma kogon hanci.

1. X-ray na farko - hannun matar Roentgen

1896 Wilhelm Roentgen ya gano haskoki na X-ray da ikon su na shiga daskararru. Na farko kwararru wanda ya nuna wa "roentgenograms" ba likitoci ba, amma abokan aikin Roentgen - physicists (1). An gane yiwuwar asibiti na wannan ƙirƙira bayan 'yan makonni, lokacin da aka buga X-ray na sharar gilashi a cikin yatsan yaro mai shekaru hudu a cikin mujallar likita. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, tallace-tallace da kuma yawan samar da bututun X-ray ya yada sabuwar fasaha a duniya.

1900 X-ray na kirji na farko. Yin amfani da x-ray ɗin ƙirji da yaɗuwa ya sa a iya gano cutar tarin fuka tun da wuri, wanda a lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa.

1906-1912 Ƙoƙarin farko na yin amfani da wakilai masu bambanta don ingantaccen gwajin gabobin da tasoshin.

1913 Wani bututun X-ray na gaske, wanda ake kira hot cathode vacuum tube, yana fitowa, wanda ke amfani da ingantaccen tushen lantarki mai sarrafawa saboda yanayin fitar da zafi. Ya buɗe sabon zamani a aikin aikin rediyo na likitanci da masana'antu. Mahaliccinsa shine Ba'amurke mai ƙirƙira William D. Coolidge (2), wanda aka fi sani da "mahaifin X-ray tube." Tare da grid mai motsi wanda masanin rediyo na Chicago Hollis Potter ya kirkira, fitilar Coolidge ta sanya rediyon ya zama kayan aiki mai kima ga likitoci a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.

1916 Ba duk radiyo ba ne masu sauƙin karantawa - wani lokaci kyallen takarda ko abubuwa sun ɓoye abin da ake bincika. Don haka, masanin fata na Faransa André Bocage ya kirkiro hanyar fitar da hasken X-ray daga kusurwoyi daban-daban, wanda ya kawar da irin wadannan matsalolin. Nasa .

1919 Pneumoencephalography ya bayyana, wanda shine tsarin bincike mai zurfi na tsarin kulawa na tsakiya. Ya ƙunshi maye gurbin wani ɓangare na ruwan cerebrospinal tare da iska, oxygen ko helium, wanda aka gabatar ta hanyar huda cikin canal na kashin baya, da yin x-ray na kai. An bambanta iskar gas da kyau tare da tsarin ventricular na kwakwalwa, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a sami hoton ventricles. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai a tsakiyar karni na 80, amma kusan an yi watsi da ita a cikin XNUMXs, tun da jarrabawar ta kasance mai zafi sosai ga majiyyaci kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗari mai tsanani.

30s da 40s A cikin magani na jiki da farfadowa, an fara amfani da makamashin raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic. Rasha Sergey Sokolov yana gwaji tare da amfani da duban dan tayi don gano lahani na karfe. A cikin 1939, yana amfani da mitar 3 GHz, wanda, duk da haka, baya samar da ƙudurin hoto mai gamsarwa. A cikin 1940, Heinrich Gohr da Thomas Wedekind na Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cologne, Jamus, sun gabatar a cikin labarinsu mai suna "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" yiwuwar yin gwajin duban dan tayi dangane da dabarun amsa kira mai kama da wadanda ake amfani da su wajen gano lahani na karfe. .

Marubutan sun yi hasashen cewa wannan hanya za ta ba da damar gano ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, fitar da kumburi, ko abscesses. Koyaya, sun kasa buga gamsassun sakamako na gwaje-gwajen nasu. Har ila yau, an san gwaje-gwajen likitancin ultrasonic na Australiya Karl T. Dussik, masanin ilimin cututtuka daga Jami'ar Vienna a Austria, wanda aka fara a ƙarshen 30s.

1937 Masanin lissafi dan kasar Poland Stefan Kaczmarz ya tsara a cikin aikinsa "Technique of Algebraic Reconstruction" tushen ka'idar hanyar sake gina algebra, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin na'urar daukar hoto da sarrafa siginar dijital.

Shekarun 40. Gabatar da hoton hoto ta amfani da bututun x-ray yana jujjuya jikin majiyyaci ko gaɓoɓin mutum ɗaya. Wannan ya ba da damar ganin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin jikin mutum da canje-canjen pathological a cikin sassan.

1946 Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka Edward Purcell da Felix Bloch da kansu sun ƙirƙira ƙarfin maganadisu NMR (3). An ba su lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physics saboda "ci gaban sabbin hanyoyin auna ma'auni da kuma binciken da suka danganci fannin maganadisu na nukiliya."

3. Saitin kayan aikin NMR

1950 tashi na'urar daukar hotan takardu, Benedict Cassin ya harhada. An yi amfani da na'urar da ke cikin wannan sigar har zuwa farkon 70s tare da magunguna daban-daban na tushen isotope na rediyo don yin hoton gabobin jiki.

1953 Gordon Brownell na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ya kera na'urar da ke kan gaba na kyamarar PET na zamani. Tare da taimakonta, shi, tare da neurosurgeon William H. Sweet, yana kula da gano ciwon daji na kwakwalwa.

1955 Ana haɓaka na'urorin haɓaka hoton x-ray masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da damar samun hotunan x-ray na hotuna masu motsi na kyallen takarda da gabobin. Wadannan x-ray sun ba da sabbin bayanai game da ayyukan jiki kamar bugun zuciya da tsarin jini.

1955-1958 Likita dan Scotland Ian Donald ya fara yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen duban dan tayi don ganewar asibiti. Likitan mata ne. Kasidarsa "Binciken Ciki tare da Ultrasound Pulsed", wanda aka buga a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1958 a cikin mujallar likitanci The Lancet, ya ayyana amfani da fasahar duban dan tayi kuma ya kafa harsashin ganewar haihuwa (4).

1957 An haɓaka endoscope na farko na fiber optic - likitan gastroenterologist Basili Hirshowitz da abokan aikinsa daga Jami'ar Michigan patent na fiber optic, Semi-m gastroscope.

1958 Hal Oscar Anger ya gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Amirka don Magungunan Nukiliya, ɗakin scintillation wanda ke ba da damar yin tasiri. hoton gabobin mutum. Na'urar ta shiga kasuwa bayan shekaru goma.

1963 Freshly minted Dokta David Kuhl, tare da abokinsa, injiniya Roy Edwards, gabatar wa duniya aikin haɗin gwiwa na farko, sakamakon shekaru da yawa na shirye-shiryen: na'urar farko ta duniya don abin da ake kira. emission tomographywanda suke kira Mark II. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an samar da ingantattun ka'idoji da tsarin lissafi, an gudanar da bincike da yawa, an kuma kara gina injuna. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1976, John Keyes ya ƙirƙiri na'ura ta farko ta SPECT - hoto ɗaya na emission tomography - bisa gogewar Cool da Edwards.

1967-1971 Yin amfani da hanyar algebraic na Stefan Kaczmarz, injiniyan lantarki na Ingilishi Godfrey Hounsfield ya ƙirƙiri tushen ka'idojin ƙididdiga. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya gina na'urar daukar hoto na EMI CT na farko (5), wanda a cikin 1971, an fara gwajin mutum a Asibitin Atkinson Morley a Wimbledon. An saka na'urar a cikin 1973. A cikin 1979, Hounsfield, tare da masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka Allan M. Cormack, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel don gudummawar da suka bayar wajen haɓaka ilimin lissafi.

5. EMI Scanner

1973 Ba’amurke masanin kimiyya Paul Lauterbur (6) ya gano cewa ta hanyar gabatar da gradients na filin maganadisu da ke wucewa ta wani abu da aka bayar, mutum zai iya yin nazari da gano abubuwan da ke cikin wannan abu. Masanin kimiyya yana amfani da wannan fasaha don ƙirƙirar hoton da ke bambanta tsakanin ruwa na al'ada da kuma nauyi. Dangane da aikinsa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Ingilishi Peter Mansfield ya gina ka'idarsa kuma ya nuna yadda ake yin hoto mai sauri da daidaitaccen tsari na ciki.

Sakamakon aikin masana kimiyya guda biyu ya kasance jarrabawar likita mara kyau, wanda aka sani da hoton maganadisu ko MRI. A cikin 1977, an yi amfani da injin MRI, wanda likitocin Amurka Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff, da Michael Goldsmith suka kirkira, a karon farko a cikin binciken ɗan adam. Lauterbur da Mansfield an ba su tare da lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2003 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani.

1974 Ba'amurke Michael Phelps yana haɓaka kyamarar Positron Emission Tomography (PET). An kirkiro na'urar daukar hotan takardu na PET na kasuwanci na farko godiya ga aikin Phelps da Michel Ter-Poghosyan, wanda ya jagoranci ci gaban tsarin a EG & G ORTEC. An shigar da na'urar daukar hotan takardu a UCLA a cikin 1974. Saboda ƙwayoyin kansa suna metabolize glucose sau goma da sauri fiye da sel na al'ada, ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suna bayyana azaman tabo mai haske akan sikanin PET (7).

1976 Likitan fiɗa Andreas Grünzig ya gabatar da aikin angioplasty a Asibitin Jami'ar Zurich, Switzerland. Wannan hanya tana amfani da fluoroscopy don magance stenosis na jini.

1978 tashi dijital rediyo. A karon farko, an canza hoto daga tsarin X-ray zuwa fayil na dijital, wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi don ƙarin ganewar asali kuma a adana shi ta hanyar lambobi don bincike da bincike na gaba.

Shekarun 80. Douglas Boyd ya gabatar da hanyar da za a iya amfani da na'urar daukar hoto. Na'urorin daukar hoto na EBT sun yi amfani da katakon lantarki da ke sarrafa magnet don ƙirƙirar zoben na'urorin X-ray.

1984 Hoton 3D na farko ta amfani da kwamfutoci na dijital da bayanan CT ko MRI ya bayyana, yana haifar da hotunan XNUMXD na ƙasusuwa da gabobin.

1989 Spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) yana zuwa amfani dashi. Wannan gwaji ne wanda ya haɗu da ci gaba da jujjuyawar motsi na tsarin gano fitila da motsin tebur akan farfajiyar gwaji (8). Wani muhimmin fa'ida na tomography karkace shi ne rage lokacin jarrabawa (yana ba ka damar samun hoto na dozin dozin yadudduka a cikin sikanin guda ɗaya na daƙiƙa da yawa), tarin karatun daga duka ƙarar, gami da yadudduka na gabobin, wanda ya haɗa da yadudduka na gabobin. sun kasance tsakanin dubawa tare da CT na gargajiya, da kuma mafi kyawun canji na binciken godiya ga sabon software. Majagaba na sabuwar hanyar shine Siemens Daraktan Bincike da Ci gaba Dr. Willy A. Kalender. Ba da daɗewa ba sauran masana'antun suka bi sawun Siemens.

8. Tsari na karkace lissafta tomography

1993 Ƙirƙirar fasaha na echoplanar (EPI) wanda zai ba da damar tsarin MRI don gano m bugun jini a farkon mataki. EPI kuma tana ba da hoton aiki na, alal misali, ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙyale likitocin su yi nazarin aikin sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa.

1998 Jarabawar PET da ake kira multimodal tare da na'urar daukar hoto. Dokta David W. Townsend na Jami'ar Pittsburgh ne ya yi haka, tare da Ron Nutt, kwararre a tsarin PET. Wannan ya buɗe babban dama ga na rayuwa da kuma hoton jiki na masu ciwon daji. Na'urar daukar hoto ta farko ta PET/CT, wanda CTI PET Systems ta tsara kuma ta gina a Knoxville, Tennessee, ya rayu a cikin 1998.

2018 MARS Bioimaging yana gabatar da fasahar launi i XNUMXD hoto na likita (9), wanda, maimakon baƙar fata da fari hotuna na cikin jiki, yana ba da cikakken sabon ingancin magani - hotuna masu launi.

Sabon nau'in na'urar daukar hotan takardu yana amfani da fasahar Medipix, wanda aka fara samar da shi ga masana kimiyya a Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai don Binciken Nukiliya (CERN) don waƙa da barbashi a Babban Hadron Collider ta amfani da algorithms na kwamfuta. Maimakon yin rikodin radiyon X yayin da suke wucewa ta cikin kyallen takarda da kuma yadda suke sha, na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana tantance ainihin matakin makamashi na X-ray yayin da suke bugun sassa daban-daban na jiki. Daga nan sai ta canza sakamakon zuwa launuka daban-daban don dacewa da ƙasusuwa, tsokoki, da sauran kyallen takarda.

9. Sashin launi na wuyan hannu, Anyi amfani da fasahar MARS Bioimaging.

Rarraba hoton likita

1. X-ray (X-ray) wannan x-ray ne na jiki tare da tsinkayar x-ray akan fim ko ganowa. Ana ganin kyallen takarda masu laushi bayan allurar bambanci. Hanyar, wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin ganewar asali na tsarin kwarangwal, yana da ƙananan daidaito da ƙananan bambanci. Bugu da ƙari, radiation yana da mummunar tasiri - 99% na kashi yana tunawa da kwayoyin gwaji.

2. tomography (Girkanci - sashin giciye) - sunan gama-gari na hanyoyin bincike, wanda ya ƙunshi samun hoton ɓangaren giciye na jiki ko sashinsa. An raba hanyoyin tattara bayanai zuwa ƙungiyoyi da yawa:

• UZI (UZI) hanya ce marar cin zarafi wacce ke amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki na sauti a iyakokin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban. Yana amfani da ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) da piezoelectric transducers. Hoton yana motsawa a ainihin lokacin;
• lissafta tomography (CT) yana amfani da x-ray mai sarrafa kwamfuta don ƙirƙirar hotunan jiki. Yin amfani da x-ray yana kawo CT kusa da x-rays, amma x-ray da na'ura mai kwakwalwa suna ba da bayanai daban-daban. Gaskiya ne cewa gogaggen masanin rediyo kuma yana iya yin la'akari da wuri mai girma uku, misali, ƙari daga hoton X-ray, amma X-ray, sabanin CT scans, a zahiri suna da girma biyu;
• Magnetic rawa Hoto (MRI) - irin wannan nau'in hoto yana amfani da raƙuman rediyo don bincika marasa lafiya da aka sanya a cikin filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi. Hoton da aka samu ya dogara ne akan raƙuman radiyo da kyallen da aka bincika ke fitarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarin sigina ko ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da yanayin sinadarai. Ana iya adana hoton jikin majiyyaci azaman bayanan kwamfuta. MRI, kamar CT, yana samar da hotuna na XNUMXD da XNUMXD, amma wani lokacin hanya ce mai mahimmanci, musamman don rarrabe nau'i mai laushi;
• positron emission tomography (PET) - rajistar hotunan kwamfuta na canje-canje a cikin metabolism na sukari da ke faruwa a cikin kyallen takarda. An yi wa majiyyacin allura da wani abu wanda ke hade da sukari da sukari mai lakabin isotopically. Wannan na ƙarshe yana ba da damar gano ciwon daji, tunda ƙwayoyin kansa suna ɗaukar ƙwayoyin sukari da kyau fiye da sauran kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. Bayan shan sigar da aka yi wa lakabin rediyo aiki, mai haƙuri ya kwanta kusan.
• Minti 60 yayin da sukari mai alamar ke yawo a jikinsa. Idan akwai ƙari a cikin jiki, dole ne a tara sukari da kyau a cikinsa. Sa'an nan mai haƙuri, wanda aka shimfiɗa a kan tebur, an gabatar da shi a hankali a cikin na'urar daukar hotan takardu na PET - sau 6-7 a cikin minti 45-60. Ana amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta PET don tantance rarraba sukari a cikin kyallen jikin mutum. Godiya ga nazarin CT da PET, mai yiwuwa neoplasm za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau. Likitan rediyo ne ya nazartar hoton da aka sarrafa ta kwamfuta. PET na iya gano rashin daidaituwa ko da lokacin da wasu hanyoyin ke nuna yanayin nama na yau da kullun. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar gano sake dawowa da ciwon daji da kuma ƙayyade tasirin jiyya - yayin da ciwon daji ke raguwa, ƙwayoyinsa suna raguwa da ƙananan sukari;
• Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) – dabarar tomographic a fagen likitancin nukiliya. Tare da taimakon radiation gamma, yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar hoto na sararin samaniya na kowane ɓangare na jikin mai haƙuri. Wannan hanyar tana ba ku damar hango yanayin tafiyar jini da metabolism a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar. Yana amfani da radiopharmaceuticals. Su sinadarai mahadi ne da suka ƙunshi abubuwa biyu - mai ganowa, wanda shine isotope na rediyoaktif, da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto wanda za'a iya adana shi a cikin kyallen takarda da gabobin jiki kuma ya shawo kan shingen kwakwalwar jini. Masu ɗaukar kaya galibi suna da mallakar zaɓin ɗaure ga ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna daidaitawa da yawa daidai da metabolism; 
• Tomography na gani daidaituwa (OCT) - sabuwar hanya mai kama da duban dan tayi, amma ana bincikar mai haƙuri tare da hasken haske (interferometer). Ana amfani da shi don gwajin ido a cikin dermatology da likitan hakora. Hasken da aka watsar da baya yana nuna matsayin wuraren da ke kan hanyar hasken haske inda ma'anar refractive ke canzawa.

3. Scintigraphy - muna samun hoton gabobin, kuma sama da duk ayyukansu, ta amfani da ƙananan allurai na isotopes na rediyoaktif (radiopharmaceuticals). Wannan dabarar ta dogara ne akan halayen wasu magunguna a cikin jiki. Suna aiki azaman abin hawa don isotope da aka yi amfani da su. Maganin da aka yiwa lakabin yana tarawa a cikin sashin da ake nazari. Radioisotope yana fitar da ionizing radiation (mafi yawancin gamma radiation), yana shiga waje da jiki, inda ake rikodin abin da ake kira kyamarar gamma.